普洱茶后发酵过程中微生物的研究进展

对有关普洱茶后发酵生产与微生物的关系、微生物的种类、微生物对普洱茶品质的影响以及主要微生物的生长特性等方面的研究工作进行综述。指出加强普洱茶后发酵过程中微生物基础研究的必要性,提出建立普洱茶后发酵菌物库,重视对影响普洱茶品质的菌物开展系统研究的建议。     

紫云英根际微生物碳源利用多样性研究

为探究绿肥根际调控效果的原因,采用碳素利用法-BIOLOG生态版,分析紫云英根际微生物种群结构和功能多样性。结果表明:紫云英根际土壤微生物总活性比非根际高,其主要贡献者是以氨基酸、糖类、酯类和醇类四大碳源为生的微生物,而与以磷酸盐、羧酸和胺类为碳源的微生物关系不大。进一步分析发现:紫云英根际产生了以α-酮丁酸、2-羟基安息香酸、4-羟基安息香酸、D-半乳糖醛酸、α-环式糊精、D-木糖、β-甲基-D-葡萄糖、D-甘露醇和L-精氨酸作为碳源的新微生物种群,完全抑制了以γ-羟基丁酸和苯乙基胺为碳源的微生物种群活性;根泌物抑制了以D-苹果酸、衣康酸和肝糖为碳源的微生物活性,而对以D-化纤二糖、N-乙酰基-D-葡萄胺、丙酮酸甲酯、吐温40、吐温80、L-苯基丙氨酸、L-天门酰胺酸和腐胺为碳源的微生物有促进作用,但对以D-氨基葡糖酸、α-D-乳糖和I-赤藻糖醇为碳源的微生物活性无显著影响;另外,即使是以同一类物质为碳源的微生物种群,在紫云英根际的表现也不完全一样,如以D-乳酸γ-内酯和L-丝氨酸为碳源的可快速培养微生物受到抑制,可慢速培养的微生物活性则有提高,而以甘氨酰基-L-谷氨酸为碳源的微生物的表现正好与之相反。     

采油微生物在微驱过程中的生长、运移及分布规律

[目的]深入了解现场微生物驱油机理、效果评价标准及影响因素.[方法]结合现场微生物驱油过程产出液的跟踪监测及室内物模实验对微生物在地层中的生长繁殖、运移及分布规律进行研究.[结果]结果表明,通过从水井注入的外源微生物在油藏中能够有效生长繁殖,而且注入的营养液也能够激活内源微生物,但由于地层渗透率及营养液浓度的影响,产出液菌浓要比注入菌浓低1-2个数量级;葡萄糖的快速降解以及地层对微生物的过滤及吸附作用使大量的微生物停留在近井地带,仅有部分微生物能够从生产井采出,而且其运移速度要比营养液慢.[结论]地层渗透率和产出液中营养物浓度是影响微生物数量及分布的两个关键因素,现场微生物驱油产出液中的菌浓一般很难达到106个/mL以上,该研究结果对微生物驱油技术的发展和应用具有重要意义.     

胆汁酸代谢与肠道微生物

肠道微生物与胆汁酸代谢密切相关,肠道微生物参与了胆汁酸在肠道中的修饰过程;肠道微生物通过法尼醇受体影响胆汁酸的合成;肠道微生物通过调节胆汁酸的代谢影响机体健康,反过来胆汁酸也可以通过调节肠道微生物菌群的组成影响机体健康.肠道微生物与胆汁酸代谢间的稳态影响着机体健康,现对肠道微生物与胆汁酸代谢及其相互影响做一综述.     

Can some microbes promote host stress and benefit evolutionarily from this strategy?

Microbes can influence host physiology and behavior in many ways. Here we review evidence suggesting that some microbes can contribute to host stress (and other microbes can contribute to increased resilience to stress). We explain how certain microbes, which we call “stress microbes,” can potentially benefit evolutionarily from inducing stress in a host, gaining access to host resources that can help fuel rapid microbial replication by increasing glucose levels in the blood, increasing intestinal permeability, and suppressing the immune system. Other microbes, which we term “resilience microbes,” can potentially benefit from making hosts more resilient to stress. We hypothesize that “stress microbes” use a fast life history strategy involving greater host exploitation while “resilience microbes” use a slow life history strategy characterized by more aligned evolutionary interests with the host. In this paper, we review the evidence that microbes affect host stress and explain the evolutionary pressures that could lead microbes to manipulate host stress, discuss the physiological mechanisms that are known to be involved in both stress and microbial activity, and provide some testable predictions that follow from this hypothesis.     

