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1.
A reappraisal of the terverticillate penicillia using biochemical, physiological and morphological features. I. Numerical taxonomy 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
P D Bridge D L Hawksworth Z Kozakiewicz A H Onions R R Paterson M J Sackin P H Sneath 《Journal of general microbiology》1989,135(11):2941-2966
Three-hundred-and-forty-eight strains representing the major species of terverticillate penicillia, and including representatives of other closely and distantly related species, were included in a numerical taxonomic study. One-hundred characters were derived from morphological features, physiological and biochemical activities and SEM micrographs. Strains were compared by both Gower's coefficient and Pattern difference, and clustered using the average linkage algorithm. Thirty-seven species or species-complex clusters were recovered at approximately 70% similarity; they generally corresponded to existing taxonomic concepts. Several species were shown to contain variants or chemotypes which were often supported by differences in conidial shape and ornamentation. The use of different types of characters enabled a number of new and previously accepted species to be shown to be either variants or deteriorated examples of other species. Variation in properties both between and within species was considered, particularly in relation to strain stability. 相似文献
2.
R R Paterson P D Bridge M J Crosswaite D L Hawksworth 《Journal of general microbiology》1989,135(11):2979-2991
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracellular pectinase and amylase isozymes of 170 mainly terverticillate Penicillium strains was undertaken. The data were coded and subjected to numerical analysis. Variation in intensity of isozymes was observed in repeat analyses of some strains, although most were consistent. Variation was also observed between some representative strains of species. P. viridicatum was more variable than P. brevicompactum and P. hordei for intensity of pectinase activity. There was a correlation between the grouping of the strains on the basis of the isozymes and the species concepts only in some cases. The method proved useful for the identification of strains producing intense activity which provided clear patterns, for example, P. brevicompactum and P. chrysogenum and to a lesser extent P. solitum var. crustosum and P. hordei. The method was also exclusionary in that some species were restricted to a particular cluster or subcluster. Amylase patterns confirmed that strains referred to as single species are not all homogeneous genetically, and that some strains are not simply haploid homokaryons. The genetic heterogeneity of the strains explains some of the problems in the systematics of the terverticillate penicillia. 相似文献
3.
Classification of terverticillate penicillia based on profiles of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Strains of available terverticillate penicillium species and varieties were analyzed for profiles of known mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites produced on Czapek yeast autolysate agar (intracellular metabolites) and yeast extract-sucrose agar (extracellular metabolites) by using simple thin-layer chromatography screening techniques. These strains (2,473 in all) could be classified into 29 groups based on profiles of secondary metabolites. Most of these profiles of secondary metabolites were distinct, containing several biosynthetically different mycotoxins and unknown metabolites characterized by distinct colors and retardation factors on thin-layer chromatography plates. Some species (P. italicum and P. atramentosum) only produced one or two metabolites by the simple screening methods. The 29 groups based on profiles of secondary metabolites were known species or subgroups thereof. These species and subgroups were independently identifiable by using morphological and physiological criteria. The species accepted, the number of isolates in each species investigated, and the mycotoxins they produced were: P. atramentosum, 4; P. aurantiogriseum, 510 (group I: penicillic acid and S-toxin and group II: penicillic acid, penitrem A [low frequency], terrestric acid [low frequency], viomellein, and xanthomegnin); P. brevicompactum, 81 (brevianamid A and mycophenolic acid); P. camembertii group I, 38, and group II, 114 (cyclopiazonic acid); P. chrysogenum, 87 (penicillin, roquefortine C, and PR-toxin); P. claviforme, 4 (patulin and roquefortine C); P. clavigerum, 4 (penitrem A); P. concentricum group I, 10 (griseofulvin and roquefortine C), and group II, 3 (patulin and roquefortine C); P. crustosum, 123 (penitrem A, roquefortine C, and terrestric acid); P. echinulatum, 13; P. expansum, 91 (citrinin, patulin, and roquefortine C); P. granulatum, 6 (patulin, penitrem A, and roquefortine C [traces]); P. griseofulvum, 21 (cyclopiazonic acid, griseofulvin, patulin, and roquefortine C); P. hirsutum, 100 (group I: terrestric acid; group II: citrinin, penicillic acid , roquefortine C, and terrestric acid; and group III: roquefortine C and terrestric acid), P. hirsutum group IV, 2 (chaetoglobosin C); P. isariiforme, 1; P. italicum, 41; P. mali, 104; P. roquefortii, 78 (group I: mycophenolic acid, PR-toxin, and roquefortine C and group II: mycophenolic acid, patulin, penicillic acid [low frequency], and roquefortine C); P. viridicatum group I, 634 (brevianamid A [low frequency], penicillic acid, viomellein, and xanthomegnin), P. viridicatum group II and III, 494 (citrinin and ochratoxin A), P. viridicatum group IV, 12 (griseofulvin and viridicatumtoxin). It is proposed that profiles of secondary metabolites be strongly emphasized in any future revision of the penicillia. 相似文献
4.
