澳大利亚迁飞性害虫的预测与治理

Decision Support System(DSS)是澳大利亚疫蝗治理委员会用于治理几种重要迁飞性害虫的决策支持系统。该系统以地理信息系统（GIS）为平台,将天气资料和害虫栖境条件与害虫的迁飞,发育及分布数据进行整合以发布预测并辅助防治决策。该系统呈模块化结构,其模块的数量和性质可根据目标害虫治理所需的具体资料方便地调整。     

昆虫性信息素微胶囊的研究进展

微胶囊是应用昆虫性信息素进行害虫治理的主要剂型之一。文章对昆虫性信息素微胶囊常用的制备方法进行总结,并介绍其在害虫控制方面的应用进展,探讨昆虫性信息素微胶囊制备及其田间应用效果的影响因子,并对今后昆虫性信息素微胶囊的发展作了展望。     

杀虫剂残留效应对害虫治理模型的影响

通过运用脉冲微分方程,使用喷洒杀虫剂和释放染病害虫和天敌的脉冲控制策略,建立了一类具有杀虫剂残留效应的综合害虫治理SI模型.利用脉冲微分方程的比较定理和分析的方法,给出了易感害虫灭绝周期解的存在性与全局吸引性的充分条件.本文的结论为综合害虫治理问题提供了可靠的策略依据.     

茄黄斑螟性信息素组分鉴定、田间应用以及影响性诱剂诱捕效率的因素研究

茄黄斑螟Leucinodes orbonalis Guénee在我国主要发生于长江中下游地区,由于其幼虫钻蛀为害茄子嫩茎、嫩梢及果实等部位,使用化学药剂较难防治。利用性信息素防治害虫是生态治理蔬菜害虫的有效途径之一。本文综述了国内外茄黄斑螟性信息素的组分鉴定,性信息素在种群监测、大量诱捕、交配干扰技术中的应用以及影响性诱剂诱捕效率的因素等方面的研究进展,并探讨了我国进一步研究、应用茄黄斑螟性信息素的重点方向及其应用前景。     

昆虫光趋性机理及其应用进展

本文简要概述了昆虫光趋性和光的波长、强度与昆虫感光生理结构之间的关系;总结和分析了在主要应用途径和技术研究上的进展,并提出了今后需要进一步解决和明确的若干问题,以及光趋性应用在当今害虫无公害治理中的重要意义。     

关于一类害虫治理流行病Filippov模型的动力学性质分析

首先,在不采取综合害虫治理策略的情况下,本文给出一个具有流行病的害虫模型的正平衡点的存在条件以及无病平衡点和正平衡点的全局稳定性条件;其次,把易感害虫种群数量作为害虫综合控制的指标,利用阈值控制策略建立了一个害虫治理流行病Filippov模型,并系统地对该模型的动力学性质进行分析,其中包括模型的滑线区域,真、假平衡点及伪平衡点的存在性和稳定性．     

一类具有HollingⅡ反应的害虫治理的Filippov模型的研究

首先,在不采取综合害虫治理策略的情况下,本文给出一个具有HollingⅡ反应的害虫模型的正平衡点的存在条件和正平衡点的全局稳定性条件;其次,把害虫种群数量作为害虫综合控制的指标,利用阈值控制策略建立了一个具有HollingⅡ反应的害虫治理的Filippov模型,并系统地对该模型的动力学性质进行分析,其中包括模型的滑线区域,真、假平衡点及伪平衡点的存在性和稳定性.     

一个具有阶段结构和时滞效应的综合害虫治理模型的研究

运用脉冲泛函微分方程,建立了具有阶段结构和时滞效应的固定时刻分别喷洒杀虫剂和释放天敌的害虫治理模型,分别考虑在一个喷洒杀虫剂周期内多次释放天敌和在一个释放天敌周期内多次喷洒杀虫剂这两种情况,详细研究了这两类模型的动力学性质,给出了害虫灭绝周期解的存在性和全局吸引性的充分条件.本文具有很强的生物意义,为综合害虫治理问题提供了可靠的依据.     

