Morphological studies on the genusClematis linn. VIII. Floral and inflorescence anatomy inClematis patens with eight-sepaled flowers

The vascular anatomy of inflorescence axes and flowers ofClematis patens have been studied. The species shows a unique behaviour of the vascular bundles in the transition node from vegetative stem to pedicel: stelar bundles increase in number from six to eight as they ascend through the transition node so that the number of vascular bundles coincides with that of sepals. In the pedicel stele the resulting eight bundles are disposed opposite to eight sepals. respectively; each sepal receives its vascular supply from the bundle facing it. Morphological and anatomical evidence suggests that the calyx of eight sepals in this species should be interpreted as having consisted originally of four pairs of opposite organs, rather than as having been derived secondarily through chorisis of sepals from a calyx of four sepals as seen in most other species ofClematis.     

Morphological studies on the genusClematis Linn

While the axes of branched axillary inflorescences seen in most species ofClematis show fundamentally the same features in nodal vasculature as the vegetative stems, those of simple axillary inflorescences, having only a pair of opposite sterile bracts at specific positions, exhibit an exclusive feature in nodal vasculature because they have entirely lost lateral branches or buds in the bract axils. Noticeably, at the nodal level of the axis of the simple inflorescence ofC. japonica andC. Williamsii, trace bundles to the missing lateral branches are formed and extend unaltered beyond the node. Thus, in these two species stelar bundles in the inflorescence axis generally increase in number upwardly from six to eight or more through the node with sterile bracts. On the basis of both anatomical and morphological data, a probable evolutionary trend in floral shoots with simple axillary inflorescences is proposed. The type of floral shoot ofC. tosaensis bearing simple, scale-subtended and basally fascicled inflorescences is the most primitive and constitutes an initial phase of evolution, and progressive changes in a kind of inflorescence-subtending leaves as well as in the shape and position of the sterile bracts resulting in the type of floral shoot ofC. japonica and further in that ofC. obvallata. A floral shoot ofC. Williamsii follows another line of evolution from an ancestral type similar to that ofC. tosaensis.     

Taxonomic studies ofAsarum sensu lato

The floral vascular anatomy of 12 species representing each ofAsarum s. str.,Asiasarum, Geotaenium, Heterotropa andHexastylis are compared to clarify intergeneric relationships. The five genera have basically similar structures in floral morphology and vasculature, and consistently have a six-carpelled compound ovary and the associated similar placental vasculature. They show, however, a significant difference in the position and the constituent of the “ventral” carpellary bundles in the placental axis betweenAsiasarum-Heterotropa-Hexastylis andAsarum-Geotaenium. InAsiasarum, Heterotropa andHexastylis the ventral bundles of each carpel are basically free and antilocular as expected in the least specialized compound ovary of angiosperms; in contrast, inAsarum andGeotaenium the ventral carpellary bundles are antiseptal and heterogenous (i.e., formed by the lateral fusion of ventral bundles of adjacent carpels). Shared probable apomorphic floral vasculature, as well as shared single style-column, suggests the closest mutual relationships betweenAsarum andGeotaenium. In terms of floral morphology and anatomy,Asiasarum, Heterotropa andHexastylis retain plesiomorphies. Possible chromosomal evolution in the related genera is also discussed.     

Morphological, anatomical and palynological studies on Asyneuma michauxioides (Campanulaceae)

The morphological, anatomical and palynological features of Asyneuma michauxioides (Boiss.) Damboldt (Campanulaceae) were investigated. This species is an East Mediterranean Floristic Element and an endemic in Turkey. In anatomical studies, cross-sections of the root and stem were examined and demonstrated by photographs. It has conspicuous endodermis in which the Casparian bands are indistinct in the stem. According to the result of this study, it was found that pollen grain of this taxon was 3-porate sometimes 4-porate and oblate-spheroidal. Its structure was tectate and sculpture was small granules and pits with densely spaced spinules. The seeds of the taxon were eliptic to ovate in shape, laterally compressed, brown to light brown in colour, glabrous and shiny.     

