Fluctuations in sugar content are not determinant in explaining variations in vitamin C in tomato fruit

The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between sugars and vitamin C in fruit. The objective was to determine whether vitamin C content was regulated by sugar content due to the role of sugar as a precursor for vitamin C. During summer, maximal content in sugar and vitamin C were found in both genotypes tested Solanum lycopersicon ‘Cervil’ and ‘Levovil’. During autumn, fruit pruning increased fruit size and hexose content but fruit vitamin C content did not increase. Therefore sugar substrate was not limiting for vitamin C synthesis during autumn. We demonstrated for two cultivars, ‘Cervil’ and ‘Levovil’, with different sugar accumulation profiles during ripening, that sugar content was not determinant in the regulation of vitamin C content. The strong correlation observed between sugars and vitamin C in ‘Cervil’ was due to their concomitant increase during fruit ripening.     

Effects of nitrogen application rate and topdressing times on yield and quality of Chinese cabbage and soil nitrogen dynamics

A good understanding of the relationship between vegetable quality and soil N balance is very important for proper nitrogen (N) management for crop productions. In this study, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the N application rate and times on Chinese cabbage yield and quality, N use efficiency, soil nitrate-N concentration, and soil pH. The experiment was implemented in a two-way factorial design and the two factors comprises of number of N applications (once, twice and three times, denoted as T1, T2 and T3) and N rates (15%, 30% and 45% less than conventional rates (CF), denoted as F1, F2 and F3, respectively). The treatments were also compared with a no-fertilizer blank and a control (CF) with a conventional N management practice. The results showed that the highest yield of cabbage (164.65 t hm^?2), Vitamine C content (14.80 g 100 g^?1 fresh mass), soluble sugar content (2.33 mg kg^?1), plant N uptake (119.2 kg hm^?2) were obtained under T3F1 treatment. Compared with CF treatment, T3F1 treatment significantly increased vegetable yield, vitamin C and soluble sugar content in fruit, and nitrogen use efficiency by 10.97%, 13.76% and 17.68%, and 18.76%, respectively. Nitrate-N content in cabbage was reduced by 7.55% in T3F1 treatment. With the reduced N application rate, soil pH gradually changed from 6.25 to 7.26. T3F1 treatment is a most suitable N management practice for vegetable production, in terms of higher vegetable yield and quality, soil N content, depressed soil acidification and nutrient uptake by Chinese cabbage.     

有机肥和化肥配施对不同熟期大白菜土壤生物特性及产量品质的影响

以早熟和晚熟品种大白菜为试材,根据化肥氮(尿素)、有机肥氮(生物有机肥)配施比例设置4个施肥处理,测定不同施肥处理下不同熟期大白菜土壤酶活性、可培养微生物数量及产量、品质的变化特征.结果 表明:早熟品种'德高16'大白菜莲座期和结球紧实期均以配施1/2生物有机肥(T2)处理的土壤蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶活性较强...     

蚓粪和益生菌互作对土壤性状及番茄产量和品质的影响

本试验研究了两株益生细菌(巨大芽孢杆菌BM和解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA)与化肥和蚓粪配施对土壤性状、番茄产量和品质的影响．结果表明:与化肥相比,在等养分条件下蚓粪能够提高番茄产量、果实可溶性糖和蛋白质含量,并提高土壤pH和速效磷含量．与单施蚓粪相比,益生菌与蚓粪配施不仅能提高番茄产量、果实可溶性糖、蛋白质、维生素C含量和糖酸比,降低有机酸和硝态氮含量,而且增加了土壤pH和硝态氮含量,降低了土壤电导率;益生菌与化肥配施的效果不如益生菌与蚓粪配施．BA和BM与化肥或蚓粪配施时,番茄品质无显著差异,但BA配施蚓粪处理的番茄产量显著高于BM配施蚓粪处理;BM与化肥配施处理显著提高了土壤速效磷含量,而BA与蚓粪配施处理则显著提高了土壤速效钾含量．本研究表明,益生菌和蚓粪可替代化肥用于番茄生产和土壤肥力改良.     

