四棱草和四齿四棱草开花生物学特性观察

四棱草(Schnabelia Oligophylla)和四齿四棱草(S.tetrodonta)均为四川民间常用的草药,群众通称为四棱筋骨草。全草有驱风除湿,行血活络的功能,用于治风湿筋骨痛,四肢麻木,跌打肿痛等症。陈介在他的《四棱草属(Schnabelia)系统位置问题的探讨》一文中,提出该属尚待澄清的问题,即:1.二型花是同在一个体上,还是在不同的个体上产生的问题,目前还是不十分清楚的。……2.从四齿四棱     

四齿四棱草水提取物的化学成分研究

从四齿四棱草地上部分水煮提取物中分离得到11个化合物,通过波谱分析并与文献和标准品对照将它们分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇(1)、4-乙酰胺基乙基苯基6-O-甲基香豆酰吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)[-βD-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→3)]-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(2)、4-乙酰胺基乙基苯基6-O-甲基香豆酰吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)[-βD-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→3)]-4-O-乙酰基-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(3)、6-C--βL-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C--αL-吡喃阿拉伯糖基洋芹素(4)、6,8-二-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基洋芹素(5)a、cetylmartynoside B(6)i、somartynoside(7)a、lyssonoside(8)l、eucosceptoside B(9)、连翘苷B(10)和丁二酸(11)。其中2和3为顺反异构体的混合物。     

四棱草中的一个新环八肽

从四棱草（Schnabalia oligophylla Hand.-Mazz.）全草的甲醇提取物中分离得到一个新的环八肽,命名为四棱草环肽（1）。用波谱方法鉴定了1的结构,并以通过HPLC手性柱分析指定了除脯氨酸和甘氮酸外的氨基酸的绝对构型。活性实验显示,四棱草环肽（1）对T／B淋巴细胞有免疫抑制作用,另外,从该植物中还分离鉴定了7个已知化合物。     

四棱草属比较形态及其分类系统位置的研究：Ⅴ四棱草属及其近…

通过对我国特有植物四棱草属Ｓｃｈｎａｂｅｌｉａ及其缘属茎和叶柄的解剖研究,发现四棱草属的二种植物四棱草Ｓ．ｏｌｉｇｏｐｈｙｌｌａ．四齿棱草Ｓ．ｔｅｔｏｃｌｏｎｔａ和莸属的单花Ｃ．ｎｅｐｅｔａｅｆｏｌｉａ的节的类型均为单叶隙、单叶、迹,且叶迹在皮层中从左右两则各产生一细小的分支;而筋骨草属的紫背金盘Ａ．ｎｉｐｐｏｎｅｓｉｓ和香料科属（Ｔｅｕｃｒｉｕｍ）的血见愁（Ｔ．ｖｉｓｃｉｄｕｍ）的节的类型为单叶     

四棱草属比较形态及其分类系统位置的研究：Ⅰ.四棱草属及近缘…

采用“外类群对准则”（ＯｕｔｇｒｏｕｐＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎＣｒｉｔｅｒｉａＣａｒｃａｒｆｔ１９８３）的性状分析方法,对我国特有植物四棱草属Ｓｏｈｎａｂｅｌｉａ及其近缘属缘筋骨草属Ａｊｕｇａ,香料科属Ｔｅｕｃｒｉｕｍ（唇形科）和莸属Ｃａｒｙｏｐｔｅｒｉａ大青属Ｃｌｅｒｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ（马鞭草科）等５属６种主要植物比较研究,首次发现在这些植物叶片上,具有一种的毛状体,其形状呈箭形,故定名为箭形毛（Ａｒｒ     

四棱草属比较形态及其分类系统位置的研究：Ⅳ.四棱草属及其近…

四棱草属及其近缘属筋骨草属Ａｊｕｇａ,香科科属Ｔｅｕｃｒｉｕｍ（唇形科Ｌａｂｉａｔａｅ）,莸属Ｃａｒｙｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ,大青属Ｃｌｅｒｏｄｅｎｄｒｕｍ（马鞭草科Ｖｅｒｂｅｒｎａｃｅａｅ）５属,６种代表植物的叶表皮细胞形状、气孔类型和毛状体类型的比较研究结果是：（１）叶上表皮细胞形养 深小纹状不规则形,浅波纹状不规则形和浅波纹状四边形;（２）气孔类型是不规则型,平列型,横列型和等位模列型。（３）毛状体     

四棱草属比较形态及其分类系统位置的研究：II.四棱草属及其近…

采用“外类群对比准则”的性状分析方法,对我国特有植物四棱草属Ｓｏｈｎａｂｅｌｉａ及其近缘属筋骨草属Ａｊｕｇａ,香科科属Ｔｅｕｃｒｉｕｍ（唇形科Ｌａｂｉａｔａｅ）和莸属Ｃａｒｙｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ,大青属Ｃｌｅｒｏｄｅｎｄｒｕｎ（马鞭草科Ｖｅｒｂｅｎａｃｅａｅ）等５属６种主要植物叶进行比较研究,结果表明;叶形卵圆形或椭圆形;叶缘均具齿,叶脉同为羽状脉;三级脉为分枝型和贯串型;边缘末级脉均为不完全型：齿型为     

四棱草属比较形态及其分类系统位置的研究Ⅱ．四棱草属及其近缘属叶片宏观结构

采用“外类群对比准则（ＯｕｔｇｒｏｕｐＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎＣｒｉｔｅｒｉａ,Ｃｒａｃｒａｆｔ,１９８３）”的性状分析方法,对我国特有植物四棱草属Ｓｏｈｎａｂｅｌｉａ及其近缘属筋骨草属Ａｊｕｇａ,香科科属Ｔｅｕｃｒｉｕｍ（唇形科Ｌａｂｉａｔａｅ）和获属Ｃａｒｙｏｐｌｅｒｉｓ,大青属Ｃｌｅｒｏｄｅｎｄｒｕｎ（马鞭草科Ｖｅｒｂｅｎａｃｅａｅ）等５属６种主要植物叶片进行比较研究,结果表明;叶形卵圆形（Ｏｖａｔｅ一ｓｈａｐｅｄ）或椭圆形（Ｅｌｌｉｐｓｅ一ｓｈａｐｅｄ）;叶缘均具齿,叶脉同为羽状脉（Ｅｕｃａｍｐｔｅｄｒｏｍｏｕｓ）;三级脉为分枝型（Ｒａｍｉｆｉｅｄ）和贯串型（Ｐｅｒｃｕｒｅｎｔｏｉｄ）;边缘未级脉（Ｍａｒｇｉｎａｌｕｌｔｉｍａｔｅｖｅｎａｔｉｏｎ）均为不完全型（Ｉｎｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｏｉｄ）：齿型（Ｔｏｏｔｈ－ｔｙｐｅ）为金粟兰型齿（Ｃｈｌｏ－ｒａｎｔｈｏｉｄ）;费特吉型齿（Ｆｏｔｈｅｒｇｉｌｌｏｉｄ）;和非费特吉型齿（ＮｏｎｔｙｐｉｃａｌＦｏｔｈｅｒｇｉｌｌｏｉｄ）;网隙（Ａｒｅｏｌｅ）属不完全型（Ｉｎｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ）或不完善型（Ｉｍｐｅｒｆｅｃｔ）;齿腺体（Ｇｌａｎｄｕｌａｒ一Ｂｏｄｙ）宿存或脱落等     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism