Effect of Choline Chloride on the Lipid Content and Composition in the Leaves of Principal Magnetically-Oriented Radish Types

The effects of radish seed treatment with choline chloride on the number and weight of leaves, the weight of roots, as well as the content and composition of polar and neutral lipids and their component fatty acids in the leaves of principal magnetically-oriented types (MOTs) of radish (cv. Rosovo-krasnyi s belym konchikom), that is, North–South (NS) and West–East (WE) ones, were investigated. It was shown that seed treatment with 1% choline chloride increased the proportion of WE MOT in plant population. In spring and in autumn, this treatment increased the weight of roots of the NS MOT plants, but did not affect this index in the WE MOT plants. In the spring NS MOT plants, choline chloride treatment did not change the absolute content of polar lipids as compared to the control, but in autumn, this index increased. Meanwhile, in the WE MOT plants, it increased in spring and did not change in autumn. In the spring NS MOT plants, the content of neutral lipids increased, but in the autumn plants, it did not change. At the same time, in the WE MOT plants, this index decreased both in spring and in autumn. Seed treatment with choline chloride resulted in a substantial increase in the total content of phospholipids, in particular, that of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, in the NS and WE MOT plants sampled both in spring and in autumn. In addition, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids, as well as that of linolenic to linoleic fatty acids, somewhat increased in the NS MOT leaf lipids, but decreased in the WE MOT ones. Presowing treatment of radish seeds with choline chloride variously and sometimes oppositely affected the content and composition in the NS and WE MOT leaf lipids. This seems to be caused by different response of these MOTs to the environmental factors.     

Lipid Composition of Tomato Leaves as Related to Plant Cold Tolerance

We studied the effects of a low nonlethal temperature (6°C) on the content and composition of polar lipids and their fatty acids in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Sibirskie skorospelye) leaves. We demonstrated that chilling resulted in a decrease in the content of total polar lipids per 1 mg protein. The content of lipids in chloroplast membranes (monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, digalactosyldiacylglycerols, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols, and phosphatidylglycerols) changed less substantially than the content of phospholipids in other cell organelles and in the cytoplasm. Neutral lipids comprised only 1% of total lipids, and their content also decreased after chilling. The relative amounts of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in polar lipids were practically unchanged. The conclusion was drawn that the maintenance of a high level of chloroplast membrane lipids under low temperatures could play an important role in the survival of cold-tolerant plants.     

Lipid composition and storage in the tissues of the bivalve, Macoma balthica

Total lipid content, lipid classes and fatty acid composition in organs of Macoma balthica (L.) from the Gulf of Gdánsk (Puck Bay) were studied in different seasons. Marked differences among tissues in lipid class composition were observed. Triacylglycerides were accumulated in the hepatopancreas and in the female gonad in large quantities, while hydrocarbons were concentrated in male gonads, gills muscles and mantle. Fatty acid composition of gill lipids reflects the brackish water conditions of the Gulf of Gda sk in which Macoma balthica occurs.     

Lipid Composition of in vitro Developing Seeds of Brassica campestris L.

A liquid culture technique has been developed to study lipid metabolism in seeds of Brassica campestris L. grown in vitro from terminal inflorescences detached 4 to 46 days after anthesis. Seeds developed under these conditions exhibited pattern of growth, deposition of storage products and lipid composition similar to those from intact plant.     

Composition en lipides et acides gras de deux esèces de Taphrina parasites de Prunus domestica

Four strains of both Taphrina pruni and T. institiae were cultivated under identical conditions and and lipids and fatty acids were quantitatively analysed at two stages of their development. Tri- and diglycerides are the major neutral lipids in both species. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are the most abundant polar lipids. Qualitatively, the two species show identical fatty acid contents, except for margaric acid (17:0) which was only found in Taphrine pruni. Quantitatively there are several differences: palmitoleic acid (16:1) occurs in reasonable amounts regularly and only in Taphrina pruni. The ratios 16:0/18:0 and 18:1/18:2 are generally higher for T. insititiae whereas the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids is higher in the former. The results are discussed with regard to data on other fungal species.     

Hydrocarbons, Fatty Acids, and Lipids of Freshwater Grasses of the Potamogetonaceae Family

The composition of hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and of total, polar, and neutral lipids was studied in freshwater Potamogetonaceae grasses collected in two different regions of the Volga river. More than 40 fatty acids and hydrocarbons were separated and identified by chromato-mass spectrometry. The variability of lipid characteristics of plants of the same family is discussed.     

