Priming of the respiratory burst in neutrophils exposed to a combination of weak constant and alternating low-frequency magnetic fields in vitro

An hour-long exposure of peritoneal neutrophils of mice to a combination of a weak constant magnetic field (42 μT) and low-frequency alternating magnetic fields collinear to the weak constant magnetic field (frequencies 1, 4.4, and 16.5 Hz, total amplitude 0.86 μT) at physiological temperatures promoted a significant increase in chemiluminescence of cells in response to subsequent exposure to low concentrations of respiratory burst activators (formylated peptide N-formyl-Met–Leu–Phe or phorbol ester phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate) in the presence of luminol. The response of human neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood to the pretreatment with combined magnetic fields followed by exposure to the activator N-formyl-Met–Leu–Phe was similar to the response of mouse neutrophils.     

The effect of weak magnetic fields on the production of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils

It was shown that a 1-h-long exposure of mouse peritoneal neutrophils to a combination of a weak constant magnetic field (42 μT) and low-frequency alternating magnetic fields collinear to the weak constant magnetic field (the sum of the frequencies 1.0, 4.4, and 16.5 Hz; amplitude, 0.86 μT) at physiological temperatures caused an increase in the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species, as measured by the changes in fluorescence of the products of 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein and dihydrorhodamine 123 oxidation. The effect of weak magnetic fields was significantly more pronounced in the presence of low concentrations of respiratory burst activators (N-formyl-Met–Leu–Phe or phorbol 12-meristate-13-acetate).

     

Effect of the extremely weak alternating magnetic fields on the regeneration of planarians and the gravitropic response of plants

The influence of extremely weak alternating magnetic fields (EW AMF) directed colinearly to the static Earth magnetic field on the rate of regeneration of planarians and the rate of gravitropic response in the stem segments of flax has been studied. The value of bioeffects of EW AMF is determined by the parameter gamma B(AC)/f, where y is the gyromagnetic ratio of the magnetic moments induced by the orbital movements of electrons in atoms, and B(AC) and f correspond to magnetic induction and frequency of the alternating magnetic component. It was shown that the magnitude of bioeffects depends on the amplitude (at fixed 1000 Hz - frequency) and frequency (at fixed 192 nT - amplitude) of the alternating component. Maxima of bioeffects are observed at gamma B(AC)/f = 0.9; 2.75, and minor maxima gamma B(AC)/f = 4.5; 6.1. The bioeffects are absent at gamma B(AC)/f = 1.8, 3.8, 5.3, 6.7. The positions of the maxima and minima of bioeffects correspond to the theoretical prediction (at gamma = 14000 Hz/microT). Primary targets for the EW AMF of this type are the magnetic moments induced by the orbital movements of electrons in atoms.     

Combined action of static and alternating magnetic fields on ionic current in aqueous glutamic acid solution

Combined parallel static and alternating magnetic fields cause a rapid change in the ionic current flowing through an aqueous glutamic acid solution when the alternating field frequency is equal to the cyclotron frequency. The current peak is 20-30% of the background direct current. The peak is observed with slow sweep in the alternating magnetic field frequency from 1 Hz-10 Hz. Only one resonance peak in the current is observed in this frequency range. The frequency corresponding to the peak is directly proportional to the static magnetic field. The above effect only arises at very small alternating field amplitude in the range from 0.02 μT-0.08 μT. Bioelectromagnetics 19:41–45, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effect of weak and superweak combined permanent and low-frequency alternating magnetic fields and low-intensity millimeter waves on regeneration of planaria Dugesia tigrina

It has been shown that exposure to weak combined collinear magnetic fields (permanent component 42 mT; amplitude of alternating component 40 nT, frequency 3.7 Hz) or millimeter waves with a frequency of 36 GHz and power density of 100 mT/cm2 substantially stimulates the growth of the regeneration blastema in the tail fragment of planaria when the exposure to fields precedes the cutting of the planaria body. This effect is more clearly pronounced during the treatment of planaria with magnetic field. If the treatment with weak physical factors is carried out after the cutting of planaria, the effect of the field is two times less pronounced (exposure to magnetic waves) or is not evident at all (exposure to electromagnetic radiation).     

Effect of weak combined magnetic fields on the metamorphosis of the meal-worm beetle Tenebrio molitor

The effects of weak combined magnetic fields adjusted to the parametric resonance for Ca2+ and K+ and extremely weak alternating magnetic field on the metamorphosis of the meal-worm beetle Tenebrio molitor have been studied. It was shown that the exposure of pupas of insects to all above-indicated types of fields stimulates the metamorphosis. However, after the exposure to weak combined magnetic fields adjusted to the parametric resonance for Ca2+ and K+, the number of insects with anomalies increases, which is not observed by the action of the weak alternating magnetic field.     