Anabaena azollae, a presumptive isolate from Azolla filiculoides, was immobilized in polyurethane foam, hydrophilic polyvinyl foam and alginate. When viewed by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy a thick mucilage layer covered the surface of both cells and matrix; this closely resembles the mode of attachment of the symbiont Anabaena in the Azolla leaf cavity. The heterocyst frequency of the immobilized A. azollae doubled relative to free-living cells and reached a level of 14–17%. Immobilization induced increases in both hydrogen production via nitrogenase or hydrogenase and in the rates and stabilization of acetylene reduction (N2-fixation). Ammonia production by immobilized cells with L-methionine-D,L-sulfoximine (MSX) is greater than that of freeliving cells. Immobilized cells without MSX were, however, able to excrete ammonium at lower rates thus emulating the characteristic of the symbiotic cyanobacteria (A. azollae) in the leaf cavity of Azolla.Abbreviations Chl
chlorophyll
- GS
glutamine synthetase
- MSX
L-methionine-D,L-sulfoximine
- SEM
scanning electron microscopy
- PU
polyurethane
- PV
polyvinyl 相似文献
5.
6.
In the latest two decades, the interest received by plant proteases has been on the rise. Serine proteases (EC 3.4.21)-in particular those from cucurbits, cereals and trees-share indeed a number of biochemical and physiological features, that may prove useful toward understanding of several mechanisms at the subcellular level. This critical review focuses on the characterization of most plant serine proteases, and comprehensively lists information produced by more and more sophisticated research tools that have led to the current state of the art in knowledge of these unique enzymes. 相似文献
7.
Zimmitti SJ 《Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ》1999,72(6):666-676
In an eastern North American tree frog, the spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer), calling rate has been correlated with reproductive success in the field. To determine the sources of individual variation in calling rate in this species, I analyzed males calling at rates greater than and less than the chorus average throughout one breeding season. Compared to low-rate callers, high-rate callers were relatively larger, heavier, older, and in better body condition, and their muscles used in calling had higher activities of the enzymes citrate synthase and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. This muscle profile is functionally matched by cardiovascular correlates, as indicated by the larger ventricles and higher blood hemoglobin concentrations in high-calling rate males. These cardiovascular features are much less developed in females and may result from the fact that females do not engage in vigorous calling behavior. In P. crucifier, a male's calling rate may function as an indicator of the presence of a suite of functionally interrelated traits responsible for the maintenance of this sexually selected display behavior. 相似文献
8.
