丁醇合成途径关键酶基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆和表达

【目的】克隆丙酮丁醇梭状芽胞杆菌(Clostridium acetobutylicum)ATCC824丁醇合成途径关键酶基因,构建产丁醇的工程大肠杆菌。【方法】以C.acetobutylicum ATCC824基因组为模板,分别扩增丁醇合成途径关键酶基因thil,adhE2和BCS operon(crt-bcd-etfB-etfA-hbd)基因序列,构建BCS operon-adhE2-thil/pTrc99a/MG1655(pBAT)。重组菌E.coli pBAT采用0.1 mmol异丙基-β-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导5 h,测定乙酰基转移酶(THL)、3-羟基丁酰辅酶A脱氢酶(HBD)、3-羟基丁酰辅酶A脱水酶(CRT)、丁酰辅酶A脱氢酶(BCD)、醛醇脱氢酶(BYDH/BDH)的酶活。并以该基因工程菌作为发酵菌种,采用好氧、厌氧和微好氧三种培养方式,检测丁醇产量。【结果】酶活测定结果显示:THL酶活达到0.160 U/mg protein,酶活力提高了近30倍;HBD酶活力提高了近5倍;CRT酶活达到1.53 U/mg protein,野生菌株无此酶活;BCD酶活力提高了32倍;BYDH/BDH酶活力无显著提高。3种发酵培养结果显示在微好氧和厌氧条件下,均有丁醇产生,且丁醇的最大产量约为84 mg/L。【结论】本实验通过构建产丁醇基因工程大肠杆菌,实现了丁醇关键酶基因在大肠杆菌中的活性表达以及发酵产丁醇,为发酵法生产丁醇开辟了一条新的途径。     

论文中阿拉伯数字的使用克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌HR526快速合成1,3-丙二醇发酵特性研究

研究了实验室筛选的一株高产1,3-丙二醇(PDO)菌株克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌HR526(Klebsiella pneumoniae HR526),在5 L B.Braun发酵罐进行甘油补料流加发酵30 h,PDO达到91.47 g/L,胞外代谢通量分析显示,PDO在对数中期通量达到最大,而乳酸在稳定期通量达到最大.结合酶学检测分析了PDO合成关键酶PDO氧化还原酶(PDOR)、甘油脱水酶(GDHt)和甘油脱氢酶(GDH)酶活的变化,PDO氧化还原酶活性在对数中期达到最高,甘油脱水酶/甘油脱氢酶在对数期远大于稳定期、衰退期,与代谢通量变化一致甘油脱水酶/甘油脱氢酶活性比例不均衡是3-HPA对数期积累的原因,PDO合成主要集中在对数期,是生长偶联的代谢产物.     

克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌HR526快速合成1,3-丙二醇发酵特性研究

研究了实验室筛选的一株高产1,3-丙二醇(PDO)菌株克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌HR526(Klebsiella pneumoniae HR526), 在5 L B. Braun发酵罐进行甘油补料流加发酵30 h, PDO达到91.47 g/L, 胞外代谢通量分析显示, PDO在对数中期通量达到最大, 而乳酸在稳定期通量达到最大。结合酶学检测分析了PDO合成关键酶PDO氧化还原酶(PDOR)、甘油脱水酶(GDHt)和甘油脱氢酶(GDH)酶活的变化, PDO氧化还原酶活性在对数中期达到最高, 甘油脱水酶/甘油脱氢酶在对数期远大于稳定期、衰退期, 与代谢通量变化一致甘油脱水酶/甘油脱氢酶活性比例不均衡是3-HPA对数期积累的原因, PDO合成主要集中在对数期, 是生长偶联的代谢产物。     

假坚强芽胞杆菌中乙醇降解相关酶的克隆、表达及酶学特性

【目的】研究假坚强芽胞杆菌OF4中乙醇脱氢酶和乙醛脱氢酶的酶学特性。【方法】通过引物设计,采用PCR技术从嗜碱芽胞杆菌OF4的基因组DNA中扩增获得乙醇脱氢酶(adh)基因和乙醛脱氢酶(aldh)基因,构建表达载体,通过异源原核表达,Ni-NTA柱层析纯化酶蛋白,分析其酶学特性。【结果】乙醛脱氢酶的最适反应温度为35℃,最适反应pH值为8.0,酶蛋白的活力为979.6 U/mg,其稳定性在25℃和35℃下比45℃稍好;尽管由于乙醇脱氢酶的表达量低而未能纯化获得酶蛋白,但通过双基因共表达及乙醇耐受性实验发现乙醇脱氢酶也具备较高的催化活性。【结论】成功地从假坚强芽胞杆菌OF4中克隆获得了乙醇脱氢酶和乙醛脱氢酶基因,二者共同作用能够较大提高宿主对乙醇的耐受性。     

