从种子和叶片特征论高山三尖杉(Cephalotaxus alpina(Li)L.K.Fu)的分类地位(三尖杉科)

长期以来,对高山三尖杉（Cephalotaxus alpina(Li) L.K.Fu）分类地位的争议缺少可靠证据。本文从居群采样的水平上比较了高山三尖杉和三尖杉（Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker）的叶片和种子形态特征,两者除种子的长宽比率无显著差异外,种子长度,宽度,厚度,长厚比率,宽厚比率以及叶片长度和宽度均差异极显著。此外,通过散点图分析表明两者的种子宽厚比和叶片宽度的变异是间断而稳定的,这一特征能将高山三尖杉和三尖杉明显地区分,结果支持将高山三尖杉作为种的等级较为合适,不赞成将高山三尖杉作为三尖杉的变种或亚种的分类处理。同时,对标本和原始文献的研究认为胡秀英(1964)发表的园桃杉（Cephalotaxus fortunei Hooker var. globosa S.Y.Hu）和高山三尖杉应是同一分类群。     

Sexual size dimorphism and allometric growth of Morelet's crocodiles in captivity

Few studies have conducted morphological analyses of crocodilians, and little information exists on differences between size-classes and sexes in Neotropical crocodilians. In this study, we measured nine morphological traits in 121 captive Morelet's crocodiles Crocodylus moreletii (81 females and 40 males). Our results revealed that individuals < 2 m total length do not exhibit sexual dimorphism in morphometric characteristics. However, for crocodiles over 2 m in length, males were significantly larger than females in terms of dorsal-cranial length, cranial width, snout width and snout-ventral length. In general, morphological traits demonstrated a strongly significant relationship with total length at the smaller size class of 150-200 cm length. However, in the highest size class of 250-300 cm length (large adult males), morphological traits were no longer significantly related with total length. Male crocodiles demonstrated allometric growth of cranial morphology with significantly greater increase in cranial width, snout width, and mid-snout width relative to total length at higher size classes. Morphological dimorphism and allometric growth may be associated with adaptive strategies for reproductive success.     

色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉叶片及细根性状随海拔的变异特征

叶片和细根是植物对环境变化响应的主要功能器官,在气候变化趋势下,研究其随环境梯度的变化,对理解植物对环境的适应策略具有重要意义。本文是在色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉分布区,按海拔梯度(3800、3900、4000、4100、4200、4300、4400m)选择7个典型样地,在样地内对其叶片基本特征、叶绿素含量、比叶重和细根特征(0—60cm)等参数进行了测量。结果表明:(1)随海拔梯度升高,急尖长苞冷杉叶片叶面积减小、叶片厚度增加、叶绿素含量逐渐降低、比叶重显著增大。3900m处急尖长苞冷杉的叶片形态特征表现最好,叶片长度、宽度和面积均显著优于其他海拔,海拔4200m叶片厚度达到最大值,叶片面积、叶绿素含量随海拔升高呈下降趋势,但在4200m处出现第二峰值。(2)随海拔梯度增加,细根各性状与海拔表现出非线性关系,其中细根生物量和细根体积在3900m和4200m处出现两次峰值,3900m处细根生物量达到最大值,4200m处细根体积达到最大值,4400m处细根生物量和细根体积均显著少于其他海拔。细根根长密度在海拔3900、4200、4300m较高,三者之间差异不显著,但显著高于其余海拔,4400m海拔细根根长密度最小。细根表面积在3900m海拔处达到最大值,显著高于其他海拔,4200和4300m次之,3800、4000和4400m海拔下细根表面积相对较小。4400m处细根比根长达到最大值。各海拔上细根均主要分布在0—20cm土层。随土层厚度增加,各海拔细根生物量和根系体积在0—60cm土层范围内均逐渐减小;细根根长密度、表面积在20—40cm和40—60cm显著提高;同一海拔细根比根长随土层深度增加呈明显的增加趋势。各海拔40—60cm土层细根比根长显著高于20—40和0—20cm土层。(3)综合叶片及细根特征,海拔3900m为急尖长苞冷杉的最适宜生长区域;随海拔升高,环境因子逐渐恶劣,环境胁迫加剧,急尖长苞冷杉最终形成在4400m处为其分布上限的海拔梯度格局。     