Stefano Ventura Roberto De Philippis Riccardo Materassi Waldemaro Balloni 《Archives of microbiology》1988,149(4):273-279
Two strains belonging to the genus Ectothiorhodospira were isolated from enrichment cultures inoculated with sulfide-containing samples from the saltern of Trapani. Cells are motile short spirilla with internal stacks of membranes. During sulfide utilization they produce external globules of sulfur that are then completely oxidized to sulfate. These halophilic microorganisms need NaCl concentrations of 11% and 18% and a slightly alkaline pH. They are typical photoautotrophic bacteria, utilizing sulfide, sulfur and, only one of them, thiosulfate as photosynthetic electron donors; growth is stimulated by organic compounds. Neither of the two strains is capable of assimilatory sulfate reduction and neither grows in the dark. Pigments of the two strains are bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the normal spirilloxanthin series subgroup 1B. Quinones are Q8 and MK8 in a strain and Q8 and MK7 in the other one: the latter situation, with quinone side chains of different lengths, is atypical within phototrophic bacteria. For morphological, physiological and biochemical characters, at least one of these strains clearly stays apart from the six Ectothiorhodospira species described until now.List of abbreviations HPLC
high performance liquid chromatography
- TLC
thin layer chromatography
- Qn
ubiquinone—number of isoprenoid units of the side chain
- MKn
menaquinone—number of isoprenoid units of the side chain
- Rt
retention time
- Rf
retention factor
Dedicated to the memory of Professor Gino Florenzano who inspired this work 相似文献
9.
Saswati Nayak Radha Prasanna Boddupalli M. Prasanna Dina B. Sahoo 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(11):1575-1584
A set of 24 strains belonging to the genus Anabaena (Phylum Cyanobacteria), isolated from diverse geographic locations in India, were evaluated along with three International
type strains of Anabaena (ATCC 29414, ATCC 29208 and ATCC 27899) for their morphological, physiological and biochemical diversity. The morphological
dataset, consisting of 58 variants for 15 characters, and SDS-PAGE protein profiles comprising 17 polymorphic bands were utilized
to differentiate the selected Anabaena strains and explore the patterns of diversity through cluster analysis. Physiological and biochemical characterization with
respect to nitrogen fixation and accumulation of chlorophyll and phycobiliproteins led to the identification of some highly
promising Anabaena strains for use as biofertilizers and source of pigments. The study highlighted the tremendous inter and intraspecific diversity
within the Anabaena isolates and indicated the potential as well as constraints of the morphological and protein profiling datasets for unambiguous
differentiation and analyses of diversity among the Anabaena strains. 相似文献
10.
Alfred Lindner Erich Hofmann Markus Naumann Georg Becker Heinz Reichmann 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1997,174(1-2):297-303
Nineteen patients (9 females, 10 males) with mitochondrial encephalomyopathies (ME) were studied. The diagnosis was established according to clinical and histopathological criteria. Leading clinical features were chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) and muscle weakness in 95% of the patients. Pigmentary retinopathy was seen in 63%, and was always associated with CPEO. Hypacusis was present in 47% and cerebellar ataxia in 63% of patients. Clinical or electrophysiological signs of involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) were found in 21% of the patients. In muscle biopsy ragged red fibers were the predominant histopathological findings (100% of the patients), while COX-negative fibers were seen in 74%, deletions of the mitochondrial DNA in 42%, and defects of the respiratory chain in 32% of the patients. Increased blood lactate levels were found in 79% of the patients. Needle electromyography revealed myopathic features in 74%, features of denervation in 16%, and w as normal in the remainder. Imaging studies showed cerebral atrophy in 58%, cerebellar atrophy in 16%, and hyperintense lesions of the white matter, pyramidal tract or extrapyramidal system in 16% of the cases. It is concluded that the clinical manifestations of ME can be very variable. Diagnosis of ME should be always considered in young patients presenting with CPEO and muscle weakness. In most cases, diagnosis can be made by a few selected investigations, while detection of genetic abnormalities may lead to the diagnosis in the remaining cases. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 297–303, 1997) 相似文献
11.