迁飞性害虫监测预警技术发展概况与应用展望

迁飞性害虫具有突发性、暴发性和毁灭性的发生特点,做好迁飞性害虫的监测预警在粮食安全生产方面具有重要意义.为加强迁飞性害虫监测预警技术手段的应用与推广,提高迁飞性害虫的监测预警水平,本文从常规和现代监测技术入手,综述了我国迁飞性害虫监测预警技术的发展、研究现状和取得的进展,分析了迁飞性害虫监测预警面临的瓶颈问题,展望了做好迁飞性害虫监测预警的努力方向,以期为提高我国迁飞性害虫的监测预警水平提供参考.     

具有不同频率脉冲控制的害虫治理SI模型的动力学性质

采用不同频率的使用喷洒杀虫剂和投放有病害虫两种脉冲控制策略,建立了一类具有脉冲控制的综合害虫治理SI模型,利用脉冲微分方程相关理论和分析的方法分别给出了两种策略下易感害虫灭绝周期解的存在性与全局吸引性的充分条件.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates

Few comparative studies of spatial patterns at different scales have examined several species in the same habitat or the same species over a range of habitats. Therefore, variability in patterns among species or among habitats has seldom been documented. This study quantifies spatial patterns of a suite of intertidal snails and a species of barnacle using a range of statistical techniques. Variability in densities was quantified from the scale of adjacent quadrats (over a distance of centimeters) to tens of kilometers. Significant differences in abundances occurred primarily at two spatial scales. Small-scale differences were found at the scales of centimeters or 1–2 m and, for many species on many shores, these accounted for most of the variability in abundances from place to place. These are likely to be determined by behavioural responses to small-scale patches of microhabitat. Large-scale differences in abundance were also found in most species at the scale of hundreds of meters alongshore. These are likely to be due to variation in recruitment (and/or mortality) because of limited dispersal by adults of these species. There was little or no additional variation among shores, separated by tens of kilometers, than was shown among patches of shore separated by hundreds of meters. Identification of the scale(s) at which significant differences in abundance are found focus attention on the processes (and the scales at which these processes operate) that influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of various procedures are discussed.     

Discounting of sequences of delayed rewards of different amounts

The main purpose of this study was to determine whether the magnitude effect is present in cases where delayed sequences of rewards are discounted. The magnitude effect refers to the inverse relationship between the amount of a reward and the steepness of temporal discounting. This study was conducted with a computer program to estimate the indifference points, which served as indicators of the present subjective value of delayed sequences of small and large rewards. In the indifference point the subjective value of a single, immediate reward was equal to the subjective value of the delayed sequence (or to the value of a single delayed reward). As a control condition, we added an experimental task involving choices between single immediate and single delayed rewards. The experiment showed that the sequences of large rewards are discounted less steeply than are the sequences of small rewards. This finding suggests that the magnitude effect is present within the delayed sequences of rewards. In addition, when outcomes are relatively large, the results suggest that a single reward is discounted less steeply than the sequence of a total nominal value equal to this single reward. However, for relatively small rewards, the difference is not statistically significant. The less steep discounting of sequences of large rewards may explain the reward-bundling effect, which refers to less steep discounting of longer sequences than of shorter ones: longer sequences usually have greater overall nominal value. The present study was conducted on hypothetical rewards, and the results should be validated using real rewards.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Limitations of pH-potentiometric titration for the determination of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan

The degree of deacetylation (DDA) of chitosan determines the biopolymer's physico-chemical properties and technological applications. pH-Potentiometric titration seems to offer a simple and convenient means of determining DDA. However, to obtain accurate pH-potentiometric DDA values, several factors have to be taken into consideration. We found that the moisture content of the air-dry chitosan samples can be as high as 15%, and a reasonable fraction of this humidity cannot be removed by ordinary drying. Corrections have to be made for the ash content, as in some samples it can be as high as 1% by weight. The method of equivalence point determination was also found to cause systematic variations in the results and in some samples extra acid as high as 1 mol% of the free amino content was also identified. To compensate for the latter effect, the second equivalence point of the titration has to be determined separately and the analytical concentration of the acid be corrected for it. All the corrections listed here are necessary to obtain DDA values that are in reasonable agreement with those obtained from (1)H NMR and IR spectroscopic measurements. The need for these corrections severely limits the usefulness of pH-metry for determining accurate DDA values and thus potentiometry is hardly able to compete with other standard spectroscopic procedures, that is, (1)H NMR spectroscopy.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.