The seasonal dynamics of Copidodiaptomus numidicus (Gurney, 1909) and Thermocyclops dybowskii (Lande, 1890) in Castelo-do-Bode Reservoir

We investigated the population dynamics of Copidodiaptomus numidicus (Copepoda: Calanoida) and Thermocyclops dybowskii (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in Castelo-do-Bode Reservoir (Portugal). Both species in the reservoir were regulated mainly by food availability during the summers of 1993 and 1994. C. numidicus was always more abundant than T. dybowskii in the reservoir. C. numidicus produced two generations during the sampling period of both years whereas T. dybowskii produced two and three generations in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Because of high temperatures and low rainfall in 1994, the reservoir was more eutrophic than in 1993. Higher clutch size and a higher percentage of ovigerous females suggest that both species were benefiting from better feeding conditions in 1994. Despite this, population growth was reduced in 1994 relatively to 1993. Vertebrate predation and predation by copepods seem to have been minor factors in explaining this decline. However, the presence of Mesostoma sp. in the reservoir may have contributed to the reduction of both copepod populations during specific periods in 1994 although the calanoid was more affected than the cyclopoid by this predation.     

Eutrophication of the Salt Valley Reservoirs, 1968–73 III. The macroinvertebrate community: Its development,composition, and change in response to eutrophication

The macroinvertebrate communities of four flood control reservoirs in eastern Nebraska, differing in age and degree of eutrophy were investigated from Ekman grab samples. Generally, the longer a reservoir had been influenced by eutrophication the larger the standing crop in it. Chironomids, ceratopogonids, fingernail clams, and Hexagenia were important at various stages of eutrophication with Chironomus predominating in the most eutrophic reservoirs. Tubifex decreased with eutrophication as did Sphaerium simili while Sphaerium declive maintained its abundance and sometimes increased.The chironomids Chironomus, Coelotanypus, and Procladius, fingernail clams, and Tubifex were early colonizers in the newest reservoir and developed a total standing crop as large the first summer as in subsequent ones. However, its composition became more diverse with time. In one reservoir sampled year-round, the standing crop was largest in late fall or early winter and smallest during summer. The most accurate information on macro-invertebrate standing crops in lakes and reservoirs comes from data collected on a year-round basis.     

富营养化水体对水芹抗氧化系统和营养品质的影响

该试验以水芹(Oenanthe javanica DC.)为材料,通过浮床栽培技术,研究水芹的营养品质和抗氧化系统在富营养化水体中的变化,以明确富营养化水体对水芹生长和营养品质的影响,探讨利用水芹进行富营养化水体生态修复的可行性。结果表明:(1)在富营养化水体中生长30d后,水芹全株鲜重增长4.18~7.00倍,且在高浓度富营养化水体中生长的水芹生物量与正常栽培条件下无显著差异,可以在富营养化水体中正常生长。(2)在富营养化水体中,水芹体内SOD和POD活性均保持较高水平,MDA含量和电解质渗透率均维持在较低水平,表现出很强的抗氧化能力和对富营养化水体的适应性,避免了膜脂过氧化伤害。(3)在富营养化水体中,水芹Vc含量显著高于对照,可溶性糖含量与对照无差异,且亚硝酸盐含量远低于国家标准,其在该试验环境下营养品质较好,符合国家允许的食用标准。研究发现,水芹对富营养化水体具有较好的适应性,可以在富营养化水体中正常生长,且营养品质未受影响,能安全食用,可用于富营养化水体的生态修复。     

Horizontal distribution of the plankton rotifers Keratella cochlearis (Bory de St Vincent) and Polyarthra vulgaris (Carlin) in a small eutrophic lake

The plankton rotifers Keratella cochlearis and Polyarthra vulgaris were sampled at 10 cm below the surface at different distances from two dissimilar shores and in the centre of a small eutrophic lake. Light and depth were measured at each sampling point. In each case the numbers of rotifers per liter increased with distance from the shore. There was a significant correlation between the numbers for the two species for the two shores, but none in the centre. In the case of one shore there was a strong correlation between rotifer numbers and supra-surface ambient light.     