Floral anatomy and systematic position ofVivianiaceae

The floral anatomy of four species ofViviania has been studied. In the basic floral plan and essential floral anatomical featuresViviana closely resembles theGeraniaceae. Evidence from vegetative and floral anatomy, ultrastructural studies on phloem as well as phytochemistry supports geranialean affinity ofViviania; the placement within thePittosporales sensuHutchinson being unnatural.     

Morphological and anatomical studies on economically important Empetrum nigrum L. subsp.hermaphroditum (hagerup) bocher (empetraceae)

The study is based on anatomical and morphological investigations of Empetrum nigrum L. subsp. Hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Bocher, an important plant because of its value for medicine and food. Plant samples were collected from the northeastern part of Turkey. Morphological and anatomical features of various plant parts (e.g., stem, leaf, flower, and fruit) are illustrated and described in detail.     

Floral anatomy ofHypseocharis (Oxalidaceae) with a discussion on its systematic position

The floral anatomy of threeHypseocharis spp. has been studied. The genus resemblesOxalidaceae as well asMonsonia andSarcocaulon of theGeraniaceae. As it is closer toGeraniaceae than toOxalidaceae, it perhaps serves as a connecting link between them.     

Studies in the floral morphology and anatomy of nymphaeales

Floral morphology ofBrasenia schreberi Gmel. andCabomba caroliniana A. Gray was observed chiefly from an anatomical point of view. The receptacle ofB. schreberi is rather flat and a vascular plexus is observable in the mature flower. The vasculature in this plexus is so complex taht it is not easy to trace its structure in detail. by observation on small buds, it can be seen that the receptacular vasculature consists of a girdling bundle in the basal area and usually nine receptacular strands from which traces to the petals and stamens branch off. The vasculature in the receptacle is reconstructed and diagramatically shown as though split longitudinally and spread out in one plane. Floral vasculature inCabomba caroliniana is simpler, and is probably related to the smaller number of stamens and carpels. It also has a girdling bundle at the bottom of receptacle and this vasculature is suggested to be derived by simplification from aBrasenia-type vasculature. Evidence from floral anatomy suggests that these two genera are closely related. InNymphaea, a vascular plexus in the receptacle is also observed (Moseley, 1961; Ito 1983). The plexus ofBrasenia andNymphaea are not the same in their construction. Nevertheless, their fundamental floral vasculature is comparable and it is preferable to place them in the same family or same order.     

Floral morphology and phylogenetic analysis inCrossostylis (Rhizophoraceae)

Floral morphology in all ten species ofCrossostylis, one of the inland genera of Rhizophoraceae and is distributed in the South Pacific Islands, was studied to increase our knowledge on floral features of individual species as well as on relationships among the species. Flowers ofCrossostylis, unlike those of the other Rhizophoraceae, always have semi-inferior ovaries and entire petals, but are diversified concerning the number and arrangement of stamens and carpels, the presence or absence of staminodia, sexuality and the structure of nectaries. Despite some doubt of the presence of apomorphies restricted to the whole genus, we tentatively definedCrossostylis by a combination of the presence of the semi-inferior ovary, entire petals, and arillate seeds, and then performed cladistic analysis on the basis of 24 floral and other morphological characters and withCarallia andGynotroches as outgroups. Our phylogenetic analysis suggested that the species ofCrossostylis are divided into two monophyletic groups: one comprising six species distributed in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and the Fiji Islands, and the other comprising four species distributed in New Caledonia and Polynesia.     

Morphological studies on the Sulawesi macaques I: Phyletic analysis of body color

The body color of Sulawesi macaques was measured quantitatively and compared among the different monkeys. As a result, divergence models for extant Sulawesi macaques, withtonkeana as the starting point and fading as the sole direction of color change, were inferred as follows: (1) fading slightly on the upper half of the body—nigra, fading more on the proximal part of the body—nigrescens; (2) fading over the whole body—maura; (3) fading greatly on the legs—hecki; and (4) fading on the distal part of the body—ochreata, fading more over the whole body, including the proximal part of the body—brunnescens. The color changed progressively in the order of (1) through (4). The divergence model, excluding the position ofhecki (3), supports the speciation model ofFooden (1969). If the proto-Sulawesi macaques had a body color pattern similar to the livingnemestrina, darkening would have been necessary for the evolution of the Sulawesi macaques after their immigration, and it may have been acquired as an adaptation to the ground (forest floor) living nature of the Sulawesi macaques, together with influences deriving from the insularity and/or from the absence of predators.     