Culturability and Secondary Metabolite Diversity of Extreme Microbes: Expanding Contribution of Deep Sea and Deep-Sea Vent Microbes to Natural Product Discovery

Microbes from extreme environments do not necessarily require extreme culture conditions. Perhaps the most extreme environments known, deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites, support an incredible array of archaea, bacteria, and fungi, many of which have now been cultured. Microbes cultured from extreme environments have not disappointed in the natural products arena; diverse bioactive secondary metabolites have been isolated from cultured extreme-tolerant microbes, extremophiles, and deep-sea microbes. The contribution of vent microbes to our arsenal of natural products will likely grow, given the culturability of vent microbes; their metabolic, physiologic, and phylogenetic diversity; numerous reports of bioactive natural products from microbes inhabiting high acid, high temperature, or high pressure environments; and the recent isolation of new chroman derivatives and siderophores from deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacteria.     

微生物对环境遗传适应和质粒的分子生态效应

微生物对环境的遗传适应是进化的机制,它与环境因子之间存在着复杂的信号网络,调节微生物与环境新奇信号（污染物质）之间的相互适应、质粒的形成与存在正是宿主细胞获得这种适应的产物,由于它能在自然环境中广泛传播,导致了物种的多样性．本文概述了微生物对环境污染物的应答和质粒的分子生态效应     

The physiology and ecological implications of efficient growth

The natural habitats of microbes are typically spatially structured with limited resources, so opportunities for unconstrained, balanced growth are rare. In these habitats, selection should favor microbes that are able to use resources most efficiently, that is, microbes that produce the most progeny per unit of resource consumed. On the basis of this assertion, we propose that selection for efficiency is a primary driver of the composition of microbial communities. In this article, we review how the quality and quantity of resources influence the efficiency of heterotrophic growth. A conceptual model proposing innate differences in growth efficiency between oligotrophic and copiotrophic microbes is also provided. We conclude that elucidation of the mechanisms underlying efficient growth will enhance our understanding of the selective pressures shaping microbes and will improve our capacity to manage microbial communities effectively.     

微生物微纳米生物制造的前沿与展望

自然界中微生物种类极为丰富,尺寸涵盖了纳米级与微米级.微生物细胞培养成本低廉,生长繁殖迅速,具有丰富的遗传表现型,因此微生物是可用于纳米、微米以及多层次跨尺度加工的天然“基本单元”和“底盘细胞”.“基于微生物”的生物制造目的是利用微生物的特异结构和多样功能进行仿生和调控,操纵微生物进行加工组装,从而获得新材料、新器件.同时,建立深入研究微生物行为模式的新技术与新方法,为揭示传统方法所未涉及的基本科学问题提供新的平台.以下将分别从纳米和微米两个尺度以及利用微生物的结构或功能两个角度来概述基于微生物的微纳米生物制造的前沿进展.     

用于洁净室环境监测中不同检测法的研究及评价

本文报告在洁净室内静态下与静态异常情况下沉降菌检测与悬浮菌检测的对比,并与尘埃粒子检测亦进行了对比。试验结果表明,（１）沉降菌与悬浮菌检测结果不一致;（２）悬浮菌与尘埃粒子检测结果相一致;（３）只有在悬浮菌与尘埃粒子检测结果均合格时,沉降菌检测结果亦合格。由此说明,仅以沉降菌检测来监测具有ＨＥＰＡ过滤空调净化系统的洁净室是不适宜的。沉降菌检测敏感性差,检出率低,其操作虽比悬浮菌检测简便,且省时省力,但决不能以此取代悬浮菌检测或尘埃粒子检测。否则,就会造成监测结果假合格的现象,从而导致制品污染的危险。因此,静态下洁净室监测必须以悬浮菌检测及尘埃粒子检测为主要依据     

