中新世毛蚊科新种——兼论Clothonopsis miocenica的分类位置

记述我国山东山旺中新统山旺组双翅目毛蚊科Plecia属3新种和Bibio属1新种.根据现代毛蚊类的生态学知识推断了中新世山旺地区的古生态特征.同时,讨论了Clothonopsis miocenica的基本特征以及分类描述中存在的问题,认为不能把这个种置于纺足目,应归入双翅目的毛蚊科.     

NEW FOSSIL MICROMAMMALS FROM SHANWANG, SHANDONG

<正> In comparison with the recovery of macromammals from Shanwang, Shandong, the finds of micromammals from the locality are still rather small. Up to now, only three forms, Shanwangia unexpectula Young, 1977, Meinia asiatica Qiu, 1981 and Diatomys shantungensis Li, 1977 have been reported. Two taxa of small mammals described in this paper can be added to the list of the middle Miocene Shanwang fauna. The specimens in question were collected from the diatomaceous quarry in 1983.     

中国新近系山旺阶建阶研究新进展

中国新近系的年代地层单位山旺阶与哺乳动物分期的山旺期相对应 ,其定义的生物带相当于欧洲的MN3～MN5 ,下界年龄应为 2 0 .5Ma。按照现代地层学的建阶原则对山东临朐的山旺剖面进行综合研究 ,得出山旺组的底界年龄约为 1 8Ma ,山旺动物群的地质时代也由原来认为的与欧洲MN5相当提早到与MN4相当。尽管如此 ,研究结果证实山旺组仍然缺失定义的山旺阶下部沉积和MN3动物群。《国际地层指南》提倡将重点放在选择下界的界线层型来确定年代地层单位 ,其上界应该由后续单位的下界来确定。甘肃兰州盆地和秦安地区有发育的渐新世至中新世沉积出露 ,并有山旺阶最底部的化石和适合于作古地磁分析的沉积物 ,因此 ,是有可能建立山旺阶下界界线层型的有利地点。     

A NEW SPECIES OF ALLIGATOR FROM SHANWANG, SHANDONG

<正> A crocodilian specimen is described and identified, as a new species of Alligalor in present paper. The material was collected from the Middle Member of the Shanwang Formation, Linqu County, Shandong Province by the members of the Linqu Paleontological Museum in 1984. Nearly 40 taxa of fossil vertebrates, including fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, have been reproted from this Miocene locality since 1930's (Yian et al. 1983, Qiu et al. 1986). Within the vertebrate fauna the fossil mammals and fishes are very rich, but the other are relatively rare. This is the first record of a crocodilan from the diatomaceous quarry of Shanwang.     

山东山旺新发现的中新世松鼠类化石

<正>Three forms of Sciuridae, Tamiops asiaticus (Qiu, 1981) , Sciurus lii sp. nov. , and Oriensciums linquensis gen. et sp. nov. are described from the early-middle Miocene Shanwang Formation at Linqu, Shandong Province. Comparisons of Tamiops asiaticus with Meinia asiatica Qiu, 1981 suggest that neither the size nor the morphology of the bodies and dentition allows the two genera to be distinguished. The genus name Meinia Qiu, 1981 is therefore considered a junior synonym of Tamiops Allen, 1906. S. lii is one of the earliest records for the genus Sciurus . Some isolated teeth from the early Miocene locality Sihong, previously referred to Shuanggouia lui show similarities to S. lii and are assigned to the genus Sciurus in this paper. Redetermination of Shuanggouia argues convincingly for its assignment to Sciurinae rather than Petauristinae. Oriensciurus linquensis exhibits some characters similar to Sciurus in the upper cheek teeth, and to Spermophilinus in the lower ones. The overall dental features, however, group the new genus with tree squirrels. The Shanwang fossil sciurid association highly suggests the Shanwang area was a forest biotope during the Miocene, and indicates an obviously "Transitional Zone" between the modem Oriental Region and the Palearctic Region.     

