围封年限对内蒙古灌丛化草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛结构及群落种间关联的影响

由于全球气候变化及过度放牧等不合理利用,灌木入侵草地已经成为干旱半干旱草原区的一种普遍现象。本研究在内蒙古锡林郭勒草原区选择3处不同围封恢复年限（围封时间分别为1979,1983和2003年）的小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）灌丛化草地,分析了围封年限对灌丛化草地关键种小叶锦鸡儿种群大小格局及灌丛间主要物种种间关联的影响,并从群落内物种生态位配置情况方面进行了相关机制的探讨。结果显示：（1）小叶锦鸡儿的冠幅大小分布结构的偏态系数在8/9的样区内大于0,表现为正偏态;随着围封年限的延长,在低、中灌丛化样区内,小叶锦鸡儿的冠幅有增大的趋势,这主要是由小于0.5 m冠幅的小叶锦鸡儿的减少或者消失导致的;（2）随着围封年限的延长,灌丛间多年生禾草生态位宽度（B）逐渐增大,表现为B_1979围封 > B_1983围封 > B_2003围封;灌丛间主要物种种间关系由负关联作用（竞争作用）向正关联作用（促进作用）转变。本研究结果不仅揭示了围封条件下小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草地群落结构的变化及发展趋势,同时也从关键种小叶锦鸡儿种群大小格局及灌丛间主要物种种间关联的角度对相关机制进行了解释,为该区域的合理利用及恢复政策的制定提供了数据支持及理论指导。     

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛群落蒸腾耗水量估算方法

为了确定沙地小叶锦鸡儿 (Caragana microphylla) 人工林的蒸腾速率, 于2006年6月运用热平衡茎流测量技术, 对科尔沁沙地一处15a生人工小叶锦鸡儿群落的分枝液流动态进行了监测。根据生物统计结果选取被测标准枝, 标准枝基径在0.4~1cm范围内。同时, 分别用基径总断面积推算法和叶片密度推算法对灌丛叶面积进行了估算。以叶面积为扩展纯量, 利用标准枝液流对灌丛群落耗水量进行尺度转换, 在转换过程中, 假设叶面积与蒸腾耗水量之间具有很强的相关性。该尺度转换方法经与大型称重式Lysimeter测值对比验证, 误差小于14.3%, 可望准确估算小叶锦鸡儿灌丛群落的蒸腾耗水量。     

小叶锦鸡儿人工固沙区植被恢复生态过程的研究

主要研究了流动沙兵采用草方格固沙结合播种小叶锦鸡儿后,上锦鸡儿人工群落形成和发展过程,尤其对群落中物种侵入过程和群落组织结构在３５年间的变化情况做了详细分析。结果表明,人工小叶锦鸡儿群落不同发育阶段植物丰富度发生降有大的变化,从５种增加到２３种;在生活型组成结构上,一年生植物占约对优势,但所占比例随着时间的变化有８逐渐减少的趋势,地面芽植物和地下芽植物的种类数 和个体数所占比例均逐渐增加;物种多样     

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对典型草原群落结构与生态系统功能的影响

草原灌丛化是全球干旱半干旱地区面临的重要生态问题。灌丛化对草原生态系统结构与功能的影响较为复杂, 有待于在更广泛的区域开展研究。该研究在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原选择轻度、中度和重度灌丛化草地, 通过群落调查, 结合植物功能性状和土壤理化性质观测, 研究了小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛化对草原群落结构(物种多样性、功能多样性和功能群组成)和生态系统功能(初级生产力、植被和土壤养分库)的影响。结果表明: 1)不同程度灌丛化草地的物种丰富度、功能性状多样性和群落加权性状平均值差异显著, 其中, 中度灌丛化草地的物种多样性和功能多样性较高, 表明一定程度的灌丛化有利于生物多样性维持。2)重度灌丛化草地的地上净初级生产力(ANPP)显著高于轻度和中度灌丛化草地, 其原因主要是随着灌丛化程度加剧, 群落内一/二年生草本植物显著增加, 而多年生禾草和多年生杂类草显著减少。三个灌丛化草地的植被叶片和土壤碳、氮库差异均不显著。3)灌丛化对草原生态系统功能包括ANPP、植被和土壤养分库均没有直接的影响, 而是通过影响功能群组成、土壤理化性质和功能多样性, 间接地影响生态系统功能; 灌丛化导致功能群发生替代和土壤旱碱化是最重要的生物和非生物因素。     