The role of chironomids (Diptera) in the profundal macrozoobenthos in Finnish reservoirs

The proundal macrozoobenthos of 12 Finnish inland polyhumic reservoirs was studied by quantitative sampling in 1984 and 1986. Additionally, the succession of the macrozoobenthos in one young reservoir (Lake Kyrkösjärvi) was studied during its first six years. The zoobenthos material was analyzed using the DCA (detrended correspondence analysis) method, and the ordination of sites (i.e. reservoirs), was related to associated environmental data. The role of chironomids was, in general, important in the profundal of the reservoirs. Because of the coarse bottom quality at many sampling sites, many littoral taxa were found in the profundal zone. The genusChironomus dominated (>50% of the total zoobenthic biomass) especially in the acidic, upper-reach reservoirs.Chironomus larvae also dominated in the zoobenthos of Lake Kyrkösjärvi during its first three years. Some of the reservoirs showed similarities with the dystrophic lake type of the lake typology system (Brundin, 1956). Because of the initially eutrophic character of the bottom, many reservoirs belonged to eutrophic lake types. Finnish reservoirs appear to contain a zoobenthic fauna intermediate between natural lakes and bog pools. This theme was discussed from the ecological and evolutionary point of view ofChironomus species.     

Life cycle and habitat ofGlossiphonia paludosa (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae), a new leech for the Netherlands

The widely distributed but rare leechGlossiphonia paludosa (Carena) was collected for the first time in The Netherlands in 1988 in a eutrophic ditch in the nature reserve ‘De Regulieren’ near Geldermalsen. The habitat is described briefly and, for the first time, the life cycle ofG. paludosa is presented.     

First Record of the Peritrich Trichodina diaptomiBasson and Van As, 1991 (Protozoa: Ciliophora) on a South American Calanoid Notodiaptomus deitersi (Poppe, 1890) (Crustacea: Copepoda)

ABSTRACT. The ciliate Trichodina was recorded on the calanoid Notodiaptomus deitersi in a shallow, eutrophic reservoir, located in the centre‐west of Brazil. The species was confirmed as Trichodina diaptomi, a species widely distributed in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. It was observed moving freely over the carapace of the copepod, and using its adhesive disc. This is the first record for the species in the Americas.     

Dynamics of Daphnia hyalina × galeata in Castelo-do-Bode Reservoir: The effect of food availability and flatworm predation

Daphnia hyalina × galeata in Castelo-do-Bode Reservoir was regulated mainly by food availability during the summers of 1993 and 1994. Because of high temperatures and low rainfall in 1994, the reservoir was, apparently, more eutrophic relatively to 1993. Higher chlorophyll-a concentrations and higher clutch size in 1994 suggest that Daphnia population benefited from better feeding conditions in 1994. The analysis of the contributions from fecundity and adult proportion to birth rate variation suggest that vertebrate predation and predation by copepods were negligible factors as population organisers. A general decrease in the abundance of large crustaceans during the periods of high density of typhloplanid flatworms, in both years, points to the importance of flatworm predation on zooplankton. A decrease in the number of individuals in all Daphnia size classes was observed during the periods of flatworms population increase.     