Diachronic variation in cranial thickness of Near Eastern populations

Cephalometric radiographs were taken of 111 skulls of skeletal remains of populations living in Israel and Jordan during the last 12,000 years. From these radiographs, skull length and height, and cranial thickness were measured. For each sex and period, high correlations were found between cranial thickness at vertex, bregma, and lambda. Cranial thickness at nasion was correlated with sinus width but not sinus height. All measurements were correlated with skull length but not skull breadth. Using multivariate analysis, no significant differences in cranial thickness were found between the sexes. Significant diachronic trends were found in lambda and sinus width, and they were independent of variation in skull length.     

羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)部分脏器特点的观察

本文对2只羚牛的雌性生殖器官及肝、肾、脾等脏器进行了形态描述,并与黄牛及羊的相应器官进行了比较,为探讨羚牛的分类地位提供了解剖学资料。     

仙人掌果引种试验初报

1999年从台湾引进仙人掌果蔓茎进行试种。蔓茎扦插17~20d发根,发根率100%,一年后长度达213cm左右,茎宽7~8cm;蔓茎嫁接成活率70%~90%,以幼芽接穗成活率更高;种子播种4d发芽,平均发芽率50.9%,最高达75%,一年后长达25cm,宽3cm。扦插苗与嫁接苗次年均可开花。引进的1号品种能自交结果,果重673g,红皮红肉,口感好。     

Normal prenatal growth of the golden hamster (author's transl)]

In the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) the gestation period and the loculus size of the gravid uterus from day 6 to day 15.5 (parturition) of gestation as well as the weight, width (umbilcus-black) and lenght (crown-rump) of the embryos from day 9 to the parturition were measured. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The gestation period of the golden hamster was 15 days and 15 +/- 3 hours post coitum. 2. The average values of the length (in the direction of uterine long axis) and width (mesome-trial-antimesometrial axis) in the loculus of the gravid uterus were 0.39 cm and 0.56 cm at 6 days, and 2.42 cm and 1.74 cm at 15.5 days (partiurition), respectively. 3. The average values of the crown-rump measurements, width (umblicus-back) and weight in the hamster embryos were 0.42 cm, 0.24 cm and 0.026 g at 9 days, and 2.40 cm, 1.39 cm and 2.272 g at 15.5 days (parturition), respectively. 4. The loculus size of the gravid uterus, the crown-rump measurements and width (umblicus-back) of the embryos in the period from day 13 to day 14 of gestation were markedly increased in comparison with any other period, and the weight increase of the embryos occurred rapidly from day 13 of gestation. 5. The shape of the loculus during the gestation was ovoid (mesometrial-antimesometrial axis) until the end of 10 days converged to the spherical form and thereafter changed gradually to the ovoid from in the direction of uterine long axis contraly to the previous days.     

Should the definition of micropenis vary according to ethnicity?

OBJECTIVE: We determined whether the existing reference values for the diagnosis of micropenis are appropriate for optimal care of neonates in a multiethnic environment like Vancouver. METHODS: The stretched penile length and width were measured in 105 full-term newborn males of Caucasian (n = 40), Chinese (n = 40) and East-Indian origin (n = 25). RESULTS: Mean length -2.5 SD was used for the definition of micropenis and was 2.6, 2.5 and 2.3 cm for Caucasian, East-Indian and Chinese babies, respectively (p < 0.05). This is close to the widely accepted recommendation that a penile length of 2.4- 2.5 cm be considered as the lowest limit for the definition of micropenis. CONCLUSION: Mean penile length and diameter are slightly but significantly smaller in newborns of Chinese origin compared to newborns of Caucasian and East-Indian origins.     