Floral anatomy and morphology in thePolygalaceae

Floral morphology and anatomy of 15 genera in thePolygalaceae have been studied. The pentamerous origin of the polygalaceous flower is confirmed and shown to apply to all genera in the family. The keel is interpreted as a single petal, and the androecium as of bimeric origin. Vascular structure in the receptacles ofCarpolobia andMonnina subg.Monnina is described in detail, and a compilation of results, focusing on the vascular supply for the androecium and gynoecium, is given for all genera. Based on similarities and differences in vascularization it is concluded that present taxonomy, in particular the tribal system, needs to be reviewed.     

‘东方晨曲’铁线莲小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进程的解剖学研究

以晚花铁线莲类的‘东方晨曲’为实验材料,利用常规石蜡切片技术对其小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行观察,以探究其胚胎发育特征。结果显示:(1)‘东方晨曲’成熟花朵的雄蕊120~160枚,花药4室。(2)花药壁从外至内依次由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层组成,花药壁的发育方式是双子叶型。(3)花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型,四分体中小孢子排列大部分呈四面体型,少数呈左右对称型。(4)成熟花粉是2-细胞花粉型,具3个萌发沟,扫描电镜下观察成熟花粉粒是圆球形,外壁呈光滑状或波浪状。研究发现,‘东方晨曲’铁线莲小孢子发生和雄配子体发育没有发生异常现象,可作为培育高观赏价值铁线莲杂交种的父本品种。     

Morphological and functional characterization of BcMF13 in the antisense-silenced plants of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis

The gene Brassica campestris male fertility 13 (BcMF13, GenBank accession number EF158459) was isolated as a reproductive organ-specific gene from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino, syn. B. rapa ssp. chinensis). It is exclusively expressed in stage four and five flower buds of fertile lines and is most strongly expressed in stamens. Here, we report a functional characterization of this BcMF13 gene in the antisense-silenced plants. The inflorescence of the BcMF13 mutant was compacted with anthers curved outside. The fertility of this mutant was greatly reduced with less than 5 seeds per silique. Under scanning electron microscopy, the mutant demonstrated numerous shriveled pollen grains with deep invaginations. The frequency of normal pollen grains was just 45.34%. The pollen mother cell, the tetrad, and the mature pollen of the BcMF13 mutant were abnormal resulting in the poor pollen vitality. Germination test in vivo suggested BcMF13 delayed the pollen tubes’ extension in the style. All these indicated BcMF13 had a vital role in pollen development of Chinese cabbage.     

Vascular floral anatomy of the east asianHeloniopsis orientalis (Thunb.) C. Tanaka (Liliaceae-Helonieae)

Observations on the vascular floral anatomy, carpel morphology and floral biology ofHeloniopsis orientalis are presented. The lower flowering pedicel has six large bundles which lack an enclosing sclerenchymatous sheath. At mid-pedicel, branch bundles originate via radial divisions from each of these bundles. Subsequently, there is a vascular ring of 12 bundles below the receptacle. The six smaller bundles which are derived from alternate pedicel bundles eventually establish all of the ventral gynoecium supply. The six larger bundles supply the tepals, stamens and dorsal gynoecial vasculature. The simple dorsals do not branch or fuse in their vertical ascent. The ventral and placental supplies are far more complex. Fusion occurs between paired sets of the six smaller pedicel bundles along the septal radii and results in a submarginal laminal ventral network. An independent ventral plexus is formed in each septum and from each plexus two septal axials, of which the innermost has a reversed xylem-phloem disposition, and four placental bundles are derived. Two placental bundles are associated with each septal axial. Basally the septa are fused centrally, but are freed at mid-gymoecial height. The broadly tri-lobed, tri-carpellate gynoecium is depressed terminally where the erect, hollow style with its capitate stigma is attached. Dorsal grooves are present: the fruit is loculicidally dehiscent. There are no septal glands due to complete lateral fusion of the septal wings. Basally each of the six equal tepals has a saccate nectary. The similarity in vascular anatomy and carpel morphology of the AsianHeloniopsis and eastern North American endemic,Helonias bullata, justifies their position in the same tribe. Research and publication supported in part by the M. Graham Netting Research Fund through a grant from the Cordelia Scaife May Charitable Trust, the U. S.—Japan Cooperative Science Program Grant GF-41367, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and Grant-in-Aid No. 934053 from the Ministry of Education, Japan.     

