异孢炭黑粉菌（黑粉菌目）——中国新记录种

A new Chinese record, Anthracoidea heterospora (B. Lindeb.) Kukkonen (1963) on Carex ensifolia Turcz. ex Ledeb. (Cyperaceae, subgen. Eucarex, section Phacocystis), was collected from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China in 1975. So far, five species of Anthracoidea have been recognized on section Phacocystis.     

Widespread infection and diverse infection patterns of Wolbachia in Chinese aphids

Wolbachia are intracellular symbionts that infect a wide range of arthropods and filarial nematodes. Aphids are engaged in diverse and complex relationships withtheir endosymbionts. Four supergroups （A, B, M and N） of Wolbachia were previously detected in aphids and supergroups M and N were only found in aphids. In this study, wedetected and described Wolbachia infections in natural populations of aphids in China. Three supergroups （A, B and M） were found in the examined aphid species. SupergroupM was preponderant, whereas supergroups A and B were only detected in certain species. Supergroup N was not found in this study. There were four infection patterns of Wolbachiain aphids, namely, infection with supergroup M alone, co-infection with supergroups A and M, co-infection with supergroups B and M, and co-infection with supergroups A, Band M. The pattern of infection only with supergroup M was universal and was tbund in all evaluated subfamilies. Only two subfamilies, Aphidinae and Lachninae, manifestedto present all four infection patterns. Three patterns were observed in Calaphidinae （M, A＆M, B＆M） and Eriosomatinae （M, B＆M, A＆B＆M）. Two patterns were observed inthe Anoeciinae （M, A＆M） and Greenideinae （M, B＆M）, and only one pattern （M） was observed in the remaining families and/or subfamilies of Aphidoidea. These results indi-cated that Wolbachia infections in Chinese aphids are widespread. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Wolbachia supergroup M spread rapidly and recently among all host speciesof aphids in China. Reasons for this spread and its mechanisms are discussed along with the possible effects of Wolbachia on their aphid hosts.     

~ffects of endothelial microvesicles induced by A23187 on H9c2 cardiomyocytes

Objective To investigate the effects of endothelial microvesicles （EMVs） induced by calcium ionophore A23187 on H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVECs） were treated with 10 μmol/L A23187 for 30 min. EMVs from HUVECs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from the conditioned culture medium. EMVs were characterized using 1 and 2 Ilm latex beads and anti- PE-CD144 antibody by flow cytometry. For functional research, EMVs at different concentrations were co- cultured with H9c2 cardiomyocytes for 6 h. Cell viability of H9c2 cells and the activity of LDH leaked from H9c2 cells were tested by colorimetry. Moreover, apoptosis of H9c2 cells was observed through Hoechst 33258 staining and tested by FITC-Annexin V/Pl double staining. Results EMVs were induced by A23187 on HUVECs, and isolated by ultracentrifugation. We identified the membrane vesicles （〈 1 μm） induced by A23187 were CD144 positive. In addition, the EMVs could significantly reduce the viability of H9c2 cells, and increase LDH leakage from H9c2 cells in a dose dependent manner （P〈0.05）. Condensed nuclei could be observed with the increasing concentrations of EMVs through Hoechst 33258 staining. Furthermore, increased apoptosis rates of H9c2 cells could be assessed through FITC-Annexin V/PI double staining by flow cytometry. Conclusion Microvesicles could be released from HUVECs after induced by A23187 through calcium influx, and these EMVs exerted a pro-apoptotic effect on H9c2 cells by induction of apoptosis.     

Bcl-2 down modulation in WEHI-3B/CTRES cells resistant to Cholera Toxin （CT）-induced apoptosis