Increased dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of thymocytes from mice exposed to long-term extremely low frequency magnetic fields

To address the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on programmed cell death we assessed both the spontaneous and dexamethasone (Dex)-induced apoptosis of thymocytes and spleen cells from mice submitted to a long-term continuous exposure of a 0.4–1.0 μT 60 Hz magnetic field or an 8–20 μT direct current (DC) magnetic field. Dex-induced apoptosis but not spontaneous apoptosis was substantially increased in thymocytes from 0.4 to 1.0 μT 60 Hz field-exposed animals. Spontaneous apoptosis and Dex-induced apoptosis of spleen cells were not affected by the 0.4–1.0 μT 60 Hz field exposure. In addition, spontaneous apoptosis and Dex-induced apoptosis of thymocytes and spleen cells from mice exposed to an 8–20 μT DC field were similar to the controls. These findings represent the first demonstration that thymocytes from mice exposed to a long-term 0.4–1.0 μT 60 Hz field may show abnormal response to Dex apoptotic stimuli. Bioelectromagnetics 19:131–135, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effects of low-level combined static and weak low-frequency alternating magnetic fields on cytokine production and tumor development in mice

We investigated the effects of weak combined magnetic fields (MFs) produced by superimposing a constant MF (in the range 30 - 150 µT) and an alternating MF (100 or 200 nT) on cytokine production in healthy Balb/C male mice exposed 2 h daily for 14 days. The alternating magnetic field was a sum of several frequencies (ranging from 2.5 - 17.5 Hz). The frequencies of the alternating magnetic field were calculated formally based on the cyclotron resonance of ions of free amino acids (glutamic and aspartic acids, arginine, lysine, histidine, and tyrosine). The selection of different intensity and frequency combinations of constant and alternating magnetic fields was performed to find the optimal characteristics for cytokine production stimulation in immune cells. MF with a constant component of 60 μT and an alternating component of 100 nT, which was a sum of six frequencies (from 5 to 7 Hz), was found to stimulate the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and interleukin-3 in healthy mouse cells and induce cytokine accumulation in blood plasma. Then, we studied the effect of this MF on tumor-bearing mice with solid tumors induced by Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells by observing tumor development processes, including tumor size, mouse survival rate, and average lifespan. Tumor-bearing mice exposed to a combined constant magnetic field of 60 μT and an alternating magnetic field of 100 nT containing six frequencies showed a strong suppression of tumor growth with an increase in survival rate and enhancement of average lifespan.     

Effect of weak combined magnetic fields on the metamorphosis of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor

The effects of weak combined magnetic fields adjusted to the parametric resonance for Ca²⁺ and K⁺ and extremely weak alternating magnetic field on the metamorphosis of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor have been studied. It was shown that the exposure of pupas of insects to all above-indicated types of fields stimulates the metamorphosis. However, after the exposure to weak combined magnetic fields adjusted to the parametric resonance for Ca²⁺ and K⁺, the number of insects with anomalies increases, which is not observed by the action of the weak alternating magnetic field.     

The influence of extremely weak alternating magnetic fields on the regeneration of planarians and the gravitropic response of plants

The influence of extremely weak alternating magnetic fields (EW AMF) directed collinearly to the static Earth magnetic field on the rate of regeneration of planarians and the rate of gravitropic response in the stem segments of flax has been studied. The value of bioeffects of EW AMF is determined by the parameter γB _AC/f, where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio of the magnetic moments induced by the orbital movements of electrons in atoms, and B _AC and f correspond to magnetic induction and frequency of the alternating magnetic component. It was shown that the magnitude of bioeffects depends on the amplitude (at fixed 1000 Hz — frequency) and frequency (at fixed 192 nT — amplitude) of the alternating component. Maxima of bioeffects are observed at γB _AC/f = 0.9; 2.75, and minor maxima γB _AC/f = 4.5; 6.1. The bioeffects are absent at γB _AC/f =1.8, 3.8, 5.3, 6.7. The positions of the maxima and minima of bioeffects correspond to the theoretical prediction (at γ = 14000 Hz/μT). Primary targets for the EW AMF of this type are the magnetic moments induced by the orbital movements of electrons in atoms.     