中国植物内生微生物研究的发展和展望

我国植物内生微生物的早期研究论文,基本上以非豆科植物根瘤菌Frankia属细菌为主。进入21世纪后,植物内生菌的研究,无论是研究领域的扩大,研究人员的增加,还是论文数量的递增都有了迅猛的发展,为国际上少有。我国植物内生微生物的研究具有资源探索多、分离培养多、活性检测多、活性物质功能研究多;方法研究少、涉及林木少、与宿主的关联少、实际应用少等特点。其研究主要集中在红豆杉类、红树类、鬼臼类、兰、银杏等植物中的内生微生物。论文的发表以药物开发为研究目标的最多,又以初级的资源探索型为最。以抗菌、抗肿瘤等指标为主的药物开发,是植物内生微生物研究中最耀眼的亮点,目前已获得了紫杉醇生产效率较高的内生真菌菌株资源。我国植物内生微生物研究有4大类24个应用研究的方向,其中特别值得关注的是豆科植物根瘤内生细菌的研究;尚待加强的有6个方面,尤其是深色有隔内生真菌(DSE)的研究。我国植物内生微生物研究在药用植物内生微生物的资源探索和筛选方面积累较丰富,而在有害内生微生物方面的研究则比较薄弱。最后,作者提示了一些尚待加强的研究技术,供相关人员参考。     

蜜蜂肠道微生物与其社会性的关系

蜜蜂是一种典型的营群居生活的社会性昆虫,相比独居生活的昆虫,其肠道微生物具有独特的区系结构。这种独特肠道微生物与其社会性之间的关系是一个重要的科学问题。现有研究显示,蜜蜂肠道的优势菌包括9大类群。消化道不同区段的优势菌种类和丰度存在差异。主要表现为前肠种类少、丰度低、后肠种类多、数量大,占了全消化道微生物的99%以上。不同社会分工的蜜蜂肠道微生物区系结构存在差异,肠道微生物会通过影响胰岛素信号的传导、保幼激素和卵黄原蛋白的合成以及蜜蜂抗氧化应激的能力等对蜜蜂的级型分化、社会分工、摄食行为及寿命长短产生调节作用。除此之外,蜜蜂肠道微生物还具有激活免疫、抑制病原菌生长、降解食物、促进养分吸收、解毒、发酵蜂蜜和蜂粮等作用。主要针对蜜蜂肠道微生物的基本特征及其与蜜蜂社会性的关系作一简要综述。     

A method for harvesting non-cultivable filamentous segmented microbes inhabiting the ileum of mice

A method by which non-cultivable filamentous segmented microbes colonising the ileal epithelium of mice can be harvested was devised. Intact epithelial cells with attached filamentous microbes were obtained. An ethanol-treated preparation of epithelial material was used to restore the filamentous segmented microbes to the normal microflora of mice maintained by gnotobiotic methodology.     

植物源抗菌肽的研究进展

植物抗菌肽是植物自身合成的能够防御环境中微生物侵害的一类小分子多肽.它们大都是阳离子多肽,有较好的热稳定性.根据作用位点和抗菌机理的不同,植物抗菌肽可分为三大类:第一类通过干扰微生物细胞壁的合成来抑制微生物生长;第二类作用于质膜使其产生穿膜孔洞,从而导致微生物因细胞物质外泄受损;第三类则通过抑制某些细胞器的作用而起到抑菌的效果.本文从抗菌肽的作用机理及其分类等方面对植物源抗菌肽的研究进展进行了综述.     

Unravelling the beneficial role of microbial contributors in reducing the allelopathic effects of weeds

The field of allelopathy is one of the most fascinating but controversial processes in plant ecology that offers an exciting, interdisciplinary, complex, and challenging study. In spite of the established role of soil microbes in plant health, their role has also been consolidated in studies of allelopathy. Moreover, allelopathy can be better understood by incorporating soil microbial ecology that determines the relevance of allelopathy phenomenon. Therefore, while discussing the role of allelochemicals in plant–plant interactions, the dynamic nature of soil microbes should not be overlooked. The occurrence and toxicity of allelochemicals in soil depend on various factors, but the type of microflora in the surroundings plays a crucial role because it can interfere with its allelopathic nature. Such microbes could be of prime importance for biological control management of weeds reducing the cost and ill effects of chemical herbicides. Among microbes, our main focus is on bacteria—as they are dominant among other microbes and are being used for enhancing crop production for decades—and fungi. Hence, to refer to both bacteria and fungi, we have used the term microbes. This review discusses the beneficial role of microbes in reducing the allelopathic effects of weeds. The review is mainly focused on various functions of bacteria in (1) reducing allelopathic inhibition caused by weeds to reduce crop yield loss, (2) building inherent defense capacity in plants against allelopathic weed, and (3) deciphering beneficial rhizospheric process such as chemotaxis/biofilm, degradation of toxic allelochemicals, and induced gene expression.     