The very different effects of Cholera Toxin （CT） on cell growth and proliferation may depend on the type of ganglioside receptors in cell membranes and different signal transduction mechanisms triggered, but other functions related to the drug resistance mechanisms can not be excluded. The effect of CT treatment on the ＂in vitro＂ clonogenicity, the Population Doubling Time （PDT）, apoptosis, PKA activation and Bax and Bcl-2 expression was evaluated in WEHI-3B cell line and its CT-resistant subclone （WEHI-3B/CTRES）. In WEHI-3B parental cells the dramatic accumulation of cAMP induced by CT correlated well with PKA activation, increased PDT value, inhibition of clonogenicity and apoptosis. H-89 treatment inhibited PKA activation by CT but did not protect the cells from apoptosis and growth inhibition. In WEHI-3B/CTRES no significant CT-dependent accumulation of cAMP occurred with any increase of PKA activity and PDT. In CT resistant cells （WEHI-3B/CTRES）, Bcl-2 expression was down regulated by both CT or drug treatment （eg, ciprofloxacin, CPX） although these cells were protected from CT-dependent apoptosis but not from drug-induced apoptosis. Differently from other cell models described, down regulation of Bcl-2 is proved to be independent on cAMP accumulation and PKA activation. Our observations support the implication of cAMP dependent kinase （PKA） in the inhibition of WEHI-3B cells growth and suggest that, in WEHI-3B/CTRES, Bcl-2 expression could be modulated by CT in the absence of cAMP accumulation. Also in consideration of many contradictory data reported in literature, our cell models （of one sensitive parental cell strain and two clones with different uncrossed specific resistance to CT and CPX） provides a new and interesting tool for better investigating the relationship between the CT signal transduction mechanisms and Bcl-2 expression and function.     

Intercontinental and intracontinental biogeography patterns and methods

The study of biogeography has benefited from the exponential increase of DNA sequence data from recent molecular systematic studies, the development of analytical methods in the last decade concerning divergence time estimation and geographic area analyses, and the availability of large-scale distributiofi data of species in many groups of organisms. The underlying principle of divergence time estimation from DNA and protein data is that sequence divergence depends on the product of evolutionary rate and time. With their molecular clock hypothesis, Zuckerkandl and Pauling （1965） separated rates of molecular evolution from time by incorporating fossil evidence. Originally,     

Abnormally high expression of BAFF on T lymphocytes from lung cancer-associated pleural effusions and its potent anti-tumor effect

In the present study, the expressions of B cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family （BAFF） and its receptors （BAFF-R and TACI） on T lymphocytes from malignant pleural effusion （MPE） were examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting （FACS） analysis, and compared with those on the T lymphocytes from non-malignant pleural effusion （NMPE） and healthy controls. It was found that CD3 positive T lymphocytes （including CD4, CD8, and part of CD25 and CD69 positive cells） of MPE in lung cancer highly and consistently expressed the BAFF molecule, while high expressions of BAFF could only be found in phytohemagglutinin （PHA） or interleukin 2 （IL-2） induced T lymphocytes from NMPE or healthy controls. These results were consistent with the results from BAFF mRNA detection by real-time PCR. In addition, T lymphocytes from MPE expressed significantly more BAFF-R than those from NMPE or healthy controls, while the expression of TACI was increased on CD4＋ T cells but decreased on CD8＋ T cells when compared with controls. The Annexin/PI assay suggested that recombinant human BAFF （rhBAFF） could promote the survival rate of T lymphocytes from MPE, while the decoy receptor TACI-Fc fusion protein could promote the apoptosis rate of T lymphocytes. Cytokines in the supernatant detected by ELISA assay showed that rhBAFF could significantly upregulate the secretion of IFN-γ in vitro, and the IFN-γ level in the TACI-Fc-treated group resembled that of the control groups. All of these results indicated that the abnormally high expression of BAFF on T lymphocytes from MPE may play a role of antitumor effect.     

Reexploring the possible roles of some genes associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma using microarray-based detection

In gene expression profiling, nasopharyngeal carcinoma （NPC） 5-8F cells differ from 6-10B cells in terms of their high tumorigenicity and metastatic ability. Differentially expressed genes from the two cell types were analyzed by combining with MILANO （the automatic custom annotation of microarray results which is based on all the available published work in PubMed）. The results showed that five genes, including CTSD, P63, CSEIL, BPAG1 and EGR1, have been studied or mentioned in published work on NPC.Subsequently, we revaluated the roles of these genes in the pathogenesis of NPC by combining the data of gene chips from NPCs versus NPs and pooled cells from 5-8F, 6-10B and CNE2 versus NPs. The results suggested that the roles of BPAG1 and EGR1 are possibly different from those reported in previous NPC studies. These five genes are likely to be involved in the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis of NPC. A reexploration of the genes will further define their roles in the pathogenesis of NPC.     