Observations on pollination inSarcostemma (Asclepiadaceae)

Field observations on pollination in New World species of the genusSarcostemma R. Br. sensuHolm are reported. Morphological and anatomical comparisons of pollinated flowers ofSarcostemma subg.Ceramanthus Kuntze (New World) andSarcostemma subg.Sarcostemma (Old World) are presented.     

黄瓜子叶培养物花芽形成过程的观察

黄瓜（Ｃｕｃｕｍｉｓｓａｔｉｖｕｓ）子叶培养物在离体培养２～５ｄ时,在子叶柄上可见花原基,再过２～３ｄ,可见花原基上产生一轮二次突起,标志着花原基分化已经开始。培养基中添加ｋｉｎｅｔｉｎ（ＫＴ）,可以明显增加花原基的形成数,可以显著促进花原基的分化和花芽的形成     

Morphological phylogenetics of theAsteraceae-Asteroideae,with notes on character evolution

The relationships within theAsteraceae-Asteroideae are scrutinized by means of cladistic analyses of morphological and chemical data. New data are presented, and novel interpretations of features previously used in cladistic analyses are made. Examples are insertion of anther filaments in the corolla, and morphology of disc floret styles, respectively. The results include a polyphyletic or paraphyleticInuleae s. l., and a paraphyleticHeliantheae s.l. in which theEupatorieae constantly form a subclade. Comparisons are made with previous cladistic analyses of morphological data, and those acquired from molecular data. Speculations about the evolution of certain organs are presented.     

Comparative floral anatomy and ontogeny in Magnoliaceae

Floral anatomy and ontogeny are described in six species of Magnoliaceae, representing the two subfamilies Liriodendroideae (Liriodendron chinese and L. tulipifera) and Magnolioideae, including species with terminal flowers (Magnolia championi, M. delavayi, M. grandiflora, M. paenetalauma) and axillary flowers (Michelia crassipes). The sequence of initiation of floral organs is from proximal to distal. The three distinct outermost organs are initiated in sequence, but ultimately form a single whorl; thus their ontogeny is consistent with a tepal interpretation. Tepals are initiated in whorls, and the stamens and carpels are spirally arranged, though the androecium shows some intermediacy between a spiral and whorled arrangement. Carpels are entirely free from each other both at primordial stages and maturity. Ventral closure of the style ranges from open in Magnolia species examined to partially closed in Michelia crassipes and completely closed in Liriodendron, resulting in a reduced stigma surface. Thick-walled cells and tannins are present in all species except Michelia crassipes. Oil cells are normally present. Floral structure is relatively homogeneous in this family, although Liriodendron differs from other Magnoliaceae in that the carpels are entirely closed at maturity, resulting in a relatively small stigma, in contrast to the elongate stigma of most species of Magnolia. The flower of Magnolia does not terminate in an organ or organ whorl but achieves determinacy by gradual diminution.     

Floral structure and relationships ofHortonia (Monimiaceae)

The flowers ofHortonia angustifolia were investigated for their phyllotaxis, morphology, anatomy and development of the perianth, androecium and gynoecium. Certain features were also studied inH. ovalifolia. Characters so far overlooked further support the isolated and intermediate position of the genus between theAtherospermataceae andMonimiaceae s. str. and its archaic position among theLaurales.Dedicated to Professor Dr.W. Leinfellner on the occasion of his 70th birthday.