J Alroy A Bachrach J G Thalhammer N Panjwani R Richard R DeGasperi C D Warren D M Albert S S Raghavan 《Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology including molecular pathology》1991,60(3):173-180
The clinical, neurophysiological, morphological and biochemical manifestation of eyes from Persian kittens affected with alpha-mannosidosis were studied. Clinically the disease is characterized by progressive corneal and lenticular opacification. In addition there is asymmetry in shape and latency of signal conductions which were demonstrated by visual evoked potential studies. Morphological and histochemical studies revealed vacuolization of various ocular cell types which stained positively with Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Biochemical studies illustrated low activity of acid alpha-mannosidase in cultured keratocytes and abnormal storage of partially degraded oligosaccharides in these cells, in vitreous humor and lens. This comprehensive study of ocular alpha-mannosidosis demonstrates enzyme deficiency which leads to abnormal storage of oligosaccharides in affected cells and is manifested by morphological alterations and functional impairment. 相似文献
12.
Characterization of oligotrophic AnAOB culture: morphological,physiological, and ecological features
Hu Qian-Yi Kang Da Wang Ru Ding A-Qiang Abbas Ghulam Zhang Meng Qiu Lin Lu Hui-Feng Lu Hui-Jie Zheng Ping 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2018,102(2):995-1003
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process is regarded as a promising nitrogen removal technology to treat ammonium wastewaters in a wide concentration... 相似文献
13.
14.
F E Cuppage K Setter P Sullivan E J Reitzes A O Melnykovych 《Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology including molecular pathology》1977,24(2):121-138
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the morphological, physiological and biochemical effects of gentamicin upon the rat kidney following prolonged administration of the antibiotic. Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 strain rats were given 3, 10, 20 or 40 mg gentamicin per kg body weight per day for 28 days. Morphologic alterations were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Functional parameters included glomerular filtration rate, PAH secretion, renal plasma flow, sodium reabsorption, potassium excretion, urine volume and protein, and serum urea nitrogen. Oxidative metabolism of mitochondrial fractions from renal cortical homogenates was evaluated by oxygen uptake and P:O ratios. The results indicate focal proximal tubular injury, decreased tubular maximum secretion of PAH, and altered oxidative metabolism at the higher dose levels of gentamicin. Neither elevations of serum urea nitrogen nor alterations in glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, or sodium or potassium excretion were observed. Thus, it appears that high dose levels (40 mg per kg per day) alter the structure and function of some proximal tubular segments when administered over prolonged periods. The alterations appear reversible. Although nephro-toxicity is identified under these conditions in rats, extrapolation to human patients usually receiving much lower doses must be guarded. 相似文献
15.
Roach, rudd and bream and hybrids between roach x rudd and roach x bream have been examined morphologically and by electrophoretic separation of their serum proteins. Identification by both methods agree and it is suggested biochemical methods of identification may be of value in cases of difficulty when distinguishing hybrids by morphological methods. 相似文献
16.
Myelinogenesis in optic nerve. A morphological, autoradiographic, and biochemical analysis
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Morphological, autoradiographic, and biochemical methods were used to study the time of appearance, distribution, and nature of sulfated constituents in the developing rat optic nerve. Electron microscope studies showed that myelination begins (6 days postnatal) shortly after the appearance of oligodendroglia (5 days postnatal). Over the ensuing 3 wk, myelination increased rapidly. During the 1st postnatal wk, mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins were labeled with 35S and autoradiographs showed grains over arachnoidal cells, astroglia, and the glia limitans. These results indicated that astroglia synthesize sulfated mucopolysaccharides of the glia limitans. After the onset of myelination, however, the major portion of [35S]sulfate was incorporated into sulfatide. Autoradiographs showed a shift of radioactive grains from astroglia and arachnoidal cells to myelin, indicating that actively myelinating oligodendroglia incorporate [35S]sulfate into myelin sulfatide; there was a concomitant increase in the activity of cerebroside sulfotransferase. In addition, the increasing amounts of proteolipid protein and myelin basic protein corresponded with the morphological appearance of myelin. These results point to a strict correlation between the structural and biochemical changes occurring during myelination. This system provides a useful model for studies designed to evaluate the effects of various perturbations on the process of myelination. 相似文献
17.