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下土壤水分对降雨的响应

以科尔沁沙地主要固沙灌木小叶锦鸡儿为研究对象,在其生长季次降雨21.5 mm后180 h内,利用TDR和微渗仪测量小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下不同部位的土壤含水量和土壤蒸发,并计算该灌丛下不同部位储水量和水量平衡.结果表明:降雨结束后初期,灌丛枝干的茎流作用使其根部的土壤含水量明显高于其他部位;灌丛根部水分的入渗速率大于灌丛中部和灌丛外缘.因冠幅的庇荫作用,灌丛下蒸发量小于灌丛外裸露沙地.水量平衡表明:小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下降雨后前期蒸散量明显高于灌丛外裸露沙地,与灌丛下根系的分布有直接关系.     

锦鸡儿属灌丛化对草原化荒漠区土壤线虫群落组成和代谢足迹的影响

调查了内蒙古草原化荒漠区3种锦鸡儿[垫状锦鸡儿(Caragana tibetica)、荒漠锦鸡儿(C.roborovskyi)和狭叶锦鸡儿(C.stenophylla)]灌丛内、外土壤线虫群落多样性、组成和代谢足迹,以及相关的土壤理化性质和植物群落特征,旨在探讨锦鸡儿属灌丛对土壤线虫群落的影响,并分析这种影响是否具有灌木种间差异,同时从线虫功能团水平上探究灌丛如何通过非生物因素和生物因素影响线虫群落组成。结果表明：锦鸡儿属灌丛对土壤线虫多度、丰富度和多样性无显著影响,但却显著影响土壤线虫群落组成。原因是灌丛对土壤线虫群落具有物种选择性;灌丛可能主要是通过根系分泌物、凋落物质量等因素,而不是通过土壤理化性质和林下植物影响线虫群落组成。土壤线虫组成的变化引起线虫代谢足迹发生明显变化。灌丛内土壤线虫功能代谢足迹大于灌丛外(除狭叶锦鸡儿外),说明灌丛内土壤线虫群落对碳的利用率更高。3种锦鸡儿属灌木中,狭叶锦鸡儿的结构代谢足迹最大,表明狭叶锦鸡儿对捕食杂食类线虫代谢活性的促进作用更强。土壤线虫组成的变化通过线虫代谢足迹导致土壤食物网结构发生显著性变化。狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤干扰程度低,营养富集状况好...     

浑善达克沙地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的空间异质性

豆科锦鸡儿属(C arag ana)植物因其可以生物固氮而在草原生态系统中具有特殊的地位。定量分析小叶锦鸡儿(C arag anam icrophy lla)灌丛在浑善达克沙地不同生境条件下的分布格局,有助于理解植被与土壤养分循环之间的关系和合理制定退化沙地的恢复对策。采用地统计学中的半方差分析和分形分析两种方法研究了浑善达克沙地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的空间分布格局,分析了不同生境中小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的植被、土壤水分和养分间的相关性。结果表明:(1)小叶锦鸡儿灌丛在3种生境条件下(滩地、固定沙丘和半固定沙丘)的盖度、土壤有机质和全氮的空间分布符合球状模型,空间自相关显著;(2)土壤pH值在滩地和固定沙丘的空间分布符合球状模型且空间自相关显著,但在半固定沙丘空间自相关不显著;(3)土壤水分在3种生境中的空间分布都符合线性模型,空间自相关显著。(4)植被的变异尺度(变程)小于各个土壤要素的变异尺度。植被(小叶锦鸡儿灌丛)的分布和形成过程决定了土壤养分的分布和形成过程。当地的小叶锦鸡儿灌丛在养分“沃岛”现象的形成中起了重要作用,合理的利用和布局当地的小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的分布,可以更加有效地补充草地生态系统的养分,从而有利于加快生态系统的恢复进程。     

科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿固沙群落土壤微生物功能多样性

为探讨科尔沁沙地流动沙丘上建立小叶锦鸡儿固沙植被后土壤微生物群落代谢功能的变化,采用Biolog-ECO微平板检测法,研究了9、16和26年生人工群落以及流动沙丘和天然小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤微生物碳源代谢的多样性变化特征.结果表明:在培养的264 h内,流动沙丘土壤微生物平均颜色变化率,以及对羧酸类、糖类、多聚物类、氨基酸类、胺类和芳香类化合物类的代谢能力明显高于人工群落;随着人工群落年龄的增加,土壤微生物代谢碳源种类增加,26年生人工群落土壤微生物的碳源代谢模式已接近天然群落.流动沙丘建立小叶锦鸡儿植被后,土壤微生物群落碳源代谢功能多样性和均匀度指数下降;随着植物群落发育年龄的增长,微生物功能多样性逐渐提高.     