The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems

Microbes are the unseen majority in soil and comprise a large portion of life's genetic diversity. Despite their abundance, the impact of soil microbes on ecosystem processes is still poorly understood. Here we explore the various roles that soil microbes play in terrestrial ecosystems with special emphasis on their contribution to plant productivity and diversity. Soil microbes are important regulators of plant productivity, especially in nutrient poor ecosystems where plant symbionts are responsible for the acquisition of limiting nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are responsible for c. 5–20% (grassland and savannah) to 80% (temperate and boreal forests) of all nitrogen, and up to 75% of phosphorus, that is acquired by plants annually. Free-living microbes also strongly regulate plant productivity, through the mineralization of, and competition for, nutrients that sustain plant productivity. Soil microbes, including microbial pathogens, are also important regulators of plant community dynamics and plant diversity, determining plant abundance and, in some cases, facilitating invasion by exotic plants. Conservative estimates suggest that c. 20 000 plant species are completely dependent on microbial symbionts for growth and survival pointing to the importance of soil microbes as regulators of plant species richness on Earth. Overall, this review shows that soil microbes must be considered as important drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems.     

微生物产几丁质酶的研究和应用进展

从产几丁质酶的微生物类群生态分布及微生物产几丁质酶的种类、理化性质等方面论述了微生物产几丁质酶的研究进展。着重论述了提高微生物产几丁质酶能力的方法。介绍了微生物产几丁质酶在植物病虫害防治中的应用进展 ,尤其是微生物产碱性几丁质酶在害虫防治中的增效作用。     

Spatial organization of intestinal microbiota in the mouse ascending colon

Complex microbial populations are organized in relation to their environment. In the intestine, the inner lining (mucosa) is a potential focal point for such organization. The proximal murine colon contains mucosal folds that are known to be associated with morphologically distinct microbes. To identify these microbes, we used the technique of laser capture microdissection (LCM) to sample microbes associated with these folds (interfold region) and within the central lumen (digesta region). Using 16S rRNA gene tag pyrosequencing, we found that microbes in the interfold region were highly enriched for the phylum Firmicutes and, more specifically, for the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. Other families such as Bacteroidaceae, Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae were all enriched in the digesta region. This high-resolution system to capture and examine spatial organization of intestinal microbes should facilitate microbial analysis in other mouse models, furthering our understanding of host–microbial interactions.     

复合群落土壤微生物和酶活性对大气CO2浓度和温度升高的响应

应用自控、封闭、独立的生长室系统,研究川西亚高山林线复合群落根际、非根际土壤微生物数量以及根际、非根际土壤酶活性对大气CO2浓度升高(环境CO2浓度+350(±25)μmol.mol-1,EC)和温度升高(环境温度+2.0(±0.5)℃,ET)及其两者同时升高(ECT)的响应。结果表明:(1)与对照(CK)相比,EC、ET和ECT处理能够增加土壤根际微生物数量,但不同微生物种类对EC、ET和ECT的反应有所差异。(2)不同种类的根际土壤酶对EC、ET和ECT的响应不同。(3)与CK相比,EC、ET和ECT的非根际土壤微生物数量以及非根际土壤酶活性均无显著提高。(4)EC、ET和ECT处理对复合群落土壤微生物总数的根际效应明显;除ET处理的转化酶为负根际效应,其余处理的过氧化氢酶,脲酶及转化酶均表现为正根际效应。     

Microbial landscapes on the outer tissue surfaces of the reef-building coral <Emphasis Type="Italic">Porites compressa</Emphasis>

Microbial-coral interactions are increasingly recognized as important for coral health and disease. Visualizing these interactions is important for understanding where, when, and how the coral animal and microbes interact. Porites compressa, preserved using Parducz fixative and examined by scanning electron microscopy, revealed a changing microbial landscape. The external cell layers of this coral were invariably clean of directly adhering microbes, unlike coral-associated mucus. In colonies with expanded polyps, secreted mucus rapidly dissipated, although blobs of new mucus were common; the coral epidermal cells expressed cilia, which are presumably used to clean the surface, and coral-associated microbes were present as flocs, possibly enmeshed in mucus. In colonies with permanently contracted polyps, the coral epidermis had lost cilia and a stable, multi-lamellar mucous sheet covered the surface of the animal. This sheet became heavily colonized by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes, however these microbes did not penetrate the mucous sheet and the animal’s epidermal cell surfaces remained sterile. These observations show that relationships between this coral animal and associated microbes are highly dynamic.