流行性出血热病毒的细胞融合作用

我们的实验结果揭示流行性出血热病毒(EHFV)在酸性条件下可导致感染细胞发生融合,细胞间隙消失,细胞界限不清,细胞和细胞连在一起,形成多核的巨细胞体,姬姆薩染色比未融合细胞浅。融合液(Eagle’s基础培养液,含0.2％BSA,20mmol/L HEPES),用1.0NNaOH调pH至5.0—6.0时,细胞融合最甚,几乎所有的感染细胞都     

Antagonistic Antiviral Activity between IFN-Lambda and IFN-Alpha against Lethal Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus In Vitro

MethodsHuman A549 and HuH7 cells were treated with increasing amounts of IFN-λ1, or IFN-α or a combination of them, infected with CCHF; the extent of virus yield inhibition and the induction of MxA and 2’-5’OAS mRNA was measured.

Results and Conclusions

Our study pointed out that type III IFN possess an antiviral activity against CCHFV, even if lower than type I IFN. Moreover, a clear antagonism between IFN-λ and IFN–α was observed in both cell lines (A549 and HuH7 cells), in terms of antiviral effect and activation of pivotal ISGs, i.e. MxA and 2’-5’OAS. Elucidating the interplay between type I and III IFNs will help to better understand innate defence mechanisms against viral infections and may provide novel scientific evidence for a more rational planning of available and future treatments, particularly against human diseases caused by high concern viruses.     

新疆出血热病毒糖蛋白基因的克隆与表达

新疆出血热(Xinjiang hemorrhagic fever,XHF)在国际上称克里米亚-刚果出血热(Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever,CCHF),是由经蜱传播的克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒(CCHFV)引起的烈性传染性疾病,流行于中国新疆南部、俄罗斯北部、中东、南部欧亚大陆及非洲撒哈拉地区,平均病死率在20%～70%[1-4].中国的CCHF于1965年第一次诊断于新疆南部的巴楚县(病死率高达90%),时称巴楚出血热[5];后因在北疆地区亦查出抗体,故改称为新疆出血热(XHF),并在国内广泛沿用[6].     

Molecular Epidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Kosovo

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a zoonotic agent that causes severe, life-threatening disease, with a case fatality rate of 10–50%. It is the most widespread tick-borne virus in the world, with cases reported in Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe. CCHFV is a genetically diverse virus. Its genetic diversity is often correlated to its geographical origin. Genetic variability of CCHFV was determined within few endemic areas, however limited data is available for Kosovo. Furthermore, there is little information about the spatiotemporal genetic changes of CCHFV in endemic areas. Kosovo is an important endemic area for CCHFV. Cases were reported each year and the case-fatality rate is significantly higher compared to nearby regions. In this study, we wanted to examine the genetic variability of CCHFV obtained directly from CCHF-confirmed patients, hospitalized in Kosovo from 1991 to 2013. We sequenced partial S segment CCHFV nucleotide sequences from 89 patients. Our results show that several viral variants are present in Kosovo and that the genetic diversity is high in relation to the studied area. We also show that variants are mostly uniformly distributed throughout Kosovo and that limited evolutionary changes have occurred in 22 years. Our results also suggest the presence of a new distinct lineage within the European CCHF phylogenetic clade. Our study provide the largest number of CCHFV nucleotide sequences from patients in 22 year span in one endemic area.     

Bayesian Phylogeography of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Europe

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonosis mainly transmitted by ticks that causes severe hemorrhagic fever and has a mortality rate of 5-60%. The first outbreak of CCHF occurred in the Crimean peninsula in 1944-45 and it has recently emerged in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. In order to reconstruct the origin and pathway of the worldwide dispersion of the virus at global and regional (eastern European) level, we investigated the phylogeography of the infection by analysing 121 publicly available CCHFV S gene sequences including two recently characterised Albanian isolates. The spatial and temporal phylogeny was reconstructed using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, which estimated a mean evolutionary rate of 2.96 x 10^-4 (95%HPD=1.6 and 4.7 x 10^-4) substitutions/site/year for the analysed fragment. All of the isolates segregated into seven highly significant clades that correspond to the known geographical clades: in particular the two new isolates from northern Albania clustered significantly within the Europe 1 clade. Our phylogeographical reconstruction suggests that the global CCHFV clades originated about one thousand years ago from a common ancestor probably located in Africa. The virus then spread to Asia in the XV century and entered Europe on at least two occasions: the first in the early 1800s, when a still circulating but less or non-pathogenic virus emerged in Greece and Turkey, and the second in the early 1900s, when a pathogenic CCHFV strain began to spread in eastern Europe. The most probable location for the origin of this European clade 1 was Russia, but Turkey played a central role in spreading the virus throughout Europe. Given the close proximity of the infected areas, our data suggest that the movement of wild and domestic ungulates from endemic areas was probably the main cause of the dissemination of the virus in eastern Europe.     

流行性出血热病毒对乳鼠致病特点的观察

本文观察了两株从病人体内新分离的流行性出血热(EHF)病毒114株和435株对乳鼠的致病特点,并在感染的乳鼠脑内找到了EHF病毒。免疫荧光检查发现,病毒抗原广泛存在于感染鼠的脑、肺、肝、肾等脏器。脑内和腹腔两条感染途径的比较发现,病毒抗原在上述脏器中的分布基本一致,但前者脑内的病毒感染滴度较后者高一个对数单位。对病毒的动态观察发现,EHF病毒首先在乳鼠腹腔感染6小时后的腹腔巨噬细胞(Mφ)中分离到、并持续阳性;病毒血症出现在感染后2天,随之在脑、肺、肝、肾和脾脏中查到。以上结果表明:EHF病毒对乳鼠具有广泛的嗜性,脑内感染途径能获得较高滴度的感染性病毒。提示EHF病毒在鼠mφ中增殖并携带至全身播散,可能是造成乳鼠全身性弥漫性感染的主要原因。     

应用逆转录酶链反应对我国流行性出血热病毒分型

针对我国流行性出血热病毒的S片段核蛋白 (NP)编码基因保守核苷酸序列 ,合成了一对引物 ,扩增出编码核蛋白的 5 90bp碱基。扩增的II型产物存在限制性内切酶PstI的酶切位点 ,而I型产物不存在。因此 ,用酶切扩增产物的方法达到病毒分型的目的。试验提取 8份鼠脑传代毒种 ,1份细胞培养物和 2 5份病人血清中的出血热病毒RNA ,同时做 6份正常人血清对照 ,经逆转录PCR酶切分型。试验结果同间接免疫荧光技术 (IFA)分型结果相一致 ,可特异地对我国流行性出血热病毒进行分型。     

人源性流行性出血热病毒的形态特征

本文报道流行性出血热病毒(汉坦病毒)H-114株的电镜形态。发现形态发生以内质网膜和胞浆膜芽生为主。病毒颗粒为圆形或卵圆形。具有双层膜结构,大小为90～120nm。提出了汉坦病毒形态发生的理论观点。