围栏禁牧对内蒙古典型草原群落特征的影响

采用样方法对内蒙古典型草原区围封26 a(E26)7、a(E7)2、a(E2)和未围封(G)样地的植物多样性、群落高度、盖度、地上与地下生物量进行实地调查分析,以研究围栏禁牧对草原植物群落特征的影响.结果表明:围封26a样地具有最高的丰富度指数和多样性指数,围封相对于放牧在一定程度上可以维持和保护植物多样性和丰富度.围封7 a样地的多样性指数与未围封样地(G)以及围封2 a样地(E2)无显著差异,说明放牧导致了该区植物多样性的降低,但围封并未显示出使其恢复的趋势;从自由放牧样地到围封样地,退化指示植物糙隐子草(Cleistogenessquarrosa)以及一年生植物猪毛菜(Salsola collina)、刺穗藜(Chenopodium aristatum)等的比重和出现频率呈减少的趋势;围封2 a样地的地上现存量显著低于围封7 a样地,而围封26 a样地相对于围封7 a样地又表现出显著减小的结果.说明围封在一定时期内可显著提高草地生产力,但围封时间过长将不利于其维持较高的生产力.     

基于ITS序列和trnL-F序列探讨小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿的种间关系

中间锦鸡儿Caragana davazamcii Sancz.的分类处理一直存在争议, 它与小叶锦鸡儿C. microphylla Lam.和柠条锦鸡儿C. korshinskii Kom.的关系尚不清楚。该种被处理为一个独立的种或后两个种的变种。本文利用ITS序列和叶绿体trnL-F序列, 综合形态和地理分布, 探讨了中间锦鸡儿的起源及与另外两个种的种间关系。结果显示, 中间锦鸡儿的trnL-F序列与小叶锦鸡儿完全一致, 而与柠条锦鸡儿有明显差异。中间锦鸡儿的ITS序列高度纯合, 不支持该种可能是杂交起源的假设。相反, 另外两个种的ITS序列均出现多个位点杂合, 克隆后均得到2种不同的序列。中间锦鸡儿的ITS序列与小叶锦鸡儿2种序列中的1种完全一致。该结果表明, 中间锦鸡儿可能作为亲本之一参与了小叶锦鸡儿的杂交起源, 或者基因流是造成这两个种形态相似的主要原因。中间锦鸡儿与柠条锦鸡儿形态上的相似可能是趋同进化的表现。     

宁夏荒漠草原小叶锦鸡儿可培养内生细菌多样性及其分布特征

对宁夏荒漠草原小叶锦鸡儿各部分组织中可培养内生细菌的遗传多样性和分布特征进行了分析,并对菌株的耐盐性、耐酸碱性和生长温度范围进行了测定。结果表明:各部分组织中内生细菌的数量和群落组成存在明显差异,根部细菌种群密度最大,分离数量最多,叶部次之,茎部和种子数量最少。78株分离菌株经16S rDNA-RFLP分析共产生9种遗传图谱类型,16SrDNA序列分析表明供试菌株分别归属于芽孢杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、贪铜菌属、罗尔斯顿菌属和中华根瘤菌属,与其它植物相比多样性较为单一;芽孢杆菌属是小叶锦鸡儿的优势内生菌群(占87.2%),分布于所有组织中。菌株的抗逆能力较强,多数菌株可耐受6%的NaCl,能在pH值5.0—10.0及45℃的条件下生长,3株芽孢杆菌属细菌具有较强的耐盐、耐酸碱、耐高温性能。     

An AFLP analysis of genetic diversity and structure of Caragana microphylla populations in Inner Mongolia steppe, China

Genetic diversity and structure of five natural populations of Caragana microphylla from the Inner Mongolia steppe were estimated using AFLP markers. Five pairs of primers generated a total of 312 bands among 90 individuals, with percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) being 63% at the population level and 76% at the species level, respectively. The genetic diversity within populations was correlated significantly with the soil N:P ratio. AMOVA analysis revealed high genetic variations within populations (95.5%). The estimated number of migrants per generation (Nm) was 10.72, indicating a high level of gene flow among populations. There was no significant correlation (r = 0.36) between genetic distance and geographical distance. These results were discussed in terms of eco-geographical variations among populations, together with the life history traits and breeding system of the species. The knowledge obtained may have important implications for better conservation and wise use of the vegetation dominate by C. microphylla.     