1株抑制土传病原菌且产纤维素酶芽胞杆菌筛选及产酶条件的研究

通过刚果红染色法和DNS分光光度法对6种芽胞杆菌分泌胞外纤维素酶进行筛选,再通过管碟法测试对5种病原菌的抑菌作用,得到1株芽胞杆菌（菌株编号为X-02）酶活达182.5 U/mL,而且对几种土传病害有抑制作用。并对其产酶发酵培养基碳源、氮源及初始pH、发酵温度、接种量、摇瓶转速和时间进行优化,结果显示该菌株最佳碳源是2%CMC-Na,其次是葡萄糖,二者产酶之差只为21 U/mL。考虑大量生产的成本和方便性（CMC-Na溶解慢）,选择葡萄糖为碳源,氮源为2.0%蛋白胨与酵母膏复合氮源,在pH值为8.0、温度37℃、接种量为2%、转速为180 r/m in、时间48 h条件下酶活达到391.0 U/mL酶液,比优化前提高了2.1倍。     

弹性蛋白酶产生菌发酵条件的研究

针对不同碳氮源及无机盐对芽胞杆菌EA915产弹性蛋白酶的影响进行了研究,结果表明,最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为酵母膏,无机盐硫酸镁,硫酸亚铁对弹性蛋白酶的产生有促进作用.初步研究了产酶条件,在初始pH为7.0、摇瓶装液量20mL/250mL ,37℃下发酵52h,酶活最高,达到160 U/mL.     

构建伴有β-葡萄糖苷酶表达的乙醇发酵大肠杆菌

研究构建能够分泌表达纤维素酶的产乙醇菌株,实现降解木质纤维素生产乙醇的整合生物加工过程。文中通过克隆来自运动发酵单胞菌Zymomonas mobilis ZM4的丙酮酸脱羧酶基因pdc和乙醇脱氢酶基因adhB,并通过Red重组将二者整合到大肠杆菌Escherichia coli JM109基因组中,首先构建了一株可以利用葡萄糖进行乙醇发酵的重组菌E. coli P81。随后将来源于多粘芽胞杆菌Bacillus polymyxa1.794的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因bglB在E. coli P81中进行了分泌表达,得到了一株可以进行纤维二糖降解和乙醇发酵双重功能的重组菌E. coli P81(pUC19-bglB)。该菌胞外分泌β-糖苷酶活达到84.78 mU/mL菌液,纤维二糖酶活达到了32.32 mU/mL菌液。该重组菌E. coli P81(pUC19-bglB) 以纤维二糖为碳源进行乙醇发酵,乙醇得率达到了理论产率55.8％,而在葡萄糖和纤维二糖的共发酵中,其乙醇产量达到了理论产率46.5％。构建得到的此株整合生物加工大肠杆菌能够利用β-葡萄糖苷酶生产乙醇,为构建能利用木质纤维素分解产物生产燃料乙醇的高效、稳定生产用工程菌奠定了良好的基础。     

硫酸锌(ZnSO4)对米根霉发酵产乳酸的影响

[目的]为了了解无机盐与米根霉L-乳酸代谢之间的关系,提高米根霉菌株RLC41-6发酵产L-乳酸的产率与质量,研究了ZnSO4浓度与菌株乳酸代谢和细胞内乳酸脱氢酶活性的关系.[方法]在米根霉培养基中加入不同浓度ZnSO4,经过36℃培养36 h后,应用HPLC-反相色谱法测定产物中的L-乳酸含量,并利用活性PAGE分析法测定细胞内乳酸脱氢酶的活性和组成.[结果]实验结果显示,ZnSO4对除LDH1之外的其它几条同工酶都有促进作用,尤其对LDH4,LDH5作用明显,当ZnSO4浓度大于0.02％时,LDH4,LDH5达到最大水平,同时高浓度的锌离子在体外抑制了LDH的活性.当ZnSO4浓度为0.02％时LDH酶活达到最大200 U/mL,HPLC图谱表明,此时发酵产物的只有L-乳酸,且产量达到最大137g/L,乳酸转化率为91％.[结论]Zn+会影响米根霉的乳酸代谢过程,并导致发酵过程中产物类型的变化,合适浓度的ZnSO4在米根霉代谢产乳酸的过程中,提高了乳酸脱氢酶LDH的表达,抑制丙酮酸进入苹果酸和富马酸途径,从而有利于提高葡萄糖到乳酸的代谢.     