Phylogeny of Ptychostomum （Bryaceae,Musci） inferred from sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer （ITS） and chloroplast rps4

The phylogeny of Ptychostomum was first spacer （ITS） region of the nuclear ribosomal （nr） DNA DNA rps4 sequences. Maximum parsimony, maximum undertaken based on analysis of the internal transcribed and by combining data from nrDNA ITS and chloroplast likelihood, and Bayesian analyses all support the conclusion that the reinstated genus Ptychostomum is not monophyletic. Ptychostomum funkii （Schwagr.） J. R. Spence （≡ Bryum funkii Schwaigr.） is placed within a clade containing the type species of Bryum, B. argenteum Hedw. The remaining members of Ptychostomum investigated in the present study constitute another well-supported clade. The results are congruent with previous molecular analyses. On the basis of phylogenetic evidence, we agree with transferring B. amblyodon Mull. Hal. （≡ B. inclinatum （Brid.） Turton≡ Bryum archangelicum Bruch ＆ Schimp.）, Bryum lonchocaulon Mull. Hal., Bryum pallescens Schleich. ex Schwaigr., and Bryum pallens Sw. to Ptychostomum.     

New Karyological and Morphometric Data on Poorly Known Bufo surdus and Bufo luristanicus in Comparison with Data of Diploid Green Toads of the Bufo viridis Complex from South of Iran

Previous studies on the Bufo viridis complex, which is distributed broadly across Iran, are incomplete and restricted to a few regions or a few samples. In this paper a new detailed study on the B. viridis complex in southern of Iran （from West to East） is presented. The analysis of 18 morphometric characters with univariate and multivariate methods reveals significant differences between three members of the B. viridis complex namely B. variabilis, B. luristanicus, and B. surdus distributed in southern part of Iran. Our result help to resolve an old taxonomic problem about B. surdus subgroup （taxa closely related to B. surdus） confirming that B. luristanicus and B. surdus are distinct species. Moreover, for the first time we report and describe karyotype details of B. luristanicus and B. surdus which confirmed that they are diploid. Karyological studies demonstrate that all toads from three mentioned species have 2n = 22 chromosomes. These chromosomes are arranged into two groups. First group has six large chromosomes and the second group is composed of five small chromosomes. These chromosomes are metacentric or submetacentric. The number of submetacentric chromosomes is different in three mentioned species of B. viridis complex. Neither sexual heteromorphism, nor secondary constriction was observed in any pairs of chromosomes.     

Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping for ChlorophyⅡ Fluorescence and Associated Traits in Wheat （ Triticum aestivum）

Parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics （PCFKs） under drought stress condition are generally used to characterize instincts for dehydration tolerance in wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Therefore, it is important to map quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for PCFKs in wheat genetic improvement for drought tolerance. A doubled haploid （DH） population with 150 lines, derived from a cross between two common wheat varieties, Hanxuan 10 and Lumai 14, was used to analyze the correlation between PCFKs and chlorophyll content （CHIC） and to map QTLs at the grainfilling stage under conditions of both rainfed （drought stress, DS） and well-watered （WW）, respectively. QTLs for these traits were detected by QTLMapper version 1.0 based on the composite Interval mapping method of the mixed-linear model. The results showed a very significant positive correlation between Fv, Fm, Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo. The correlation coefficients were generally higher under WW than under DS. Also, there was a significant or a highly significant positive correlation between Fv, Fm, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo and CHIC. The correlation coefficients were higher in the DS group than the WW group. A total of 14 additive QTLs （nine QTLs detected under DS and five QTLs under WW） and 25 pairs of eplstatlc QTLs （15 pairs detected under DS and 10 pairs under WW） for PCFKs were mapped on chromosomes 6A, 7A, 1B, 3B, 4D and 7D. The contributions of additive QTLs for PCFKs to phenotype variation were from 8.40% to 72.72%. Four additive QTLs （two QTLs detected under DS and WW apiece） controlling Chic were mapped on chromosomes 1A, 5A and 7A. The contributions of these QTLs for ChIC to phenotype variation were from 7.27% to 11.68%. Several QTL clusters were detected on chromosomes 1B, 7A and 7D, but no shared chromosomal regions for them were identified under different water regimes, indicating that these QTLs performed different expression patterns under rainfed and well-watered conditions.     