平茬处理对小叶锦鸡儿灌丛邻居植物群落空间格局的影响

近几十年来,内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛化现象普遍发生,严重影响了草地生产力。平茬作为灌丛化草地主要管理方式之一,已受到广泛关注;然而平茬如何影响灌丛邻居植物群落的格局动态及其下土壤理化性质变化,仍缺少相应研究。以内蒙古草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草地为研究对象,进行平茬处理,并依据距离小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的远近位置(远—2.5 m,近—0.5 m)设置样方进行植物群落调查和土壤样品的采集,经分析发现:(1)平茬处理显著提高了灌丛邻居植物群落均匀度及邻居植物群落下土壤全碳、全氮含量。(2)借助零模型(Null-model)分析,得出未平茬处理条件下,距离灌丛远近两种位置群落均表现为竞争性格局;而平茬处理条件下,群落竞争性格局作用弱化,且距离灌丛2.5 m位置处群落表现为促进性格局。(3)调查群落中物种间的关系多为中性作用;仅有少数物种对表现为显著正(或负)相互作用关系,且多由群落中优势物种组成;平茬处理条件下群落中显著负相互作用关系物种对比例下降,支持群落整体竞争性格局弱化这一结论。所得结果不仅为小叶锦鸡儿灌丛平茬处理条件下邻居植物群落及土壤环境的动态变化的探讨提供了实验依据,而且对灌丛化草地的恢复具有一定的实践指导意义。     

Spatial variability of soil nutrients and microbiological properties after the establishment of leguminous shrub Caragana microphylla Lam. plantation on sand dune in the Horqin Sandy Land of Northeast China

The objective of this study is to determine the spatial variability of nutrients, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities of soil due to the establishment of shrub plantation on moving sandy dunes, as part of an effort to understand the microenvironmental factors that control the soil microbiological properties. Caragana microphylla Lam., an indigenous leguminous shrub, is the dominant plant species used to control desertification in the semi-arid Horqin Sandy Land of Northeast China. In a 26-year-old C. microphylla plantation, soil samples were collected from three soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-20 cm), three slope positions (windward slope, top slope, and leeward slope), and two microsites (under shrubs and between shrubs). The results showed significant differences in soil EC, nutrient content (except for total K), microbial biomass C and N, and the activities of dehydrogenase, urease, and protease at different slopes, soil depths, and microsites. Significant differences in pH at different microsites and slopes, soil moisture and polyphenol oxidase activity at different soil depths and slopes, and activities of phosphomonoesterase and nitrate reductase at different soil depths were also observed. The soil nutrient contents and microbiological activities were greater in the surface soil layer and decreased with the increase of soil depth. Soil organic C, total N, total P, available P and K, microbial biomass C and N, and the activities of enzymes tested (except for protease) under shrubs were higher than those in between shrubs. Furthermore, significant correlations among soil organic C, microbial biomass C and N, the activities of phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, urease, protease, and nitrate reductase were observed, and correlations were also found among EC, total N, total P, available P and K, enzyme (except for polyphenol oxidase) activities, and microbial biomass C and N contents. These results suggest that microenvironmental factors (slope, soil depth and microsite) have significant influences on the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and microbiological properties when the C. microphylla sand-fixing plantation is established in the moving sand dunes in the Horqin Sandy Land.     

