Suppression of ρ 0 lethality by mitochondrial ATP synthase F1 mutations in Kluyveromyces lactis occurs in the absence of F0

Specific mgi mutations in the α, β or γ subunits of the mitochondrial F₁-ATPase have previously been found to suppress ρ⁰ lethality in the petite-negative yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. To determine whether the suppressive activity of the altered F₁ is dependent on the F₀ sector of ATP synthase, we isolated and disrupted the genes KlATP4, 5 and 7, the three nuclear genes encoding subunits b, OSCP and d. Strains disrupted for any one, or all three of these genes are respiration deficient and have reduced viability. However a strain devoid of the three nuclear genes is still unable to lose mitochondrial DNA, whereas a mgi mutant with the three genes inactivated remains petite-positive. In the latter case, ρ⁰ mutants can be isolated, upon treatment with ethidium bromide, that lack six major F₀ subunits, namely the nucleus-encoded subunits b, OSCP and d, and the mitochondrially encoded Atp6, 8 and 9p. Production of ρ⁰ mutants indicates that an F₁-complex carrying a mgi mutation can assemble in the absence of F₀ subunits and that suppression of ρ⁰ lethality is an intrinsic property of the altered F₁ particle. Received: 7 April 1998 / Accepted: 10 June 1998     

Mg2＋对阿霉素引起心肌线粒体F1F0变化的保护

抗肿瘤药物阿霉素(ADM)对心肌线粒体F₁F₀-复合体呈现抑制而对F₁-ATPase无抑制,这表明ADM可能是通过膜脂起作用的,适当浓度Mg²⁺能降低ADM对复合体的抑制.经 ³¹P-NMR和标记荧光探针NBD-PE,DPH,MC-540以及内源荧光等的测定,结果表明ADM可能首先通过诱导F₁F₀膜脂形成非双层脂结构,继而影响了膜脂的堆积程度和流动性,进而引起F₁F₀-复合体酶蛋白构象的改变,最终导致酶活力的降低.Mg^2＋则可能由于与ADM竞争与心磷脂的结合,而对ADM引起F₁F₀的变化产生保护作用.     

大豆磷脂组成的研究——Ⅱ.总脂肪酸及各种磷脂组分疏水侧链脂肪酸组成的气相色谱分析

在前文用单向薄层色谱解决大豆磷脂各种磷脂组分分析问题的基础上,本文又分析了大豆磷脂的总脂肪酸组成。并通过薄层色谱和气相色谱分析了大豆磷脂各种磷脂组分(包括溶血磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酸、磷脂酰甘油和双磷脂酰甘油等)疏水侧链的脂肪酸组成。     

大豆磷脂组成的研究——Ⅱ.总脂肪酸及各种磷脂组分疏水侧链脂肪酸组成的气相色谱分析

在前文用单向薄层色谱解决大豆磷脂各种磷脂组分分析问题的基础上,本文又分析了大豆磷脂的总脂肪酸组成。并通过薄层色谱和气相色谱分析了大豆磷脂各种磷脂组分(包括溶血磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酸、磷脂酰甘油和双磷脂酰甘油等)疏水侧链的脂肪酸组成。     

Proton efflux through the chloroplast ATP synthase (CF0 · CF1) in the presence of sulfhydryl-modifying agents

The rate of photosynthetic electron transport measured in the absence of ADP and P_i is stimulated by low levels of Hg²⁺ or Ag⁺ (50% stimulation ≈ 3 Hg²⁺ or 6 Ag⁺/100 chlorophyll) to a plateau equal to the transport rate under normal phosphorylating conditions (i.e. +ADP, +P_i). Chloroplasts pretreated in the light under energizing conditions with N-ethylmaleimide show a similar stimulation of non-phosphorylating electron transport. The stimulations of non-phosphorylating electron transport by Hg²⁺, Ag⁺ and N-ethylmaleimide are reversed by the CF₁ inhibitor phlorizin, the CF₀ inhibitor triphenyltin chloride, and can be further stimulated by uncouplers such as methylamine. The Hg²⁺ and N-ethylmaleimide stimulations, but not the Ag⁺ stimulation, are completely reversed by low levels of ADP (2 μM), ATP (2 μM), and P_i (400 μM). Ag⁺, which is a potent inhibitor of ATP synthesis, has little or no effect upon phosphorylating electron transport (+ADP, +P_i). Concomitant with the stimulations of non-phosphorylating electron transport by Hg²⁺, Ag⁺ and ADP + P_i, there is a decrease in the level of membrane energization (as measured by atebrin fluorescence quenching) which is reversed when the CF₀ channel is blocked by triphenyltin. These results suggest that modification of critical CF₁ sulfhydryl residues by Hg²⁺, Ag⁺ or N-ethylmaleimide leads to the loss of intra-enzyme coupling between the transmembrane protontransferring and the ATP synthesis activities of the CF₀-CF₁ ATP synthase complex.     