Prey utilization by Chaoborus punctipennis Say in a small,eutrophic reservoir

Prey selection by 2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th-instar larvae of Chaoborus punctipennis was evaluated by comparing larval crop contents to the species structure of the zooplankton community in a small, eutrophic lake. The rotifers, Brachionus caudatus and Trichocerca similis, were positively selected by and comprised most of the diet of 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae. Rotifers comprised 67% of all prey items identified in the crops of even 4th-instar larvae. Whereas 2nd-and 3rd-instar larvae selected the two rotifers with equalfrequency, 4th-instar larvae selected Trichocerca significantly more frequently than they did Brachionus. Although copepods comprised only 8% of all prey identified in 3rd-instar crops, they comprised 33% of the crop contents of 4th-instar larvae. Both 3rd and 4th instars exhibited a positive electivity for Cyclops vernalis significantly more frequently than for Diaptomus pallidus. We conclude that the larvae of Chaoborus punctipennis can, and do, select between Trichocerca and Brachionus and between Cyclops and Diaptomus.The paper by Brooks and Dodson (1965) triggered a flurry of studies on aquatic predators and their ability to discriminate between available prey species. Although the original work dealt with vertebrate predators, it has become increasingly apparent that invertebrate predators may also exhibit considerable selectivity in choosing between prey categories. The larval stages of the various species of Chaoborus are ubiquitous lentic predators, especially in mesotrophic or eutrophic systems. Although there have been a number of recent publications which deal with the food habits and preferences of several species of Chaoborus, only a few studies have included analyses of larval crop contents and none of these have included Chaoborus punctipennis. This species is of particular interest because it is one of the smaller species in the genus, and perhaps for this reason, because it is frequently present in lakes which support large populations of planktivorous fish (von Ende 1979). The purpose of our research was to characterize the food habits and preferences of Chaoborus punctipennis in a small, eutrophic reservoir which supports a rather depauperate number of species of zooplankters.     

Field ecology of freshwater macroalgae in pools and ditches,with special attention to eutrophication

A review is presented on the occurrence of macroalgae in dune pools, ditches and moorland pools in The Netherlands, which were studied in the period 1980–1987. There are clear effects of eutrophication on biomass as well as on species composition. A general trend is that under mesotrophic or moderately eutrophic conditions, the filamentous macroalgae form a diversified component of the primary producers in shallow water bodies. Especially spore forming genera asSpirogyra andOedogonium can be represented with up to about 20 species per site. In hardwater ditches alsoVaucheria is an important component, especially the sediment dwellingVaucheria dichotoma. Under distinctly eutrophic conditions dense floating algal masses contain only one or a few species asCladophora glomerata, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Hydrodictyon reticulatum. Under hypertrophic conditions the water surface is covered by dense blanketing mats of duckweeds in summer and autumn. Besides trophic factors, other factors as alkalinity and chloride concentration play a role in species composition. The results are discussed in the framework of water quality assessment of polder waters and possible applications for water purification or use as manuring substance. The need for experimental ecophysiological studies is underlined.     

Short communication. Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus-like populations detected by flow cytometry in a eutrophic reservoir in summer

Particles with characteristics similar to marine free-living prochlorophytes have been detected by flow cytometry during summer in a eutrophic reservoir in the south of Spain. The <It>Prochlorococcus-like particles showed a vertical distribution similar to Synechococcus. Both populations displayed a subsuperficial maximum at 5 m.      

The size structure of plankton during a deep bloom in a stratified reservoir

In this paper we describe the main features of planktonic size structure in a stratified reservoir during a summer, deep bloom due to the dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella (O. F. Müller) Bergh. As one might expect from the eutrophic character of the ecosystem, the complete size-biomass spectrum is dominated by large phytoplankton and small zooplankton. The relation between numerical abundance (N, organisms per ml) and body size (V m³) for the overall size spectrum is described by the model log N = 7.25–0.99 log V (r ² = 0.93). However, the existence of tendencies in the points around the regression line suggest limiting linear scaling to the size range of unicells (log N = 6.34–0.51 log V, r ² = 0.85). The size structure shows the less negative slope at the level of the thermocline and when the bloom of C. hirundinella reaches its maximum. In the epilimnion, important taxonomic changes have no effect on the size structure, which appears to be a conservative character of the planktonic community at this level.     