不同环境条件下向日葵油及脂肪酸含量研究

试验在巴基斯坦Arid农业大学进行,于2001年春、秋两季分别调查向日葵杂交种的油和脂肪酸含量,其中5个向日葵杂交种按完全随机区组设计,春向日葵在3月播种,6月收获;秋向日葵在8月播种,11月收获。调查结果表明,油和油酸的含量,春向日葵比秋向日葵高;软脂肪酸和亚油酸含量,秋向日葵比春向日葵高。因此,依据油和油酸的含量来推断,春向日葵比秋向日葵有优势;从亚油酸角度判断,秋向日葵比春向日葵更有优势。     

Comparison of the effect of natural and experimental anoxia on carbohydrate and energy metabolism in Iris pseudacorus rhizomes

Carbohydrate utilization in Iris pseudacorus rhizomes was investigated under natural conditions in the field for a period of one year. The area of study was under flood from mid-December to end of May and wet for the rest of the period of study. Rhizome samples were collected in the wild twice monthly. in order to determine glucose content and amount of reducing and non-reducing sugars in the rhizome core material. For comparison with experimental anoxia, rhizomes were washed and kept under strict anoxia in the dark at +20°C. Carbohydrates were measured in groups as above. The amount of ethanol and the levels, of ATP. ADP and AMP were also measured and adenylate energy charge computed.
Glucose content of the rhizomes was 10 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight in the autumn and decreased during winter to reach ca 5 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight in the spring. Total reducing sugars increased in w inter while the amount of non-reducing sugars increased during early autumn and decreased during winter and spring. Not all non-reducing sugar stores had been used up in the spring when growth was resumed. Under experimental anoxia adenylate energy charge remained relatively high for 30 days (near 0.6 or over) and then dropped quickly to bekm 0.3. indicating death of the tissues. After 30 days under anoxia the amount of ethanol still increased and that of total reducing sugars decreased. The level of non-reducing sugars decreased from 0 to 15 days of anoxia before an increase took place durine the next 20 days.     

不同季节干旱及复水对刺槐幼苗可溶性糖含量的影响

以刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水方法研究了春季、夏季和秋季干旱及旱后复水对刺槐幼苗可溶性糖含量的影响.结果表明:土壤水分胁迫程度对夏季刺槐幼苗可溶性糖含量影响显著,并且当土壤相对含水量低于52.16%并继续下降时可溶性糖含量迅速升高,而其对春季和秋季幼苗的可溶性糖含量影响不显著;春季和秋季不同胁迫历时处理间刺槐幼苗可溶性糖含量差异不显著,而夏季土壤相对含水量为52.16%和40%处理的可溶性糖含量显著高于对照;相同水分胁迫条件下不同季节刺槐幼苗可溶性糖含量总体表现为:秋季>春季>夏季.干旱复水后春季刺槐幼苗可溶性糖含量持续下降,而夏季呈现先升高后降低的趋势,秋季呈现一定波动性,变化幅度不明显.研究发现,刺槐幼苗可溶性糖含量在干旱及复水调节下的变化不仅受土壤水分胁迫强度和胁迫时间的影响,也与植物所处的生长季节有密切关系.     

施蚯蚓粪对日光温室土壤及番茄产量与品质的影响

设施蔬菜化肥过量施用造成土壤劣化、土传病虫害发生严重,从而导致蔬菜产量和品质下降。蚯蚓粪在改善土壤环境和促进蔬菜生长、提高产量和品质方面具有良好的效果。本试验在日光温室采用等量撒施和沟施两种方式研究了增施蚯蚓粪对土壤养分、酶活性、微生物数量及番茄生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明: 与不施蚯蚓粪的对照相比,撒施蚯蚓粪和沟施蚯蚓粪处理均改善了土壤环境,显著增加了土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾等养分含量;显著提高了蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,增加了土壤中细菌、放线菌数量,降低了真菌数量。沟施蚯蚓粪处理明显促进了植株地上部的生长,撒施效果不显著。蚯蚓粪处理明显增强了植株根系活力,提高了叶片的光合作用和叶绿素含量,促进了植株氮和钾含量的积累。撒施和沟施蚯蚓粪处理的番茄产量比对照分别提高了22.7%和32.6%。沟施处理果实中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、维生素C和可滴定酸含量分别提高了66.1%、11.0%、122.6%和29.9%,硝酸盐含量降低了65.7%,而撒施处理对番茄果实品质提升效果不明显。     