Two New Isoprenylated Stilbenes from Artocarpus chama

Two new stllbenes with two Isoprenoid groups, namely artostllbenes A （compound 1） and B （compound 2）, were Isolated from the stems of Arfocarpus chama Buch.-Ham. by repeated column chromatography. The＆ structures were elucldated as （E）-4-[2-（7-meth-xy-2-2-d-methy-6-（3-methy-but-2-eny-）-2H-1-benz-pyran-5-y-）v-ny-]benzene-1- 2-dlol （compound 1） and （Z）-4-[2-（7-meth-xy-2-2-dimethy--6-（3-methy-but-2-eny-）-2H-1-benz-pyran-5-y-）v-ny-]ben- zene-l,2-dlol （compound 2） by spectroscopic methods, mainly by 1D-, 2D-NMR and MS spectra. Compounds 1 and 2 are two cls- and trans-lsomers and compound 2 is the flrst cis-stllbene isolated from Moraceous plants.     

Systems Biology Brings Life Sciences Closer——Report on the China-UK Systems Biology Workshop 2005

The China-UK Systems held during June 20-21 Biology Workshop 2005 was in the National Science Park of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. It was organized by the Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, and was initiated by Prof. Dr. Jun Zhu （Zhejiang University） and Prof. Dr. John Findlay （University of Leeds, UK）. The workshop was part of the program called UK-China Partners in Science, a one-year campaign that was initiated by the British government to explore more collaborations between UK and China on science and technology. It was attended also by a representative of this program, Mr. Frank Yuan, senior science ＆ innovation officer. The idea of the workshop was to bring together experts with specialists in systems biology in order to promote the ＂natural partnership＂ between scientists from the two countries. The most important items of systcms biology considered at the workshop were： （1） New technologies and advances in systems biology; （2） Research developments in genomics and proteomics; （3） New methodologies and software in computational biology; （4） Research collaboration on systems biology between China and UK.     

Biology and life table studies of the oriental tobacco budworm,Helicoverpa assulta （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae）, influenced by different larval diets

Development, survivorship, pupal weight, oviposition, and life table parameters of the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta Guenée, were evaluated in the laboratory on an artificial diet, pepper （Capsicumfrutescens L.）, and tobacco （Nicotiana tobacum L.）. We found that the average developmental time of immature stages was longest on tobacco （36.2 d）, intermediate on pepper （34.4 d）, and shortest on artificial diet （33.5 d）. Immature survival from egg to pupa varied from 31% on tobacco, 43% on pepper, and 74% on artificial diet. Pupal weight ranged from 197.4 mg/pupa on tobacco, 233.1 mg/pupa on pepper and 253.4 mg/pupa on artificial diet. The average numbers of eggs laid by adults reared as larvae on the artificial diet, pepper, or tobacco were 614, 421 and 334 eggs/female, respectively. Numbers of remaining eggs in ovaries of the adult females reared as larvae on the artificial diet, pepper, or tobacco were 16, 26, and 42 eggs/female, respectively. The longevity of adult females developed from larvae reared on the three diets was not significantly different, whereas the longevity of male adults from the larvae reared on artificial diet was longer （16.8 d） than that for males reared on tobacco （13.8 d） and pepper （13.3 d）. The intrinsic, finite, gross, and net rates of increase were highest for females reared as larvae on artificial diet, lowest for females emerging from larvae reared on tobacco, and intermediate for females emerging from larvae reared on pepper. Generation times and doubling time of H. assulta were shortest for larvae fed artificial diet, intermediate from larvae reared on pepper, and longest from larvae reared on tobacco. We concluded that the artificial diet was the most suitable larval diet ofH. assulta followed by pepper, and tobacco.     

A New Acylated Anthocyanin from the Red Flowers of Camellia hongkongensis and Characterization of Anthocyanins in the Section Camellia Species

Twelve anthocyanins （1-12） were isolated from the red flowers of Camellia hongkongensis Seem. by chromatography using open columns. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, that is, proton-nuclear magnetic resonance, carbon 13-nuclear magnetic resonance, heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, high resolution electrospray ionization mass and ultraviolet visible spectroscopies. Out of these anthocyanins, a novel acylated anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-（6-O-（Z）-p-coumaroyl）-β-galactopyranoside （6）, two known acylated anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-（6-O-（E）-p-coumaroyl）-β-galactopyranoside （7） and cyanidin 3-O-（6-O-（E）-caffeoyl）-~- galactopyranoside （8）, and three known delphinidin glycosides （10-12） were for the first time isolated from the genus Camellia. Furthermore, pigment components in C. japonica L., C. chekiangoleosa Hu and C. semiserrata Chi were studied. The results indicated that the distribution of anthocyanins was differed among these species. Delphinidin glycoside was only detected in the flowers of C. hongkongensis, which is a special and important species in the section Camellia. Based on the characterization of anthocyanins in the section Camellia species, there is a close relationship among these species, and C. hongkongensis might be an important parent for creating new cultivars with bluish flower color.     

Prompt and Easy Activation by Specific Thioredoxins of Calvin Cycle Enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana Associated in the GAPDH/CP12/PRK Supramolecular Complex

The Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH） and phosphoribulokinase （PRK） can form under oxidizing conditions a supramolecular complex with the regulatory protein CP12. Both GAPDH and PRK activities are inhibited within the complex, but they can be fully restored by reduced thioredoxins （TRXs）. We have investigated the interactions of eight different chloroplast thioredoxin isoforms （TRX f1, m1, m2, m3, m4, y1, y2, x） with GAPDH （A4, B4, and B8 isoforms）, PRK and CP12 （isoform 2）, all from Arabidopsis thaliana. In the complex, both A4-GAPDH and PRK were promptly activated by TRX f1, or more slowly by TRXs ml and m2, but all other TRXs were ineffective. Free PRK was regulated by TRX f1, m1, or m2, while B4- and Bs-GAPDH were absolutely specific for TRX fl. Interestingly, reductive activation of PRK caged in the complex was much faster than reductive activation of free oxidized PRK, and activation of A4-GAPDH in the complex was much faster （and less demanding in terms of reducing potential） than activation of free oxidized B4- or BB-GAPDH. It is proposed that CP12-assembled supramolecular complex may represent a reservoir of inhibited enzymes ready to be released in fully active conformation following reduction and dissociation of the complex by TRXs upon the shift from dark to low light. On the contrary, autonomous redox-modulation of GAPDH （B- containing isoforms） would be more suited to conditions of very active photosynthesis.     

Variation of B Chromosome Associated with Tissue Culture in Wheat-rye Cross

In vitro variation of B chromosomes was studied by examining the callus cells derived from the immature embryos from a cross of Chinese Spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and Fin 7416 rye （Secale cereale L.） carrying two B chromosomes. In 40-d-old callus cells, the numbers of B chromosomes ranged from one to four in 65.6% of the cells observed. The distribution of B chromosome numbers was associated with the ploidy levels of the normal chromosomes （A chromosomes）. The frequency of the cells with high numbers of B chromosomes （i.e., three or four B chromosomes） in the amphiploid cells with 56 A chromosomes was greater than those in the haploid cells with 28 A chromosomes. Although structural changes in the rye A chromosomes were observed, cytological observation and genomic in situ hybridization demonstrated that the rye B chromosomes were conserved in morphological appearance following tissue culture.     

Different Responses of Plant Growth and Antioxidant System to the Combination of Cadmium and Heat Stress in Transgenic and Non-transgenic Rice

A comparative study of just cadmium （Cd） or heat and their combination treatments on some physiological parameters and the antioxidant systems in transgenic rice （Oryza sativa L. cv. Zhonghua No.11） carrying glutathione-S-transferase （GST, EC. 2.5.1.18） and catalasel （CAT1, EC. 1.11.1.6） and non-transgenics was conducted. The results revealed improved resistance in the transgenics to Cd and the combined Cd and heat stress than non-transgenics. Data showed that the activities of CAT, GST, superoxide dismutase （EC.1.15.1.1） and all components of the ascorbate-glutatbione cycle measured in the stressed transgenics shoots are significantly different from those of non-transgenics. Results indicated that co-expression of GST and CAT1 had an important effect on the antioxidant system, in particular, the whole ascorbate-glutathione cycle. The less oxidative damage induced by Cd and the stress combination in the transgenics resulted not only from the GST and CAT1 transgene but also from the coordination of the whole ascorbate-glutathione cycle.     