Metal-sulfur dπ-pπ buffering of the oxidations of metal-thiolate complexes: Photoelectron spectroscopy of (η-C5H5)Fe(CO)2SR (SR = SCH3, SBu) and (η-C5H5)Re(NO)(PR3)SCH3 (PR3 = PPr3, PPh3)

The metal-sulfur bonding present in the transition metal-thiolate complexes CpFe(CO)₂SCH₃, CpFe(CO)₂S^tBu, CpRe(NO)(PⁱPr₃)SCH₃, and CpRe(NO)(PPh₃)SCH₃ (Cp = η⁵-C₅H₅) is investigated via gas-phase valence photoelectron spectroscopy. For all four complexes a strong dπ-pπ interaction exists between a filled predominantly metal d orbital of the [CpML₂]⁺ fragment and the purely sulfur 3pπ lone pair of the thiolate. This interaction results in the highest occupied molecular orbital having substantial M-S π^∗ antibonding character. In the case of CpFe(CO)₂SCH₃, the first (lowest energy) ionization is from the Fe-S π^∗ orbital, the next two ionizations are from predominantly metal d orbitals, and the fourth ionization is from the Fe-S π orbital. The pure sulfur pπ lone pair of the thiolate fragment is less stable than the filled metal d orbitals of the [CpFe(CO)₂]⁺ fragment, resulting in a Fe-S π^∗ combination that is higher in sulfur character than the Fe-S π combination. Interestingly, substitution of a tert-butyl group for the methyl group on the thiolate causes little shift in the first ionization, in contrast to the shift observed for related thiols. This is a consequence of the delocalization and electronic buffering provided by the Fe-S dπ-pπ interaction. For CpRe(NO)(PⁱPr₃)SCH₃ and CpRe(NO)(PPh₃)SCH₃, the strong acceptor ability of the nitrosyl ligand rotates the metal orbitals for optimum backbonding to the nitrosyl, and the thiolate rotates along with these orbitals to a different preferred orientation from that of the Fe complexes. The initial ionization is again the M-S π^∗ combination with mostly sulfur character, but now has considerable mixing among several of the valence orbitals. Because of the high sulfur character in the HOMO, ligand substitution on the metal also has a small effect on the ionization energy in comparison to the shifts observed for similar substitutions in other molecules. These experiments show that, contrary to the traditional interpretation of oxidation of metal complexes, removal of an electron from these metal-thiolate complexes is not well represented by an increase in the formal oxidation state of the metal, nor by simple oxidation of the sulfur, but instead is a variable mix of metal and sulfur content in the highest occupied orbital.     

A one-dimensional copper (II) coordination polymer [Cu3(ampym)2(μ1,1-N3)4(μ1,3-N3)2(dmf)2]n (ampym = 2-aminopyrimidine) containing both end-on and end-to-end azido bridges

A new polynuclear copper (II) complex, derived from the azido-bridging ligand and 2-aminopyrimidine, has been synthesized and its 3-D structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods at two different temperatures. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system space group, with the central copper atom lying on an inversion centre. The crystal structure is built up by trinuclear units (each of them contains two double end-on azido bridges) linked through two azide ions in an end-to-end (EE) fashion, to yield the polymer chain [Cu₃(ampym)₂(μ_1,1-N₃)₄(μ_1,3-N₃)₂(dmf)₂]_n. Magnetic susceptibility measurement shows a ferromagnetic interaction above 30 K, whereas a weak anti-ferromagnetic interaction prevails in the range of 30-2 K.     

Hydrido-derivatives of [Ir4(CO)10(diphosphine)]: X-ray analyses of [Ir4H(CO)9(μ-Ph2PH(CH3)PPh2)] and [Ir4 H(CO)9(μ-Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2)] (n = 2, 3)

Some novel hydrido-anions of general formula [Ir₄H(CO)₉(μ-L-L)]⁻ (L-L = Ph₂PCH(CH₃)PPh₂, Ph₂P(CH₂)₂PPh₂, Ph₂P(CH₂)₃PPh₂ and Ph₂AsCH₂AsPh₂) have been obtained by the reaction of [Ir₄(CO)₁₀(μ-L-L)] with the base 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene in wet dichloromethane. According to IR and ¹H, ³¹P and ¹³C NMR data at low temperature, these anionic derivatives display a single conformation in solution: three edge-bridging COs around the triangular basal face and both the hydride and the bidentate ligands located in axial positions relative to this face. The structures of four compounds were established by X-ray diffraction studies, which confirmed the configuration proposed on the basis of spectroscopic data.     