The effect of non-algal turbidity on the relationship of Secchi depth to chlorophyll a

Data from four reservoirs representative of different trophic states and with different apparent optical properties were analyzed to determine the relationship of Secchi depth to algal biomass as measured by chlorophyll a. In the eutrophic reservoir Secchi depth was determined partially by the chlorophyll a content (r² = 0.31) but only when chlorophyll a data from bloom conditions are included. In the two mesotrophic reservoirs, Secchi depth was entirely determined by non-algal turbidity. In the oligotrophic reservoir, Secchi depth was determined neither by chlorophyll a nor non-algal turbidity and was probably determined by dissolved color. When data from the four reservoirs were pooled (N = 205), 53% of the variation in Secchi depth was explained by: SD = 2.55–0.52 ln (Turbidity) + 0.005 (Chlorophyll a). It is apparent that attempts to estimate algal biomass for trophic state classification or other management practices from Secchi depth data are inappropriate even where moderate amounts of non-algal turbidity are present.     

Nutrients (P,N, Si) and growth conditions for diatoms and Oscillatoria spp. in lakes of south-eastern Norway

The development and the mean decline rates of nitrate and soluble reactive silicate (SRSi) were studied in stratifying lakes of south-eastern Norway. The concentrations of nitrate and SRSi had often a decline phase with about constant decline rate. The mean decline rate seemed to increase with increasing mean concentration of total phosphorus (TP). The possibility of Si- and N-limiting growth was higher in eutrophic than in oligo- and mesotrophic lakes, which may partly explain the higher dominance of Oscillatoria compared with the diatoms in many eutrophic lakes.In the lakes studied the mean concentration of TP and the spring concentrations of SRSi and nitrate may be used to determine roughly when Si- and N-limiting growth may take place respectively. If the concentrations of SRSi or nitrate are high at the beginning of the growth season and the mean concentration of TP is low, Si- or N-limiting growth may not take place.The SRSi : NO₃ decline ratio often varied between 2 and 8 and Si was always the first of these two nutrients to become growth-limiting.     

Notes on the growth and sporulation of a natural population of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae contributed regularly to the summer phytoplankton in Kinnego Bay, a highly eutrophic part of Lough Neagh. Growth of the alga was variable in different years, and was apparently related to the duration of depletion of dissolved nitrate-nitrogen in the water. Although four growth pulses occurred during the study period, sporulation was only observed during one of these, when the population was very dense although evenly distributed down the water column. It seems that Aphanizomenon overwintered in Kinnego Bay as vegetative filaments and that production of akinetes was not necessary for perennation of the species. The observed sporulation in 1973 may have been induced by the high pH values caused by dense phytoplankton crops; no other measured environmental factors were particularly unfavourable to growth of Aphanizomenon at this time.     

Chaoborus predation and zooplankton community structure in a rotifer-dominated lake

During summer, Chaoborus punctipennis larval densities in the water column of fishless, eutrophic Triangle Lake become very high, and coincidently, the spined loricate rotifer Kelfcottia bostoniensis becomes the dominant zooplankter. Research was done to test the hypothesis that selective predation by Chaoborus on soft-bodied rotifers controls species dominance in the mid-summer zooplankton of this lake. In situ predation experiments showed positive selection by Chaoborus for the soft-bodied Synchaeta oblonga, negative selection for K. bostoniensis, and intermediate selection for Polyarthra vulgaris, a species with rapid escape tactics. However, during a 21 day in situ mesocosm experiment, zooplankton dominance and succession in Chaoborus-free enclosures was identical to that in enclosures with Chaoborus at lake density. Despite the selective predation, Chaoborus larvae may not exert significant top-down control on rotifers, whose intense reproductive output during mid-summer in temperate eutrophic lakes results in new individuals at rates that exceed predatory losses.     