采收期对‘红心’番石榴品质和耐贮性的影响

以福建漳州栽培的‘红心’番石榴(Psidium guajava ‘Hongxin’)为材料,探究不同采收期对其果实采后耐贮性和品质的影响。实验分盛花期后95 d (采收期Ⅰ)、105 d (采收期Ⅱ)和115 d (采收期Ⅲ) 3个时段进行采收,采后果实在常温(25±1℃) 和相对湿度85%条件下贮藏,贮藏期间测定番石榴果实商品率、失重率、呼吸强度、相对电导率、色调角、硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C和总糖含量变化。结果表明,‘红心’番石榴果实采后软化迅速,颜色由绿转黄较快;随着采后贮藏时间的延长,番石榴果实的商品率、硬度、色调角、可滴定酸、维生素C和总糖的含量降低,而果实失重率、细胞膜相对透性增加;采收期Ⅰ较采收期Ⅱ、Ⅲ的耐贮性强。因此,对于‘红心’番石榴果实,考虑贮运期长,适宜在采收期Ⅰ采收;其他两个采收期可在产地销售。     

菇床废料对设施栽培土壤盐害下小白菜生长的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了菇床废料对缓解设施栽培土壤次生盐渍化及小白菜盐胁迫的影响.结果表明:盐渍化土壤添加菇床废料(0～30 g·kg-1)栽培60 d后,土壤pH趋于中性,有机质和有效磷含量显著提高,水溶性盐总量的增加幅度小于不加菇床废料的对照土壤;当菇床废料添加量为10 g·kg-1时,土壤盐分增加幅度最小,说明适量添加菇床废料可以减少设施栽培土壤的盐分积累.加入菇床废料后,小白菜的种子发芽率、株高、鲜质量、叶绿素SPAD值和维生素C含量均有所提高,脯氨酸含量显著下降,说明菇床废料能改善小白菜生长环境,有效缓解盐胁迫对小白菜的危害.     

Production of probiotic cabbage juice by lactic acid bacteria

Research was undertaken to determine the suitability of cabbage as a raw material for production of probiotic cabbage juice by lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum C3, Lactobacillus casei A4, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii D7). Cabbage juice was inoculated with a 24-h-old lactic culture and incubated at 30 degrees C. Changes in pH, acidity, sugar content, and viable cell counts during fermentation under controlled conditions were monitored. L. casei, L. delbrueckii, and L. plantarum grew well on cabbage juice and reached nearly 10x10(8) CFU/mL after 48 h of fermentation at 30 degrees C. L. casei, however, produced a smaller amount of titratable acidity expressed as lactic acid than L. delbrueckii or L. plantarum. After 4 weeks of cold storage at 4 degrees C, the viable cell counts of L. plantarum and L. delbrueckii were still 4.1x10(7) and 4.5x10(5) mL(-1), respectively. L. casei did not survive the low pH and high acidity conditions in fermented cabbage juice and lost cell viability completely after 2 weeks of cold storage at 4 degrees C. Fermented cabbage juice could serve as a healthy beverage for vegetarians and lactose-allergic consumers.     

Accumulation of rare earth elements in maize plants (Zea mays L.) after application of mixtures of rare earth elements and lanthanum

Rare earth elements are applied in China to improve crop production, and the distribution patterns of individual rare earth elements in native plants have widely been reported. But our knowledge is still limited about the dose-dependent accumulation of individual rare earth elements in agricultural crops after application of rare earth elements. Effects of lanthanum and mixtures of rare earth elements were studied in pot experiments on the accumulation of individual rare earth elements in maize plants. All plant samples were divided into plant tops and roots. On addition of mixtures of rare earth elements and lanthanum to the soil, a significant dose-dependent accumulation of individual rare earth element(s) was found in the roots and in the plant tops. Application of mixtures of rare earth elements at >10 mg kg^–1 soil, resulted in a significant increase in contents of light rare earth elements in the roots, and at a dose of 50 mg kg^–1 soil, a similar phenomenon was found in the plant tops. When mixtures of rare earth elements were replaced by lanthanum alone, at a dose higher than 10 mg La kg^–1 soil, a significant increase in La content occurred in the roots and in the plant tops. The content ratio of La to Ce in maize plants appeared to increase as the application doses of rare earth element(s) increased. At a highest dose (50 mg kg^–1soil), the transport of the absorbed La from the roots to the plant tops might be substantially reduced after treatment with lanthanum alone, compared with mixtures of rare earth elements. Increasing the application doses of rare earth element(s) appeared to cause a positive Gd and negative Ce anomaly in the roots and in the plant tops, and the anomaly was more obvious in the plant tops than in the roots. The results indicated that the Gd and Ce anomaly in corns might be considered as important parameters for the safety assessment of agricultural application of rare earth elements.     