Lipid composition of sweet cherries

Lipid comprises about 0.1 % of the fresh weight of cherries. The major components of the neutral lipid fraction are wax and sterol esters, sitosterol, oleanolic and ursolic acids. The glycolipid fraction is comprised of monoglycosyldiacylglycerol, diglycosyldiacylglycerol and acylated sterol glycoside, while phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are the major phospholipids. Palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids comprise over 85% of the total fatty acids in each lipid fraction.     

In vivo covalent binding of 14CCl4 metabolites in liver microsomal lipids

Covalently bound ¹⁴C from ¹⁴CCl₄ is preferentially localized in the lipids of hepatic microsomes of rats within 15 min. Label was recovered in all classes of lipids isolated from the microsomal lipid extract by diethylaminoethyl column chromatography. Among phospholipids, specific activity was the highest in the fraction containing phosphatidyl serine and lowest in phosphatidyl choline. Cholesterol esters had more than ten times the specific activity of cholesterol.     

Effects of parasitism by the lung fluke,Haematoloechus medioplexus,on lung fatty acid and sterol composition in the bullfrog,Rana catesbiana

Gas-liquid chromatography was employed to determine cholesterol and total lipid fatty acid levels in lung tissue and blood from bullfrogs harboring natural infections of the lung fluke, Haematoloechus medioplexus. As compared with uninfected animals, infected hosts exhibited (1) negligible alterations in blood sterols and fatty acids, (2) consistently larger lungs, (3) a 40 per cent decrease in lung lipids, (4) a 50 per cent increase in lung cholesterol, and (5) little difference in mean values, but a higher variability in percentages of lung fatty acids. The parasite's fatty acid profile was more similar to that of host lung tissue than blood and exhibited a relatively high degree of unsaturation; cholesterol was the major sterol.     

Changes in the composition and content of lipids in the leaves of radish plants of different magnetic orientation induced by weak permanent magnetic field

The effect of weak permanent horizontal magnetic field (PMF) with the intensity of 403 A/m on the composition and content of polar and neutral lipids and their constituent FAs was investigated in the leaves of radish plants (Raphanus sativus L., var. radicula D.C.), cv. Rozovo-krasnyi s belym konchikom, which belong to two major types of magnetic orientation (TMO): North-South (NS) and West-East (WE), with the planes of the root grooves oriented along and across the magnetic meridian, respectively. In spring, PMF reduced the level of total lipids in the NS plants and elevated it in the WE plants; in autumn, the content of total lipids in the NS plants increased in the NS plants and decreased in the WE plants. In spring, the ratio between phospholipids and sterols, which indirectly points to enhanced fluidity of membrane lipid bilayer, increased in the plants of both TMOs, while in autumn, it increased only in the NS plants. In the control plants, the relative content of unsaturated FAs, including linolenic and linoleic acids, was greater in the WE plants than in the NS plants. PMF elevated the content of FAs in the leaves of the NS plants and did not affect their level in the WE plants. It was concluded that weak horizontal PMF differently (and sometimes oppositely) affected the content of lipids in the leaves of the NS and WE radish plants, apparently due to their different sensitivity to the effect of the magnetic field associated with their physiological status.     

Lipid composition of plasma membranes isolated from sunflower seedlings grown under water-stress

Plasma membranes were isolated by aqueous two-phase-partitioning from sunflower ( Helianthus annuus cv. Isabel) seedlings grown both under field irrigation and dryland conditions. Water-stressed plants showed a decrease in the leaf water potential and in the osmotic potential at full turgor, with the turgor pressure remaining at positive values. Dryland conditions also induced a reduction in the bulk modulus of elasticity. Plasma membranes of irrigated plants were characterized by high contents of phospholipids (68% of total lipids), free sterols (15. 7%) and glycolipids (9. 1%), mainly glycosphingolipids and steryl glycosides. Diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols and free fatty acids were also present. The major phospholipids were phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine with smaller amounts of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. Following water stress, the plasma membranes showed a reduction of about 24 and 31% in total lipids and phospholipids, respectively. Also the amounts of glycolipids and diacylglycerols decreased significantly upon water stress. There was no change in free fatty acids, however, and triacylglycerols and free sterols increased. As a consequence, the free sterol to phospholipid molar ratio increased from 0. 4 to 0. 7 under water deficit conditions. The ratio of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine increased from 1. 1 (control plants) to 1. 6 (water-stressed plants), while phosphatidic acid rose to 4% of total phospholipids. Dehydration did not result in any substantial change in the unsaturation level of the individual lipid classes, however. The results show that dryland conditions resulted in a marked alteration in the lipid composition of the sunflower leaf plasma membrane     

Effect of high irradiance and high temperature on chloroplast composition and structure of Dioscorea zingiberensis

High irradiance (HI) and high temperature (HT) increased in chloroplasts the content of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and decreased the contents of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). HI and HT accelerated the transformation of DGDG to MGDG. The contents of unsaturated fatty acids in chloroplasts increased, while those of saturated fatty acids decreased. The contents of total carotenoids, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, and -carotene increased first, then decreased. The content of chlorophyll decreased. HI caused the unfolding of thylakoids that was not resumed after a 72-h recovery.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the page numbers.     

Cellular and chloroplast lipid composition of the leaves of Mimosa pudica

Cellular and chloroplast lipids of the leaves of Mimosa pudica have been analysed. Qualitatively the total lipid composition of this plant is similar to that reported for the photosynthetic tissues of other plants. Chloroplast lipids show some resemblance to those of algae. The cerebroside fraction of both leaves and chloroplasts contains a polyunsaturated fatty acid (20:4ω3) and a long chain sphingosine base whose R_f value coincides with that from ox brain cerebroside and not with that of phytosphingosine from spinach.     

Polar lipid composition of leaves from nine typical alpine species

The fatty acids and polar lipid compositions of leaves from nine alpine species were almost identical to that of plants growing in habitats with little seasonal variation in temperature. Furthermore each polar lipid had about the same fatty acid composition in all plant species studied. It is suggested that neither the relative proportions of different lipid classes nor the degree of saturation of individual classes are directly implicated in the adaptation of plant tissues to different climates.     

Lipid and sterol composition of the pollen of the west african oilpalm, Elaeis guineensis

The lipid classes, fatty acid methyl esters and the sterols of oilpalm pollen were analysed. The neutral lipid fraction consisted of triglycerides, esterified and free sterols and trace amounts of hydrocarbons. Monogalactosyl and digalactosyl diglycerides, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine represented the polar lipids. The major fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids together with small to trace amounts of oleic, stearic, arachidic, myristic, lauric, palmitoleic and margaric acids. Unsaturated fatty acids predominated over saturated ones in the ratio of 3:2. The 4-desmethyl sterols were the major phytosterols in the free form but they constituted a lower proportion of the sterols in the esterified state. 28-Isofucosterol was isolated and characterized as the principal sterol.     

Lipid content and related fatty acid composition in fallow and cultivated soil in Southern Italy

Summary Lipid content and fatty acid composition were studied on two soil samples—one fallow and one cultivated with durum wheat. Differences between the cultivated and the fallow subunits in respect of total lipid content and the saponifiable fraction were found to be statistically significant. The same observations were made on some fatty acids showing either accumulation or decrease after three years. The interaction years x cultivation for total lipid content and the saponifiable fraction was significant showing that accumulation and reduction of lipids in the cultivated subunit are in equilibrium. The interaction dates of sampling x cultivation was significant for C150, C160, C180, C240 as their contents increase in the cultivated subunit in July as a result of the decomposition of plant tissues.Results discussed in this paper have been partially presented at the 7th International Symposium Humus et Planta Brno (Czechoslovakia) on August 20–25th 1979. This research has been partially supported by the National Research Council of Italy and carried out at the Experimental Institute of Agronomy — Bari — Italy (Director: F. Lanza).     

Lipid composition of maturing and elongate liverwort sporophytes

The setae of Lophocolea heterophylla sporophytes undergo rapid cell elongation with no net loss of lipid. Glycerolipids and sterol esters are the predominant lipids present in unelorigate setae. Phospho- and glycolipids increase dramatically with respect to total lipid during elongation and thus reflect membrane increases. Unusual polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic) are conspicuous constituents of these lipids.     

Variation in the levels and composition of the sterols and sterol esters of Phycomyces blakesleeanus with age of culture

Comparisons of the fatty acid composition of the sterol esters, triglycerides and phospholipids and the sterol composition of the esterified and uneste     

Neutral lipids of leaves and stems of Trifolium repens

The neutral lipids of white clover leaves and stems have been separated into wax esters, free fatty acids, free fatty alcohols, free sterols, triglycerides and hydrocarbons. The wax esters were mainly of C₁₈ di- and tri-unsaturated fatty acids and C₃₀ fatty alcohol. Linolenic acid was the predominant free fatty acid and triacontanol was the principal free fatty alcohol. Of the hydrocarbons, C₂₉ and C₃₁ were present in the largest amounts.