Effect at the ecosystem level of elevated atmospheric CO2in an aquatic microcosm

We studied the responses of an aquatic microcosm in two different eutrophic conditions to elevated atmospheric CO₂concentration. We used microcosms, consisting of Escherichia coli(bacteria), Tetrahymena thermophila(protozoa) and Euglena gracilis(algae), in salt solution with 50 and 500 mg l^–1of proteose peptone (eutrophic and hypereutrophic conditions, respectively) under ambient and elevated CO₂(1550±100 l l^–1) conditions. The density of E. gracilisincreased significantly under elevated CO₂in both eutrophic and hypereutrophic microcosms. In the eutrophic microcosm, the other elements were not affected by elevated CO₂. In the hypereutrophic microcosm, however, the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate decreased significantly under elevated CO₂. Furthermore, the density of T. thermophilawas maintained in higher level than that in the microcosm with ambient CO₂and the density of E. coliwas decreased by CO₂enrichment. Calculating the carbon biomasses of T. thermophilaand E. colifrom their densities, the changes in their biomasses by CO₂enrichment were little as compared with large increase of E. graciliscarbon biomass converted from chlorophyll a. From the responses to elevated CO₂in the subsystems of the hypereutrophic microcosm consisting of either one or two species, the increase of E. graciliswas a direct effect of elevated CO₂, whereas the changes in the density of E. coliand T. thermophilaand the decreases in the concentration of ammonium and phosphate are considered to be indirect effects rather than direct effects of elevated CO₂. The indirect effects of elevated CO₂were prominent in the hypereutrophic microcosm.     

The ecology of two species of primitive ciliated protozoa commonly found in standing freshwaters (Loxodes magnus stokes and L. striatus penard)

The distribution of Loxodes magnus and L. striatus (Karyorelictida) was investigated in two eutrophic waters (Esthwaite Water and Priest Pot, English Lake District). In the benthos, these species were most abundant at the sediment surface, at deeper sites, and when the bottom water was oxygenated. In the plankton, in Priest Pot, they were found only in the oxygen deficient summer hypolimnion. Experimental studies suggested that L. magnus and L. striatus required access to oxygen. Loxodes was apparently excluded from the oxygenated Priest Pot epilimnion by several adverse factors, one of which was bright light. It was concluded that the ecology of L. magnus and L. striatus resembles, in many ways, that of the advanced ciliates which were found associated with Loxodes.     

The effect of temperature on growth characteristics and competitions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microcystis aeruginosa</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oscillatoria mougeotii</Emphasis> in a shallow,eutrophic lake simulator system

Blue-green algal blooms formed by Microcystis and Oscillatoria often occur in shallow eutrophic lakes, such as Lake Taihu (China) and Lake Kasumigaura (Japan). Growth characteristics and competitions between Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria mougeotii were investigated using lake simulator systems (microcosms) at various temperatures. Oscillatoria was the superior competitor, which suppressed Microcystis, when temperature was <20°C, whereas the opposite phenomenon occurred at 30°C. Oscillatoria had a long exponential phase (20 day) and a low growth rate of 0.22 day⁻¹ and 0.20 day⁻¹ at 15°C and 20°C, respectively, whereas Microcystis had a shorter exponential phase (2–3 days) at 30°C and a higher growth rate (0.86 day⁻¹). Interactions between the algae were stronger and more complex in the lake simulator system than flask systems. Algal growth in the lake simulator system was susceptible to light attenuation and pH change, and algae biomasses were lower than those in flasks. The outcome of competition between Microcystis and Oscillatoria at different temperatures agrees with field observations of algal communities in Lake Taihu, indicating that temperature is a significant factor affecting competition between Microcystis and Oscillatoria in shallow, eutrophic lakes.     

Zooplankton densities in a Hydrilla infested lake

The number of individuals and species of zooplankton were sampled concurrently with Hydrilla biomass and water quality for one year in a small, eutrophic central Florida lake. Throughout the study, rotifer species and individuals dominated the zooplankton. The abundance of the zooplankton tended to remain high when Hydrilla biomass was at its seasonal low during late winter and early spring. When hydrilla growth increased in the late spring and summer months causing a decrease in total alkalinity, specific conductivity, water color, turbidity, orthophosphate and chlorophyll a concentrations; the abundance of the zooplankton declined. During this time, there was a shift from limnetic to littoral species, principally rotifers. Hydrilla growth did not affect the mean number of cladoceran or copepod species, but may have led to an increase in rotifer species.