A NEW GENUS OF TAPIRIDAE FROM SHANWANG, SHANDONG

<正> While helping to curate the jumbled specimens accumulated at the Shanwang Paleontological Museum in 1985, the senior authors of the present paper were happy enough to find a tapirid specimen. Through careful preparation it turned out to be a part of articulated skeleton consisting of skull, lower jaw, cervical and some anterior dorsal vertebrae and a scapula. As most of the other fossils from Shanwang, it is laterally compressed, therefore, no width could actually be measured. The nasal bones of the skull have become vertically oriented through compression. Otherwise the skull is little deformed. In order to study the tooth morphology closely, we had to extract most of the teeth from the left side of the tightly occlused tooth battery. All this notwithstanding, the skull represents one of the few well preserved specimens among the tapirid fossils ever found.     

山东山旺中新世犀类的新发现

<正> 山东临朐山旺地区中新世犀牛化石,最早是由杨钟健教授(1937)研究的。他描述过山旺组中发现的无角犀亚科一个新属新种,即Plesiaceatherium gracile,材料包括破碎的牙齿和一些肢骨等。1965年,王伴月又描述了隶属于该属的另一新种。Plesiaceratherium shanwangensis,材料为破损的左上颌骨(保存有第二前臼齿以后的整个颊齿),以及几个单个牙齿。在1957年时,胡长康曾收集到山旺中新统中有关犀牛的零星材料,就牙齿的特     

山东山旺中新世植物群研究进展

 山旺盆地位于东经118º,北纬36º,是一个中新世中期内陆湖泊沉积盆地。地层内保存了丰富的植物及动物化石。自40年代至今,已对山旺中新世植物群中的大植物化石(87属125种),植物孢粉(41属71种),硅藻(16属45种)及真菌(9属15种)进行了详细的研究。考虑到山旺中新世植物群处于全球气候变化的转折期,对其进行埋藏学,古环境重建等深入细致的研究,对阐明全球中新世气候变化的机制具有重要意义。     

被子植物的花化石研究

五十多年前胡骕在研究山东临朐县山旺组的植物化石中,发现有花的化石,仅保存了5个花瓣或仅5个萼片,均难给予确切的分类位置;六十年代我们两次去山旺野外工作,发现为数较多,同样仅保存花瓣或萼片的化石。本文研究的是80年代发现并保存较为完好的花化石。新近李凤麟详细论述了各门类化石,均认为山旺组的地质时代属中中新世。近十余年来,国际上被子植物的花化石的研究进展较快。每次花化石的发现,对研究被子植物种系发生、系统位置及在地史中的演化及演变速率等均是极重要     

山东山旺中中新世鳅科化石

本文描述的较完整的花鳅 Cobitis 化石在我国尚属首次发现.花鳅属是花鳅亚科(Cobitinae)中较进步的鱼类,广布于欧洲、亚洲和非洲,已知化石则产自欧洲和亚洲的第三系.长胸鳍花鳅 Cobitis longipectoralis sp. nov. 的发现为探讨鳅科起源及其地理分布提供了新的资料.     

Quantitative reconstruction of palaeoclimate from the Middle Miocene Shanwang flora, eastern China