新建果园几种作物间种模式生态系统结构及功能研究

从荒坡地新建果园10多种农作物间种模式中筛选出5种优化模式,分析和评价了各种种植模式的生态系统的结构和功能．结果表明,随着重复种植的增加,5种间种模式土壤有机质年增加5％一20％,全氮年增加7％一40％,全磷年增加8％一70％,全钾年增加15％一80％;水土保持最好的是花生-秋大豆、春大豆-秋大豆,其次为西红柿-白菜、辣椒-西红柿和早稻-红萝卜,土壤平均侵蚀量和地表径流量与对照相比分别降低44．19％、38．24％、39．52％、37．56％、37．30％和22．40％、9．28％、24．11％、21．60％、15．93％;在5种模式中,生物量最高的是辣椒—西红柿,年均达到100276kg.hm^-2,其次是花生-秋大豆,年均达到77026kg.hm^-2;而生产力最高的是花生—秋大豆,达到15619kg.hm^-2,其次是西红柿—白菜,为15394kg.hm^-2;投能效率最高的是辣椒—西红柿,年均达到3．06,其次为西红柿—白菜、花生—秋大豆、春大豆—秋大豆、早稻-红萝卜,分别为2．16、2．15、2．06和0．71．同时,有机、无机能输入效应表明,以生物能为主源输入进行转化利用太阳光能和水土资源,维护了果园生态系统的能量盈余,生态效益较高．     

不同形态微生物菌剂对不结球白菜生长和品质的影响

合理施用微生物菌剂可显著改善蔬菜土壤环境,增加产量,提升品质。本试验以不结球白菜为供试材料,在设施条件下设置不施微生物菌、施用液态和固态微生物菌剂处理,研究不同形态微生物菌剂对不结球白菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明: 施用液态和固态微生物菌剂均能显著提高土壤脲酶活性,增加植株全氮含量,增大叶面积,显著提升叶片SPAD值,提高叶片净光合速率,产量比不施微生物菌剂处理分别增加26.9%和34.4%。同时,施用微生物菌剂可提高不结球白菜的总酚和抗坏血酸含量,显著降低硝酸盐含量。可见,合理施用微生物菌剂可促进不结球白菜产量的提升和品质的改善。不同形态微生物菌剂中,液态微生物菌剂时效快,固态微生物菌剂长效性好,可根据土壤肥力情况酌情配施有机肥或无机肥以促进蔬菜的优质高产。     

草莓对I-、IO3-的吸收特征及对其品质的影响

提高植物性食品中碘的含量对人体自然补碘具有重要作用。该文通过水培模拟实验, 揭示了草莓(Fragaria ananassa)对I^-和IO₃^-的吸收特征, 在分析不同外源碘浓度下草莓根系以上部分生物量的基础上, 通过对比吸收外源碘前后维生素C、可溶性糖、总酸度和硝酸盐含量的变化, 评价了草莓吸收I^-和IO₃^-对果实品质的影响。研究结果表明, 草莓对碘的吸收量随营养液中I^-和IO₃^-浓度的增加而增加, 相同浓度下草莓吸收的I^-明显多于IO₃^-, 草莓吸收适量的碘可以促进植株生长, 不仅使生物量提高, 而且会增加草莓果实维生素C和可溶性总糖的含量, 从而提高品质。在营养液浓度为0.5-5.0 mg∙kg^-1时, 草莓吸收IO₃^-后会增加果实总酸度和硝酸盐的含量, 降低草莓果实品质。在营养液浓度为0.25-2.5 mg∙kg^-1时, 草莓吸收I^-后会使果实中总酸度和硝酸盐的含量明显降低, 果实的品质有所提高。研究结果为科学培育含碘草莓提供了技术支撑。     

