Opening the Gift: Social Inclusion, Professional Codes and Gift-Giving in Long-Term Mental Healthcare

Deinstitutionalisation has not only made the social inclusion of clients a key objective in long-term mental healthcare, it may also affect the role of the care professional. This article investigates whether the social inclusion objective clashes with other long-standing professional values, specifically when clients give gifts to care professionals. In making a typology of gifts, we compare the literature on gift-giving with professional codes for gifts and relate both to the objective of social inclusion of clients. Our typology draws on an analysis of ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 2007/2008 at a Dutch mental healthcare centre. We identify four types of gifts for professionals in long-term mental healthcare, each relating individually to professional codes and the objective of social inclusion of clients. Only the ‘personal gift’ directly supports social inclusion, by fostering personal relationships between professionals and clients. Acceptance of this type of gift is advocated only for long-term care professionals. We suggest that professional codes need to consider this typology of gifts, and we advocate promoting reflexivity as a means of accounting for professional behaviour in deinstitutionalised care settings.     

Cosmologies of freedom and Buddhist self‐transformation in the Mongolian gold rush

This article examines how Mongolian Buddhist monks view the freedom they have experienced since the fall of Soviet socialism in 1990. Whereas the anthropological literature on postsocialism tends to focus on political and economic transformations, I argue that contemporary Mongolian politics points to the coexistence and interdependence of human and nonhuman agents. The article highlights how, in the context of the country's current mining boom, postsocialist politics requires attention to contemporary religious practices and spiritual beings beyond the ‘secular’. Considering emerging forms of Buddhist environmentalism, I describe how the freedom projects of Mongolian monks crystallize the intersection of Soviet socialist materialism, neoliberal individualism, and a Buddhist ethics of self‐transformation.     

Cash, Color, and Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledgement

Cash, Color, and Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledgement. Reneé Ann Cramer. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005. 234 pp.     

Identity and Development: Tongan Culture, Agriculture, and the Perenniality of the Gift

Identity and Development: Tongan Culture, Agriculture, and the Perenniality of the Gift . Paul van der Grijp. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2004. 227 pp.     

Distribution of two congeneric charrs in streams of Hokkaido Island,Japan: considering multiple factors across scales

Salvelinus leucomaenis (white-spotted charr) and S. malma (Dolly Varden) are distributed throughout Hokkaido Island, Japan, but sites where they occur in sympatry are rare. In general, S. malma inhabit upstream reaches and S. leucomaenis extend downstream to the ocean. Factors influencing their distribution were analyzed at four spatial scales ranging from the whole island to individual stream pools. At the island scale, S. leucomaenis were found in the warmer south-west region and at lower altitudes elsewhere, whereas S. malma were found in the colder north-east and at higher altitudes. At a regional scale, the downstream limit of S. malma and upstream limit of S. leucomaenis shifted to lower altitude from south-west to north-east across the island, coincident with the decrease in temperature. Further analysis showed that transition points from S. leucomaenis or sympatry to S. malma in individual watersheds were closely related to an index of cumulative mean monthly temperatures exceeding 5°C. However, at the scale of a single watershed, the transition occurred at different altitudes, gradients, and temperatures in two tributaries, apparently because stream discharge, habitat, and disturbances from floods interacted with these abiotic factors to limit distribution. The two charr species developed interspecific dominance hierarchies in individual pools, and there was strong complementary density compensation among stream pools that could be explained by interspecific competition but not by differences in habitat. However, patterns at watershed and regional scales suggested that interspecific competition interacts with temperature in complex ways. We conclude that the importance of various abiotic and biotic factors in shaping Hokkaido charr distributions depends on the scale at which they are viewed.     

The Gift of Life: Female Spirituality and Healing in Northern Peru

The Gift of Life: Female Spirituality and Healing in Northern Peru. Bonnie Glass-Coffin. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998. 256 pp.     

Anchoring Revisited: The Role of the Comparative Question

When people estimate a numeric value after judging whether it is larger or smaller than a high or low anchor value (comparative question), estimates are biased in the direction of the anchor. One explanation for this anchoring effect is that people selectively access knowledge consistent with the anchor value as part of a positive test strategy. Two studies (total N = 184) supported the alternative explanation that people access knowledge consistent with their own answer to the comparative question. Specifically, anchoring effects emerged when the answer to the comparative question was unexpected (lower than the low anchor or higher than the high anchor). For expected answers (lower than the high anchor or higher than the low anchor), however, anchoring effects were attenuated or reversed. The anchor value itself was almost never reported as an absolute estimate.     

Habitat use patterns of fishes across the mangrove-seagrass-coral reef seascape at Ishigaki Island,southern Japan

To clarify seascape-scale habitat use patterns of fishes in the Ryukyu Islands (southern Japan), visual censuses were conducted in the mangrove estuary, sand area, seagrass bed, coral rubble area, branching coral area on the reef flat, and tabular coral area on the outer reef slope at Ishigaki Island in August and November 2004, and May, August and November 2005. During the study period a total of 319 species were observed. Species richness and abundance were highest in the branching and tabular coral areas, followed in order by the seagrass bed and mangrove estuary, and coral rubble and sand areas, in each month. Cluster analysis resulted in a clear grouping of assemblage structures by habitat type rather than by census month. SIMPER analysis showed that fish assemblages in the tabular coral area were mainly characterized by Acanthurus nigrofuscus, Pomacentrus lepidogenys, P. philippinus and P. vaiuli, the branching coral area by Chromis viridis and Pomacentrus moluccensis, the coral rubble area by Amblyeleotris steinitzi and Ctenogobiops pomastictus, the seagrass bed by Cheilio inermis, Lethrinus atkinsoni and Stethojulis strigiventer, the sand area by Valenciennea longipinnis, and the mangrove estuary by Gerres oyena, Lutjanus fulvus and Yongeichthys criniger. Moreover, fishes exhibited two habitat use strategies, inhabiting either a single or several specific habitats throughout their benthic life history stages, or having a possible ontogenetic habitat shift from the mangrove estuary or seagrass bed to coral-dominated habitats (e.g., Lethrinus atkinsoni, Lethrinus obsoletus, Lutjanus fulviflamma, Lutjanus fulvus, Lutjanus gibbus, Lutjanus monostigma and Parupeneus barberinus), suggesting that the mangrove estuary and seagrass bed have a nursery function.     

Tribal Epistemologies: Essays in the Philosophy of Anthropology

Tribal Epistemologies: Essays in the Philosophy of Anthropology. Helmut Wautischer. ed. Andershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 1998. 240 pp.     

Molecular phylogeny of the yellow peach moth,Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae): distribution of two genetic lineages across Japan

Mating disruption using synthetic sex pheromones is an effective pest-control method to prevent the evolution of insecticide resistance. Although the sex pheromone of the yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) has already been identified and artificially synthesized, mating disruption in the field has been less successful than expected. Such ineffectiveness may be caused by genetic variation in the attractiveness of the sex pheromone across moth populations. To evaluate this possibility, we evaluated the genetic population structure of this species across 10 populations in Japan. We found that two clades were present at the mtDNA COI region, each clade was sympatrically distributed, and no genetic structure was detected among the populations. In addition, the frequencies of the two clades did not differ between the samples in pheromone traps using two types of blend and those hand collected from infested fruit. Our mating experiment revealed random mating between the two clades. Our results strongly suggest that the genetic variation in the attractiveness of the sex pheromone is minimal and symmetrical gene flow likely occurs between the clades in the field.

     

Marketing the Menacing Fetus in Japan; The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania

Marketing the Menacing Fetus in Japan. Helen Hardacre. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997(cloth and paper), xxii. 310pp.
The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania. Gail Kligman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 (cloth and paper), xv. 358 pp.