Effect of weak and ultraweak combined magnetic fields and low-intensity microwaves on regeneration in the planarian <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dugesia tigrina</Emphasis>

Regeneration (blastema growth) in Dugesia tigrina was accelerated if prior to transection the planarians were exposed to a weak constant magnetic field (42 μT) combined with an ultraweak alternating magnetic field (40 nT, 3.7 Hz); lesser stimulation was obtained with weak microwaves (100 μW/cm² at 36 GHz). Field exposure after transection produced only half of the effect (magnetic field) or none at all (microwaves).     

The Role of Oxygen in the Priming of Neutrophils on Exposure to a Weak Magnetic Field

A preliminary mild partial degassing of a neutrophil suspension at an atmospheric gas pressure of 640 mm Hg was accompanied by a decrease in oxygen to 412 ng-atom O/mL and was shown to cause a significant (fourfold) decrease in neutrophil priming index on exposure to combined weak magnetic fields (a static magnetic field of 42 μT and a low-frequency collinear alternating magnetic field of 860 nT; 1, 4.4, and 16.5 Hz) but did not affect the cell potential to generate a respiratory burst in response to an activator (the peptide N-formyl–Met–Leu–Phe) in the control. A partial replacement of the air mixture with carbogen, xenon, or sulfur hexafluoride reduced the intensity of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of the samples.     

Human exposure to magnetic fields: A comparative assessment of two dosimeters

Two types of dosimeters for measuring human exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields were compared. Fifty adults wore the single-axis, wrist model AMEX (average magnetic field exposure system) and the triple axis, hip-pocket or pouch model AMEX-3D meters for 2 days. Ninety-six percent of the tests were accomplished without apparent dosimeter failure. The average root mean square magnetic flux density measurements with the AMEX3D (mean = 0.10 μT, S.D. = 0.07, range = 0.03 ? 0.31) were significantly higher than with the AMEX meter (mean = 0.07 μT, S.D. 0.05, range = 0.02 ? 0.27 μT) (t test, P < 0.01). There was substantial correlation between the AMEX and the AMEX-3D measurements (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.65, P < 0.01) but poor concordance (Intraclass correlation coefficient = ? 0.25). These results suggest that there is a wide variation in exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in the population. Magnetic field measurements with the AMEX-3D are nearly always higher than with the AMEX dosimeters. Caution is advised when comparing magnetic field measurements made with different types of dosimeters. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effect of weak combined static and low-frequency alternating magnetic fields on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice

The parameters of the low-frequency (1, 4.4, 16.5 Hz or the sum of these frequencies) extremely weak (300, 100, 150–300 nT, according to frequencies) alternating component of combined magnetic fields have been found, which in combination with a weak collinear static field of 42 μT (the induction corresponds to the range of the geomagnetic field) has a marked antitumor activity. The exposure to these magnetic fields inhibits the tumor growth in mice with an intraperitoneally transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The effect manifests itself as an increase in the life of tumor-bearing animals and in the content of damaged tumor cells. It was found that the death of tumor cells by the action of weak fields occurs predominantly by the mechanism of necrosis.     

Mechanism of action of combined extremely weak magnetic field on aqueous solution of amino acid

The fundamental physical mechanisms of resonance action of an extremely weak (40 nT) alternating magnetic field at the cyclotron frequency combined with a weak (40 μT) static magnetic field, on living systems are analyzed in the present work. The experimental effects of such sort of magnetic fields were described in different papers: the very narrow resonant peaks in electrical conductivity of the aqueous solutions in the in vitro experiments and the biomedical in vivo effects on living animals of magnetic fields with frequencies tuned to some amino acids. The existing experimental in vitro data had a good repeatability in different laboratories and countries. Unfortunately, for free ions such sort of effects are absolutely impossible because the dimensions of an ion rotation radius should be measured by meters at room temperature and at very low static magnetic fields used in all the above experiments. Even for bound ions these effects should be also absolutely impossible from the positions of classic physics because of rather high viscosity of biological liquid media (blood plasma, cerebrospinal liquid, cytoplasm). Only modern quantum electrodynamics of condensed media opens the new ways for solving these problems. The proposed article is devoted to analysis of quantum mechanisms of these effects.     

Effects of extremely weak alternating magnetic fields on the plant gravitropism

It was shown that the rate of gravitropic response in apical segments excised from the 4-day-old seedlings of flax (Linum bienne) may be substantially influenced by combined magnetic fields (CMF) of two different types: 1) CMF tuned to the parametric resonance for Ca2+; 2) CMF containing extremely weak alternating component with the values of magnetic density ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-10) T. Our experimental data indicate that CMF affect the gravitropic response via at least two different mechanisms. The first one corresponds to the ion parametric resonance well established earlier in studies with test-systems prepared from animals. The origin of the bioeffects induced by CMF containing extremely weak alternating component remains to be established.     