Morphometric and genetic variation of small dwarf honeybees Apis andreniformis Smith, 1858 in Thailand

The small dwarf honey bee, Apis andreniformis, is a rare and patchily distributed Apis spp. and is one of the native Thai honey bees, yet little is known about its biodiversity. Thirty （27 Thai and 3 Malaysian） and 37 （32 Thai and 5 Malaysian） colonies of A. andreniformis were sampled for morphometric and genetic analysis, respectively. For morphometric analysis, 20 informative characters were used to determine the variation. After plotting the factor scores, A. andreniformis from across Thailand were found to belong to one group, a notion further supported by a cluster analysis generated dendrogram. However, clinal pattems in groups of bee morphometric characters were revealed by linear regression analysis. The body size of bees increases from South to North but decreases from West to East, although this may reflect altitude rather than longitude. Genetic variation was determined by sequence analysis of a 520 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit b （cytb）. DNA polymorphism among bees from the mainland of Thailand is lower than that from Phuket Island and Chiang Mal. Although two main different groups of bees were obtained from phylogenetic trees constructed by neighbor-joining and unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages programs, no clear geographic signal was present. Thus, while the minor group （B） contained all of the samples from the only island sampled （Phuket in the south）, but not the southem mainland colonies, it also contained samples from the far northem inland region of Chiang Mai, other samples of which were firmly rooted in the major group （A）.     

Neighboring-nucleotide effects on the mutation patterns of the rice genome

DNA composition dynamics across genomes of diverse taxonomy is a major subject of genome analyses. DNA composition changes are characteristics of both replication and repair machineries. We investigated 3,611,007 single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） generated by comparing two sequenced rice genomes from distant inbred lines （subspecies）, including those from 242,811 introns and 45,462 protein-coding sequences （CDSs）. Neighboring-nucleotide effects （NNEs） of these SNPs are diverse, depending on structural content-based classifications （genomewide, intronic, and CDS） and sequence context-based categories （A/C, A/G, A/T, C/G, C/T, and G/T substitutions） of the analyzed SNPs. Strong and evident NNEs and nucleotide proportion biases surrounding the analyzed SNPs were observed in 1-3 bp sequences on both sides of an SNP. Strong biases were observed around neighboring nucleotides of protein-coding SNPs, which exhibit a periodicity of three in nucleotide content, constrained by a combined effect of codon-related rules and DNA repair mechanisms. Unlike a previous finding in the human genome, we found negative correlation between GC contents of chromosomes and the magnitude of corresponding bias of nucleotide C at -1 site and G at ＋1 site. These results will further our understanding of the mutation mechanism in rice as well as its evolutionary implications.     

Isolation and characterization of tyrosinase produced by marine actinobacteria and its application in the removal of phenol from aqueous environment

The present study was focused on screening and characterization of tyrosinase enzyme produced by marine actinobacteria and its application in phenolic compounds removal from aqueous solution. A total of 20 strains were isolated from marine sediment sample and screened for tyrosinase production by using skimmed milk agar medium. Among 20 isolates, two isolates LK-4 and LK-20 showed zone of hydrolysis and these were taken for secondary screening by using tyrosiue agar medium. Based on the result of secondary screening LK-4 was selected for further analysis, such as tyrosinase assay, protein content and specific activity of the enzyme. The tyrosinase enzyme was produced in a SS medium and was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and SDS PAGE. The isolate （LK-4） was identified as Streptomyces espinosus using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and named as ＂Streptomyces espinosus strain LK4 （KF806735）＂. The tyrosinase enzyme was immobilized in sodium alginate which was applied to remove phenolic compounds from water. The enzyme efficiently removed the phenolic compounds from aqueous solution within few hours which indicated that tyrosinasc enzyme produced by Streptomyces espinosus strain LK-4 can be potently used for the removal of phenol and phenolic compounds from wastewater in industries.