牛心线粒体ATP酶抑制蛋白对酶的催化部位构象的影响

以标记在ＡＴＰ酶（Ｆ_１）催化部位的ＴＮＰ－ＡＴＰ为荧光探针,比较测定了Ｆ_１与其抑制蛋白（ＩＦ_１）结合前后的ＴＮＰ－ＡＴＰ荧光光谱、荧光寿命和荧光偏振光谱。结果表明在ＩＦ１的作用下,酶分子催化部位的极性下降,ＴＮＰ－ＡＴＰ分子运动的自由度减小,提示ＩＦ_１引起了Ｆ_１催化部位的构象改变。     

牛心线粒体ATP酶抑制蛋白对酶的催化部位构象的影响

以标记在ＡＴＰ酶（Ｆ１）催化部位的ＴＮＰ－ＡＴＰ为荧光探针,比较测定了Ｆ１与其抑制蛋白（ＩＦ１）结合前后的ＴＮＰ－ＡＴＰ荧光光谱,荧光寿命和荧光偏振光谱,结果表明在ＩＦ１的作用下,酶分子催化部位的极性下降,ＴＮＰ－ＡＴＰ分子的自由度减小,提示ＩＦ１引起了Ｆ１催化部位的构象改变。     

二硫苏糖醇对叶绿体H~＋－ATP酶复合体CF_0的修饰

ＤＴＴ（二流苏糖醇）可解除ＴＰＴ（氯化三苯锡）对叶绿体光合磷酸化的抑制、减弱ＴＰＴ对类囊体跨膜△ｐＨ的抑制和对类囊体腔内质子外流的促进。由于ＴＰＴ较专一作用于ＣＦ０,推测ＣＦ０受ＤＴＴ修饰。这从ＤＴＴ可消除ＴＰＴ对去除ＣＦ１的类囊体残缺膜△ｐＨ的重建和对残缺膜光下收缩的促进得到进一步的证明。ＤＴＴ的作用是还原二硫键成为游离的巯基,因而ＣＦ０可能含有二硫键。从光下ＤＴＴ或暗中ＤＴＴ处理残缺膜对ＴＰＴ作用的影响,可以看到ＤＴＴ对ＣＦ０的修饰是需光的,类囊体膜在光下发生的构象变化,使ＣＦ０的二硫键暴露而被ＤＴＴ修饰。ＣＦ０的二硫键较ＣＦ１γ的二硫键更快、更敏感地被ＤＴＴ所修饰。     

Δψ and ΔpH are equivalent driving forces for proton transport through isolated F0 complexes of ATP synthases

The membrane-embedded F₀ part of ATP synthases is responsible for ion translocation during ATP synthesis and hydrolysis. Here, we describe an in vitro system for measuring proton fluxes through F₀ complexes by fluorescence changes of the entrapped fluorophore pyranine. Starting from purified enzyme, the F₀ part was incorporated unidirectionally into phospholipid vesicles. This allowed analysis of proton transport in either synthesis or hydrolysis direction with Δψ or ΔpH as driving forces. The system displayed a high signal-to-noise ratio and can be accurately quantified. In contrast to ATP synthesis in the Escherichia coli F₁F₀ holoenzyme, no significant difference was observed in the efficiency of ΔpH or Δψ as driving forces for H⁺-transport through F₀. Transport rates showed linear dependency on the driving force. Proton transport in hydrolysis direction was about 2400 H⁺/(s × F₀) at Δψ of 120 mV, which is approximately twice as fast as in synthesis direction. The chloroplast enzyme was faster and catalyzed H⁺-transport at initial rates of 6300 H⁺/(s × F₀) under similar conditions. The new method is an ideal tool for detailed kinetic investigations of the ion transport mechanism of ATP synthases from various organisms.     

Mid-trimester abortion with 15 (S) methyl prostaglandin F2α

A Prostaglandin analog 15 Methyl PG F_2α administered intra-muscularly was used to induce mid-trimester abortion in 16 patients. The average dose given was 789 ± 60 ugm, and this resulted in only 9 successful abortions. The incidence of side effects was thought to be prohibitive. PG appears to produce two types of action on the myometrium, a membrane effect, and a more fundamental intracellular regulatory effect.     

牛心线粒体ATP酶与其抑制蛋白结合特性的研究

利用荧光偏振光谱和生物分子相互作用分析技术（ＢＩＡ）对线粒体ＡＴＰ酶（Ｆ１）与其抑制蛋白（ＩＦ１）的结合特性进行了研究。结果表明,在弱酸性条件下Ｍｇ－ＡＴＰ能够大大促进ＩＦ１与Ｆ１的结合,结合的ＩＦ１对Ｆ１－ＡＴＰ酶表现出最大的抑制活性。在弱酸性没有Ｍｇ－ＡＴＰ存在的条件下,ＩＦ１也可与Ｆ１发生一定量的结合（２０～３０％）,Ｆ１的水解活性也受到同等程度的抑制,ＩＦ１的抑制活性与ＩＦ１、Ｆ１的结合其间显示了密切的量效关系,提示在ＩＦ１与Ｆ１的作用过程中不存在无抑制活性的结合过渡态。Ｚｎ２＋能够抑制ＩＦ１组氨酸残基的质子化,从而阻断ＩＦ１与Ｆ１之间的结合反应