α-葡萄糖苷酶菌株的选育及发酵条件的研究

从2株芽胞杆菌中通过筛选获得了一株产α-葡萄糖苷酶活力较高的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌U2,以嗜热芽孢杆菌U2为菌种,优化发酵培养基后,在温度45℃、初始pH6.8、转速200r/min和10%接种量条件下,发酵20h,菌株U2产酶水平可达到2.62U/mL,比出发菌提高了4倍。     

重组Humicola insolens角质酶的高密度发酵优化 *

在采用前期已构建的重组菌E.coli BL21(DE3)/pET20b(+)-hic进行高密度发酵制备角质酶时发现,在高诱导强度发酵时,菌体浓度下降明显。同时,通过测定纯化重组角质酶的磷脂水解活性,考察验证了重组酶对宿主细胞的损伤作用。重组酶的磷脂酰乙醇胺活性为9.8U/mg(NPB水解比活力为1 047.6 U/mg),在卵黄平板出现了明显的反应圈现象。在此基础上尝试了高菌体浓度结合高诱导强度的发酵策略,以进一步提高重组酶在3L罐中的表达水平。优化后的最佳条件及结果为:OD₆₀₀为75时,恒速流加0.8g/(L ·h)的乳糖溶液,发酵24h后,酶活达到最大值4 788.0U/ml,约为摇瓶发酵酶活的28倍,与OD₆₀₀为50时、流加0.2 g/(L ·h)进行诱导的发酵策略(酶活2 233.0 U/ml)相比,提高幅度约为114.0%,发酵时间缩短40.0%。     

Enzymes limiting butanol and acetone formation in continuous and batch cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum

Summary The formation of butanol in continuous cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum is regulated at the genetic level via expression of butyraldehyde dehydrogenase since increased in vitro activities of this key enzyme are associated with increased in vivo butanol formation rates in both acidogenic and solventogenic fermentations. Addition of glucose, butyric acid and carbon monoxide results in induction of butyraldehyde dehydrogenase. The production of acetone in continuous fermentation is also controlled at the genetic level through expression of coenzyme A (CoA)-transferase; this enzyme is induced by glucose. Carbon monoxide inactivates acetoacetate decarboxylase. In controlled-pH batch fermentation solventogenesis does not correlate with in vitro activities of butyraldehyde dehydrogenase. Instead, initiation of alcohol formation is accompanied by increased activities of both reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH)- and reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-specific alcohol dehydrogenases. The production of acetone in batch fermentation is regulated at the genetic level through combined induction of both CoA-transferase and acetoacetate decarboxylase. These two enzymes are not detected in either batch or continuous culture at or above pH 6.0. This finding explains the inability of the cells to produce acetone at elevated culture pH.     

Enzymatic investigations on butanol dehydrogenase and butyraldehyde dehydrogenase in extracts of Clostridium acetobutylicum

Summary Reliable assay systems were developed for the detection and quantitation of butanol dehydrogenase and butyraldehyde dehydrogenase in extracts of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Butanol dehydrogenase was NADPH-dependent. The enzyme could be sparated by ultracentrifugation from a NADH-specific enzyme which probably represents the ethanol dehydrogenase but which also reacted with butyraldehyde to form butanol. Butyraldehyde dehydrogenase proved to be NADH-specific. All enzymes were induced shortly before butanol formation began. Specific activities decreased at the end of the fermentation process. An explanation for contradictory data in the literature is proposed.     