Isolation and fractionation of hemicelluloses by graded ethanol precipitation from Caragana korshinskii

Caragana korshinskii hemicelluloses were isolated with 10% KOH at 25 °C for 10 h from the delignified materials. The alkali-extractable hemicelluloses were then successively sub-fractionated by graded precipitation at final ethanol concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 80%, respectively. Neutral sugars and molecular weight analyses of the six hemicellulosic subfractions revealed that the molecular weights and the distribution of branches along the xylan backbone are different among the hemicellulosic fractions obtained in various ethanol concentrations. The less branched hemicelluloses with large molecules were precipitated in lower ethanol percentages, while with the increasing ethanol concentrations, more branched hemicelluloses with low molecular weights were obtained. ¹H and ¹³C NMR studies revealed that the hemicellulosic subfraction precipitated at an ethanol concentration of 45% had a backbone of d-xylose residues and were branched mainly through 4-O-methyl-α-d-glucopyranosyl units.     

Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

Morphological variations of Caragana microphylla populations in the Xilingol steppe and their relationship with environmental factors

The morphological variations of branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of Caragana microphylla and their correlations with environmental factors were analyzed based on five natural populations in the Xilingol steppe, Inner Mongolia, China. Nested variation analysis showed that there were significant differences in all of the 28 morphological characters within and among populations in 16 morphological characters, and the variations within populations were much greater than those among populations in most morphological characters. Cluster analysis showed that the five populations of C. microphylla could be divided into two groups in morphological characters, and there was significant positive correlation between the divergence of morphological characters matrix and geographical distance matrix. Principal component analysis showed that leaflet length, area of a compound leaf, fresh-mass of a compound leaf, and shoot fresh-mass were main morphological characters that varied among C. microphylla populations. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations between some morphological characters and soil factors. Soil N:P ratio, available N content, total N content, organic matter content and soil water content were main factors that were associated with morphological characters of C. microphylla.     

短期围栏封育后再利用对草地植物群落的影响

短期围栏封育后再适度利用是当前生态治理工程中使用较多的草地恢复措施,明确其实施效果对后续生态工程的优化调整具有重要意义。目前关于围栏封育和放牧对草地影响的研究较为丰富,但鲜有研究探讨短期围栏封育后再利用对草地的长期影响。以京津风沙源工程2002—2005年间在锡林郭勒地区实施的围栏封育地块为研究对象,通过配对采样调查和遥感数据分析,开展围栏封育期和重新放牧利用期连续近20年的草地植物群落变化研究。结果表明,草地植被高度、覆盖度和地上生物量在3年的围栏封育期内迅速增加,重新放牧利用后这些指标虽有所下降但仍显著高于持续放牧草地,并最终达到稳定状态。2002—2020年间短期围栏封育后再利用地块的植被覆盖度(FVC)整体上呈不显著的增加趋势、净初级生产力(NPP)呈显著增加趋势,FVC和NPP呈增加趋势的地块比例在温性草甸草原区、温性荒漠草原区和温性草原区依次减少。总的来说,3年的围栏封育后再放牧利用对草地植物群落具有一定的恢复作用。     

内蒙古温带草原不同放牧强度和围栏封育对凋落物分解的影响

放牧和围封通过影响植物群落结构和土壤微环境来调控草地生态系统的碳循环。该研究在内蒙古温带草原设置轻度放牧后围封、轻度放牧、重度放牧后围封、重度放牧4种样地, 通过测定干旱年(2011年)和湿润年(2012年)地上、地下凋落物产量、质量及其分解速率和土壤养分含量, 分析不同放牧强度对凋落物形成和分解的影响, 以及围栏封育对生态系统恢复的作用。结果表明: 重度放牧地上凋落物产量和分解速率均高于轻度放牧。干旱年轻度放牧样地地下凋落物产量和分解速率高于重度放牧, 湿润年相反。短期围封显著提高了凋落物产量, 轻度放牧样地围封后地上凋落物分解速率和养分循环加快, 而重度放牧样地围封后地上凋落物分解减慢。因此, 与重度放牧相比, 轻度放牧草地的恢复更适合采用围栏封育措施; 而重度放牧草地的恢复可能还需辅以必要的人工措施。降水显著促进地上、地下凋落物形成和分解。地下凋落物的生产和分解受降水年际波动影响较大, 重度放牧草地对降水变化的敏感度比轻度放牧草地高。地上凋落物分解速率与凋落物N含量显著正相关, 与土壤全N显著负相关, 与地上凋落物C:N和木质素:N相关性不大; 地下凋落物分解速率与凋落物C、C:N和纤维素含量显著负相关。该研究结果将为不同放牧强度的草地生态系统恢复和碳循环研究提供理论依据。