The fossil leaf flora from the Shanwang Formation, Linqu County, Shandong Province, eastern China, is diverse, abundant, well preserved and discretely spaced, all of which make it suitable for the recognition and application of leaf physiognomic characters. This article is the first study of Chinese Tertiary floras using the CLAMP (Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program) approach. Numerous bedding planes yield leaf assemblages through over 20 m thickness of diatomaceous shales within the Middle Miocene Shanwang Formation. The diatomaceous shales, containing abundant fossils, have been divided into 19 units. A working platform (3×3 m) in the Diatomite Quarry of Shanwang was studied for about 3 months in 1998 and as many fossils as possible were recorded layer by layer. This collecting method, used for the first time in the history of Shanwang research, enabled us to record the presence or absence of megafossils in distinct units so that we could investigate leaf physiognomic characteristics and palaeoclimate for each time interval. Leaf fossils from six units (5, 6, 7, 13, 15 and 16) have been used to estimate palaeoclimate parameters of the Shanwang area using the CLAMP 3B dataset. The predicted climate is that of a lakeside setting, at over 1000 m above sea level and within the 17–15-Ma time interval. Meteorological factors have been estimated using the CLAMP approach, including mean annual temperature (MAT; 9.5–11.2°C), warmest month mean temperature (20.2–22.5°C), growing season length (5.9–6.8 months), mean growing season precipitation (83–165 cm) and relative humidity (73–79%). MAT estimates from leaf margin analysis (LMA) range from 12.5 to 15.2°C, which are a maximum of 4° higher than those from our CLAMP analyses and from previous results of LMA studies of the Shanwang flora (10–13°C). Nearest living relatives (NLR) of other biota (pollen, fish, insects, diatoms, microthyriaceous fungi, etc.) indicate warm and moist temperate to subtropical conditions in the Shanwang area during the Miocene. CLAMP predictions are similar to the climate predicted from NLRs although the MAT prediction is a few degrees cooler. The fact that the Shanwang leaf flora is from a lacustrine sequence may have biased the CLAMP analysis towards cooler (and possibly wetter) climates. The modern Yangtze River valley is a reasonable environmental analogue for the Shanwang Middle Miocene, though Shanwang may have had cooler summers, cooler MAT and less seasonality in rainfall. The climate was essentially constant during deposition of the sequence studied, with possible minor variations in precipitation.     

山东莱阳晚侏罗世原始蠼螋化石(昆虫纲)的发现及其意义

描述了中国山东莱阳晚侏罗世的蠼螋化石３新种２新属,分别隶属于２亚目１新科和１现生科。这些标本是中国已知的最古老的蠼螋化石,具有许多原始特征,在昆虫纲革翅目的系统发生中具有重要的意义。     

山东临朐中新世松鼠类一新属

本文描述的Meinia asiatica gen.et sp.nov.代表我国新第三纪首次发现的一类飞松鼠,化石采自山东省临朐县解家河中中新统山旺组,新属的特征表明,它与欧洲新第三纪的Sciu(?)optera类有接近的亲缘关系。     

中国-中新世湖泊的古生态:根据山旺盆地植硅体的初步解释

山东山旺中新世山旺组湖相沉积中富含保存精美的古生物化石。对于湖相沉积中的昆虫、植物和哺乳动物化石,前人已经做了大量的研究工作。其中植物大化石和孢粉的研究结果表明,中新世山旺组在沉积期间,山旺湖周围的植被处于湿润的暖温带到亚热带的古生态环境下。哺乳动物蝙蝠和貘化石的研究结果也支持这个结论。然而,迄今为止,还没有关于草本植物的种类组成及含量的研究报道。本文首次对山旺组样品中的植硅体进行了研究,为山旺中新世植被的研究提供了新的证据。对从6块山旺组样品中分析出的植硅体进行研究的结果表明,山旺中新世植硅体组合含有丰富的保存极好的草本植物植硅体,代表森林成分的双子叶植物植硅体,以及偶尔出现的棕榈科植硅体。草本植物的植硅体主要来自于C_3/C_4禾本科的PACCAD类群和早熟禾亚科的植物,少数可能来自于在林下封闭生活环境中生长的草本植物。山旺中新世植硅体组合显示,在湖边森林生活环境下,伴生大量的适合沼生到中生环境的草本植物,在较干旱的地区生长着早熟禾(和PACCAD)的草本植物。本文的研究结果进一步支持山旺中新世气候比现在更加湿润而且变动较小的观点。山旺中新世植硅体组合与土耳其和北美大平原中新世湖相沉积中的植硅体组合不同,后者的植硅体组合主要是由多种C_3早熟禾亚科草本和不同种类的PACCAD类群草本植物组成。今后的研究工作将进一步揭示这种差异是否反映了草本植物群落在大尺度的生物地理上的差异,或者是由于地区性的局部气候不同所导致。     

The Shanwang fossil biota in eastern China: a Miocene Konservat-Lagerstätte in lacustrine deposits