Alcohol dehydrogenase: multiplicity and relatedness in the solvent-producing clostridia

Abstract: Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a key enzyme for the production of butanol, ethanol, and isopropanol by the solvent-producing clostridia. Initial studies of ADH in extracts of several strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii gave conflicting molecular properties. A more coherent picture has emerged because of the following results: (i) identification of ADHs with different coenzyme specificities in these species; (ii) discovery of structurally conserved ADHs (type 3) in three solvent-producing species; (iii) isolation of mutants with deficiencies in butanol production and restoration of butanol production with a cloned alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase gene; and (iv) resolution of various ' C. acetobutylicum ' cultures into four species. The three ADH isozymes of C. beijerinckii NRRL B592 have high sequence similarities to ADH-1 of Clostridium sp. NCP 262 (formerly C. acetobutylicum P262) and to the ADH domain of the alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase of C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824/DSM 792. The NADH-dependent activity of the ADHs from C. beijerinckii NRRL B592 and the BDHs from C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 is profoundly affected by the pH of the assay, and the relative importance of NADH and NADPH to butanol production may be misappraised when NAD(P)H-dependent activities were measured at different pH values. The primary/secondary ADH of isopropanol-producing C. beijerinckii is a type-1 enzyme and is highly conserved in Thermoanaerobacter brockii (formerly Thermoanaerobium brockii ) and Entamoeba histolytica . Several solvent-forming enzymes (primary ADH, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase) are very similar between C. beijerinckii and the species represented by Clostridium sp. NCP 262 and NRRL B643. The realization of such relationships will facilitate the elucidation of the roles of different ADHs because each type of ADH can now be studied in an organism most amenable to experimental manipulations.     

Tn916-induced mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum defective in regulation of solvent formation

Sixteen Tn916-induced mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum were selected that were defective in the production of acetone and butanol. Formation of ethanol, however, was only partially affected. The strains differed with respect to the degree of solvent formation ability and could be assigned to three different groups. Type I mutants (2 strains) were completely defective in acetone and butanol production and contained one or three copies of Tn916 in the chromosome. Analysis of the mutants for enzymes responsible for solvent production revealed the presence of a formerly unknown, specific acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. The data obtained also strongly indicate that the NADP⁺-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase is in vivo reponsible for ethanol formation, whereas the NAD⁺-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase is probably involved in butanol production. No activity of this enzyme together with all other enzymes in the acetone and butanol pathway could be found in type I strains. All tetracycline-resistant mutants obtained did no longer sporulate.Non-standard abbreviations AADC acetoacetate decarboxylase - AcaDH acetaldehyde dehydrogenase - BuaDH butyraldehyde dehydrogenase - CoA-TF acetoacetyl coenzyme A: acetate/butyrate: coenzyme A transferase - NAD-ADH, NAD⁺ dependent alcohol dehydrogenase - NADP-ADH, NADP⁺ dependent alcohol dehydrogenase     

Treatment with allyl alcohol selects specifically for mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum defective in butanol synthesis

Abstract Treatment of Clostridium acetobutylicum with allyl alcohol allowed the selection of mutants which were unable to produce n -butanol, whereas the synthesis of acetone and ethanol was unaffected. Enzymatic investigations revealed that all mutant strains were devoid of butyraldehyde dehydrogenase or showed a very low activity of this enzyme as compared to the wild type.     

Engineering a homobutanol fermentation pathway in Escherichia coli EG03

A homobutanol fermentation pathway was engineered in a derivative of Escherichia coli B (glucose [glycolysis] => 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH; pyruvate [pyruvate dehydrogenase] => acetyl-CoA + NADH; 2 acetyl-CoA [butanol pathway enzymes] + 4 NADH => butanol; summary stoichiometry: glucose => butanol). Initially, the native fermentation pathways were eliminated from E. coli B by deleting the genes encoding for lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA), acetate kinase (ackA), fumarate reductase (frdABCD), pyruvate formate lyase (pflB), and alcohol dehydrogenase (adhE), and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (aceEF-lpd) was anaerobically expressed through promoter replacement. The resulting strain, E. coli EG03 (ΔfrdABCD ΔldhA ΔackA ΔpflB Δ adhE ΔpdhR ::pflBp6-aceEF-lpd ΔmgsA), could generate 4 NADH for every glucose oxidized to two acetyl-CoA through glycolysis and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. However, EG03 lost its ability for anaerobic growth due to the lack of NADH oxidation pathways. When the butanol pathway genes that encode for acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (thiL), 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (hbd), crotonase (crt), butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (bcd, etfA, etfB), and butyraldehyde dehydrogenase (adheII) were cloned from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824, and expressed in E. coli EG03, a balanced NADH oxidation pathway was established for homobutanol fermentation (glucose => 4 NADH + 2 acetyl-CoA => butanol). This strain was able to convert glucose to butanol (1,254 mg l(-1)) under anaerobic condition.     