Magnetic fields from steel-belted radial tires: implications for epidemiologic studies.

Magnetic fields emanate from radial tires due to the presence of reinforcing belts which are made of magnetized steel wire. When these tires spin, they generate alternating magnetic fields of extremely low frequency (ELF), usually below 20 Hz. The fundamental frequency of these fields is determined by tire rotation rate and has a sinusoidal waveform with a high harmonic content. The static field of radial tires can exceed 500 microT at the tread, and the tire-generated alternating fields can exceed 2.0 microT at seat level in the passenger compartment of vehicles. Degaussing the tires reduces both the static and alternating fields to low levels, but the fields increase gradually over time after degaussing. The tire-generated fields are below the frequencies detected by most of the magnetic field meters used in previous studies of power frequency magnetic field health effects. If these fields are biologically active, failure to detect them could compromise exposure assessments associated with epidemiologic studies.     

Effects and molecular mechanisms of the biological action of weak and extremely weak magnetic fields

A number of effects of weak combined (static and alternating) magnetic fields with an alternating component of tens and hundreds nT at a collinear static field of 42 μT, which is equivalent to the geomagnetic field, have been found: activation of fission and regeneration of planarians Dugesia tigrina, inhibition of the growth of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice, stimulation of the production of the tumor necrosis factor by macrophages, decrease in the protection of chromatin against the action of DNase 1, and enhancement of protein hydrolysis in systems in vivo and in vitro. The frequency and amplitude ranges for the alternating component of weak combined magnetic fields have been determined at which it affects various biological systems. Thus, the optimal amplitude at a frequency of 4.4 Hz is 100 nT (effective value); at a frequency of 16.5 Hz, the range of effective amplitudes is broader, 150–300 nT; and at a frequency of 1 (0.5) Hz, it is 300 nT. The sum of close frequencies (e.g., 16 and 17 Hz) produces a similar biological effect as the product of the modulating (0.5 Hz) and carrying frequencies (16.5 Hz), which is explained by the ratio A = A ₀sinω₁ t + A ₀sinω₂ t = 2A ₀sin(ω₁ + ω₂)t/2cos(ω₁–ω₂)t/2. The efficiency of magnetic signals with pulsations (the sum of close frequencies) is more pronounced than that of sinusoidal frequencies. These data may indicate the presence of several receptors of weak magnetic fields in biological systems and, as a consequence, a higher efficiency of the effect at the simultaneous adjustment to these frequencies by the field. Even with consideration of these facts, the mechanism of the biological action of weak combined magnetic fields remains still poorly understood.     

Effect of Weak Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field on Isolated Crayfish Stretch Receptor Neuron: Nonlinear Dependence on Field Amplitude and Frequency

Responses of single mechanoreceptor crayfish neurons to weak extremely low frequency magnetic fields were studied over a wide range of frequencies from 0.001 to 100 Hz, and magnetic fields from 1 to 400 fiT. Observed shifts of neuron impulse activity were weak and variable. They were usually characterized by a slow increase or decrease of spike frequency developing during tens of minutes with markedly variable latencies. Frequency and amplitude “action spectra” were complex, nonlinear, and included several bands (frequency and amplitude “windows”). Neuron response probabilities (if response type and field amplitudes were excluded from consideration) were maximal at 0.001, 0.3, 3, and 60 Hz. They were also maximal at 5, 20, 50, and 300 jaT if field frequencies were not taken into account. Minimal neuron response probabilities were observed at 0.03, 0.8-2, 11-15, and 100 Hz and 1, 10, 30, and 100 /iT, respectively.     

On the possible fundamental unity of magnetobiological “resonances”

Organisms exposed to a combination of weak, parallel static and alternating magnetic fields show a distinct response when the frequency of the alternating component is formally equal to the cyclotron frequencies for Ca²⁺ or other biologically important ions. It is impossible to explain the observable phenomenon through a magnetoinduced drift of the ions, as the Lorentz force is too small to change ionic movements. In similar conditions, a resonance-like response arises when the alternating field is tuned to the Larmor frequency for nuclear-spin magnetic moments. The mechanism of these phenomena is also still unclear. In this communication, arguments are presented whereby both types of effect can be treated in a unified context, for which the existence of ion-specific magnetic dipoles must be postulated.