The Miocene Shanwang biota in eastern China is one of the taxonomically most diversified and extraordinarily well-preserved lacustrine fossil deposits in the world. This study provides the historical and geological background, documents the taxonomic diversity, and examines the preservational style of this unique Konservar-Lagerstätte. A 30 m thick diatomaceous shale (the lower part of the Shanwang Formation), deposited in a small and volcanically related lake basin under a warm temperate climate, hosts more than 500 fossil species, including fungi, diatoms, higher plants, insects, ostracodes, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The excellent preservation of the fossils has yielded (1) non-mineralized organic tissues of animals and plants; (2) detailed morphology of delicate organs such as flowers, feathers, and hairs; (3) original coloration of plants and insects; and (4) completely articulated animal bodies with in situ teeth, skin, and even stomach contents. The highly diversified fossil biota shows a complex interrelationship of co-occurring organisms that once lived in a eutrophic water body with a dense forest nearby. The preservation of soft tissues among the Shanwang fossils provides feasible material for further molecular-level investigation of these Miocene organisms. □ Miocene, KONSERVAT-LAGERSTÄTTEN, lacustrine, taxonomic diversity, preservational style, Shanwang, China.     

Climatic reconstruction at the Miocene Shanwang basin, China, using leaf margin analysis, CLAMP, coexistence approach, and overlapping distribution analysis

The reconstruction of the climate in the Miocene Shanwang basin is an important link in understanding past climate and environmental changes in East Asia. A recent study showed that the mean annual temperature (MAT) estimates derived from leaf margin analysis (LMA) and the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) conflicted with and were remarkably lower than those estimated by the coexistence approach (CA). Overlapping distribution analysis (ODA), a new method introduced here, is used to reconstruct the Shanwang Miocene climate based explicitly on local plant distribution data and associated meteorological stations. The Shanwang flora (17-15.2 Ma) suggests a MAT of 10.9-14.5°C and a mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 1107.3-1880.0 mm. This result is closer to the values derived from CLAMP and LMA than that obtained by CA. This report is the first comprehensive intercomparison of foliar physiognomic and nearest living relative climate proxies in a Chinese context and provides important cross validation of results.     

The Fine Structure of Melosira arenaria Moore

Micro-structures of the valve, girdle and old valve jacket of Melosira arenaria Moore collected from the mudstone beds of Shanwang formation in Shanwang village, Linqu Xian, Shandong Province, PRC., have been observed under the optical microscope and SEM. The author found that the ornamentation of this diatom is quite similar on the girdie of different frustules, but rather variable on their valves. These variable structure can be classified into three types: 1. long striate type; 2. short striate type; 3, long wedge-shaped type. Furthermore, the fundamental structures of M. arenaria are very similar to that of M. teres, M. sol, and M. polaris. Thus we may consider that they are affinities in the phylogeny of algae.     

中国环蛱蝶属的新种,新亚种及新级位：鳞翅目：蛱蝶科

本文描述采自陕西的环蛱蝶属１新种－周环蛱蝶Ｎｅｐｔｉｓｃｈｏｕｉｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;将黄环蛱蝶伊洛亚种ＮｅｐｔｉｓｔｈｅｍｉｓｉｌｖｓＦｕｈｓｔｏｒｆｅｒ提升为种,即伊洛环蛱蝶ＮｅｐｔｉｓｉｌｖｓＦｒｕｈｓｔｏｒｆｅｒ,认为黄环蛱蝶台湾亚种ＮｅｐｔｉｓｔｈｅｍｉｓｎｉｅｒｉＮｏｍｕｒａ应为伊洛环蛱蝶ＮｅｐｔｉｓｉｌｖｓＦｒｕｈｓｔｏｒｆｅｒ的１个亚种,描述了伊洛环蛱蝶的１新亚种－四川亚种Ｎｅｐｔｉｓｉ     

59卷3期封面

Cover illustration: Firmiana sinomiocenica; Shanwang Basin, Shandong Province, Early Miocene. Courtesy of Wang Zi-xi and Shi Gong-le; Shi Gong-le, the photographer.     

哈茎蜂族二新属三新种（膜翅目：茎蜂科）

本文是中国茎蜂科昆虫系统分类研究之七,报道中国茎蜂科哈茎蜂族昆虫２新属３新种;兰胸柄腹茎蜂,长鞘大茎蜂,无目无刺茎蜂,无刺茎蜂属系一罕见属,是中国新纪录属。