Isolation and Characterization of Mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 Deficient in Acetoacetyl-Coenzyme A:Acetate/Butyrate:Coenzyme A-Transferase (EC 2.8.3.9) and in Other Solvent Pathway Enzymes

Mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 exhibiting resistance to 2-bromobutyrate or rifampin were isolated after nitrosoguanidine treatment. Mutants were screened for solvent production by using an automated alcohol test system. Isolates were analyzed for levels of butanol, ethanol, acetone, butyrate, acetate, and acetoin in stationary-phase batch cultures. The specific activities of NADH- and NADPH-dependent butanol dehydrogenase and butyraldehyde dehydrogenase as well as those of acetoacetyl-coenzyme A:acetate/butyrate:coenzyme A-transferase (butyrate-acetoacetate coenzyme A-transferase [EC 2.8.3.9]) (CoA-transferase), butyrate kinase, and phosphotransbutyrylase were measured at the onset of stationary phase. Rifampin-resistant strain D10 and 2-bromobutyrate mutant R were found to be deficient in only CoA-transferase, while several other mutants exhibited reduced butyraldehyde dehydrogenase and butanol dehydrogenase activities as well. The colony morphology of 2-bromobutyrate mutant R was similar to that of the parent on RCM medium; however, it had about 1/10 the level of CoA-transferase and increased levels of butanol dehydrogenase and butyraldehyde dehydrogenase. A nonsporulating, spontaneously derived degenerated strain exhibited reduced levels of butyraldehyde dehydrogenase, butanol, dehydrogenase, and CoA-transferase compared with those of the original strain. When C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was grown on medium containing low levels of 2-bromobutyrate, an altered colony morphology was observed. Not all strains resistant to 2-bromobutyrate (12 mM) were non-solvent-producing strains.     

Genetic manipulation of acid and solvent formation in clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824

The genes coding for enzymes involved in butanol or butyrate formation were subcloned into a novel Escherichia coli-Clostridium acetobutylicum shuttle vector constructed from pIMP1 and a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene. The resulting replicative plasmids, referred to as pTHAAD (aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase) and pTHBUT (butyrate operon), were used to complement C. acetobutylicum mutant strains, in which genes encoding aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (aad) or butyrate kinase (buk) had been inactivated by recombination with Emr constructs. Complementation of strain PJC4BK (buk mutant) with pTHBUT restored butyrate kinase activity and butyrate production during exponential growth. Complementation of strain PJC4AAD (aad mutant) with pTHAAD restored NAD(H)-dependent butanol dehydrogenase activity, NAD(H)-dependent butyraldehyde dehydrogenase activity and butanol production during solventogenic growth. The development of an alternative selectable marker makes it is possible to overexpress genes, via replicative plasmids, in mutant strains that lack specific enzyme activities, thereby expanding the number of possible genetic manipulations that can be performed in C. acetobutylicum. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

ARTP mutation and genome shuffling of ABE fermentation symbiotic system for improvement of butanol production

Butanol is an ideal renewable biofuel which possesses superior fuel properties. Previously, butanol-producing symbiotic system TSH06 was isolated in our lab, with microoxygen tolerance ability. To boost butanol yield for large-scale industrial production, TSH06 was used as parental strain and subjected to atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) and four rounds of genome shuffling (GS). ARTP mutant and GS strain were co-cultured with facultative anaerobic Bacillus cereus TSH2 to form a symbiotic system with microoxygen tolerance, which was then subjected to fermentation. Relative messenger RNA (mRNA) level of key enzyme gene was measured by real-time PCR. The highest butanol titer of TS4-30 reached 15.63 g/L, which was 34% higher than TSH06 (12.19 g/L). Compared with parental strain, mRNA of acid-forming gene in TS4-30 decreased in acidogenesis phase, while solvent-forming gene increased in solventogenesis phase. This gene expression pattern was consistent with high butanol yield and low acid level in TS4-30. In summary, symbiotic system TS4-30 was obtained with butanol titer improvement and microoxygen tolerance.