Response of Tomato Sugar and Acid Metabolism and Fruit Quality under Different High Temperature and Relative Humidity Conditions

The combined stress of high temperature and high relative air humidity is one of the most serious agrometeorological disasters that restricts the production capacity of protected agriculture. However, there is little information about the precise interaction between them on tomato fruit quality. The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of the combined stress of high temperature and relative humidity on the sugar and acid metabolism and fruit quality of tomato fruits, and to determine the best relative air humidity for fruit quality under high temperature environments. Four temperature treatments (32°C, 35°C, 38°C, 41°C), three relative air humidity (50%, 70%, 90%) and four duration (3, 6, 9, 12 d) orthogonal experiments were conducted, with 28°C, 50% as control. The results showed that under high temperature and relative air humidity, the activity of sucrose metabolizing enzymes in young tomato fruits changed, which reduced fruits soluble sugar content; in addition, enzyme activities involved phosphopyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), mitochondria aconitase (MDH) and citrate synthetase (CS) increased which increased the content of organic acids (especially malic acid). Eventually, vitamin C, total sugar and sugar-acid ratio decreased significantly, while the titratable acid increased, resulting in a decrease in fruit flavor quality and nutritional quality in ripe fruit. Specifically, a temperature of 32°C and a relative air humidity of 70% were the best cultivation conditions for tomato reproductive growth period under high temperature. Our results indicating that fruit quality reduced under high temperature at the flowering stage, while increasing the relative air humidity to 70% could alleviate this negative effect. Our results are benefit to better understand the interaction between microclimate parameters under specific climatic conditions in the greenhouse environment and their impact on tomato flavor quality.     

湛江常见野菜安全可食性探讨

对湛江野菜所含的硝酸盐、维生素C、胡萝卜素及氨基酸进行了测定和分析。结果表明,刺苋和野当归富含维生素C和胡萝卜素,硝酸盐含量较低,实为品质上乘野蔬。东风菜和枸杞虽然胡萝卜素含量很高,但前者维生素C和氨基酸含量较低,后者硝酸盐含量已超过三级蔬菜标准。不宜大量食用。其余几种野菜营养成分比传统蔬菜高,属于安全食用性野菜。     

肥料增效剂γ-聚谷氨酸对小青菜产量和品质的影响

研究了γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)肥料增效剂对盆栽小青菜产量和品质的影响.结果表明:正常施肥条件下,施用50 mg/kg的γ-PGA可以显著提高小青菜叶绿素、地下部鲜质量,使小青菜地上部鲜质量最大增产幅度达8.8％,与对照相比差异显著;同时还可以明显提高土壤铵态氮的含量,氮肥利用率增加10.6％.施用100 mg/kg的γ-PGA与对照相比,可降低小青菜中的硝酸盐含量44.8％,维生素C(Vc)含量提高18.1％,小青菜品质达到最好;当减施15％质量的氮肥时,20 mg/kg的γ-PGA可提高氮肥利用率10.2％～11.6％,说明在肥料缺乏时γ-PGA对小青菜产量、品质的改善效果显著.     

丛枝菌根真菌对盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长、果实产量和品质的影响

采用有机基质栽培,选用盐敏感黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为试验材料,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长、矿质营养吸收、果实品质和产量的影响.结果表明：接种AMF可以有效促进黄瓜植株生长和对矿质营养的吸收,提高果实产量和改善蔬菜营养品质;盐胁迫下,黄瓜生长受到抑制,植株体内N、P、K、Cu、Zn含量减少和K⁺/Na⁺降低,果实产量和可溶性蛋白、总糖、Vc、硝酸盐含量下降;接种AMF可缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜生长的抑制作用,使植株体内N、P、K、Cu和Zn含量分别比对照提高7.3%、11.7%、28.2%、13.5%和9.9%,K⁺/Na⁺、果实产量、可溶性蛋白、总糖、Vc含量明显提高,果实硝酸盐含量显著降低.表明AMF可通过促进盐胁迫下黄瓜植株对矿质营养的吸收,促进植株生长,增强植株对盐胁迫的耐性,进而提高其产量和改善营养品质.