J. Alroy A. Bachrach J. G. Thalhammer N. Panjwani R. Richard R. DeGasperi C. D. Warren D. M. Albert S. S. Raghavan 《Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology including molecular pathology》1991,60(1):173-180
The clinical, neurophysiological, morphological and biochemical manifestations of eyes from Persian kittens affected with
α-mannosidosis were studied. Clinically the disease is characterized by progressive corneal and lenticular opacification.
In addition there is asymmetry in shape and latency of signal conductions which were demonstrated by visual evoked potential
studies. Morphological and histochemical studies revealed vacuolization of various ocular cell types which stained positively
withConcanavalia ensiformis agglutinin (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Biochemical studies illustrated low activity of acid α-mannosidase in
cultured keratocytes and abnormal storage of partially degraded oligosaccharides in these cells, in vitreous humor and lens.
This comprehensive study of ocular α- mannosidosis demonstrates enzyme deficiency which leads to abnormal storage of oligosaccharides in affected cells and is
manifested by morphological alterations and functional impairment. 相似文献
18.
Claudia Fileto Marlene S. Arcifa Juliana M. Marchetti Izabel C. Turati Norberto P. Lopes 《Aquatic Ecology》2007,41(4):557-568
Five laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of supplements of fatty acids and a green alga on the individual
growth and reproduction of three species of tropical cladocerans Ceriodaphnia richardi, Daphnia ambigua, and D. gessneri feeding on natural seston from the Brazilian Lake Monte Alegre. Cohorts of newborns from cultivated females were submitted
to one of the following treatments: (1) Natural seston, (2) Natural seston + microcapsules of EPA and DHA or linoleic and
linolenic fatty acids, (3) Natural seston + oil-free microcapsules, and (4) Natural seston + green alga Scenedesmus spinosus (1 mg C l−1). Particulate organic carbon, algal carbon, C:P ratios of seston and green alga, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content
of seston and cladocerans, as well as phytoplankton composition, size, and shape were measured. The addition of fatty acids
to seston did not significantly enhance growth and reproduction of the cladocerans, suggesting that sestonic PUFA content
is sufficient for promoting cladoceran development, even in the cool–dry season when the fatty acids used in the experiments
were 5–10 times lower in the seston than in the warm–wet season. Despite high C:P molar ratios in most experiments, there
was only one indication of growth limitation by P. Reproduction was more affected than individual growth on some occasions
by food quantity (energy) caused apparently by algal size, morphology, and digestion resistance. Energy availability, which
is affected by algae morphological characteristics, seems to prevail over PUFA and P in controlling growth and reproduction
of cladocerans in tropical Lake Monte Alegre. 相似文献
19.
The complex nature of plant resistance to drought makes the process of selecting the appropriate genes that increase the resistance to drought very difficult. With the future in mind, the aim of our study was to search for physiological and biochemical parameters which could provide a basis for the identification of genes controlling rye resistance to drought stress. The experiments were carried out on three inbred lines of rye: S120, S76 and M112, a recombinant inbred line of population RIL-M; lines in the tillering phase were subjected to drought stress for 4 weeks. Selected physiological indicators of PSII photochemical system [chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics (FC) and photosynthetic pigment contents (PPC)], biochemical indicators (proline, soluble sugars, total phenolics) and selected agronomic traits were determined. Drought did not significantly affect the majority of the measured FC and PPC parameters in any of the three lines. Due to the different reactions of the lines to drought stress, depending on the analyzed characteristics, the authors concluded that the analyzed indicators can be used to study QTL locations in response to drought stress in the RIL-M mapping population of rye. 相似文献