湿地松林叶面积指数测算

对湿地松（Pinus elliotii）当年生和多年生两针一束、三针一束叶片的长度、宽度、厚度和重量分别进行量测,据此探讨不同类型叶片的叶形和比叶面积差异,并结合样地调查数据对中科院千烟洲试验站湿地松人工林的叶面积指数进行计算。结果表明：湿地松三针一束叶片合拢后横切面基本呈圆形,当年生叶和多年生叶的平均直径分别为1．688mm和1.706mm;两针一束叶片合拢后从统计学上讲横切面不是圆形,而是椭圆形,叶片厚度方向直径大于宽度方向（当年生叶厚度和宽度方向直径分别为1．580ram和1．422mm,多年生叶分别为1．568mm和1.410mm）,但如果把厚度和宽度方向直径的平均值近似成圆柱体直径计算时误差在3％以内;如果只用厚度或宽度方向直径代表平均直径计算结果会有2％。10％的误差;当年生叶和多年生叶、两针一束叶和三针一束叶之间比叶面积差别很大,计算的三种比叶面积（投影比叶面积、圆柱面比叶面积和比表面积）中,当年生叶的比叶面积明显大于多年生叶,三针一束叶片的投影比叶面积和比表面积都大于两针一束叶片,但圆柱面比叶面积恰好相反。湿地松林的叶面积指数若按投影叶面积算为3．61,按圆柱面的外表面算为5．12,按总表面积的一半算为4．52,比利用冠层分析仪测量的结果略大。     

Morphometric analysis of otoliths of juvenile crucifix sea catfish Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840)

The objective of this study was to analyze the morphometry of otoliths for Sciades proops juveniles by testing the hypothesis of equality in morphometric relationships for the right and left otoliths, which could then be interchangeably used to estimate fish size or weight. Samples were obtained monthly directly from anglers after each event that took place off the state of Sergipe from March/2014 to April/2015. Anglers used rod and reel during these events, with no restriction on hook size or line thickness. Each fish specimen sampled had their total weight (W, g) and total length (TL, cm) measured and their lapillus otoliths removed and stored separately. Each otolith had its length (OL), width (OWi), and thickness (OT) measured (all in mm) under a stereomicroscope. Otoliths were weighed using a precision scale (OW, g). A total of 883 specimens were sampled: TL = 12.0–60.5 cm and W = 9.8–1880 g. The weight‐length relationship for the juvenile fishes was W = 0.0052TL^3.086 and for their otoliths was OW = 0.0002OL^3.177. The weight‐length and length‐length relationships fitted for each otolith (right and left) were not statistically different and thus all relations were estimated for grouped otoliths. The length‐length relationships for the otoliths were: OWi = 0.947OL?0.205 and OT = O.484OL?0.698. The relationship estimated for juvenile fish and otolith weight was Wj = 1076.1OW?9.120. For juvenile fish total length and otolith length, width and thickness, the following relationships were estimated: TLj = 4.028OL?3.199, TLj = 4.208OWi?2.091, and TLj = 7.824OT + 3.659, respectively. Relationships between fish and otolith size, and between fish and otolith weight indicated a change in slope close to L_m50, which should be better explored when more adult specimens are available.     

Determination of human brain weight in vivo by skull measurements

The length, width as well as the axial, sagittal and transversal circumferences of the skull were measured before autopsy in 112 cadavers. The brain was weighed immediately after removal. A residual analysis of the correlations between skull measurements and the true brain weight was carried out, resulting in the formula: brain weight, g = (21.8 x axial circumference, cm) + (13.9 x transversal circumference, cm) + (2.105 x length x width, cm) - 890. The mean brain weight as calculated by this formula was within 1.5% of the true weight in the male and within 0.08% in the female cadavers examined.     

杉木半同胞家系生长和材性遗传变异研究

对 1 0年生杉木半同胞家系的生长和木材品质性状的遗传变异的研究表明 ,树高、胸径和材积、管胞长度、管胞宽度在家系间存在显著差异 ,木材基本密度和管胞长宽比在家系间差异不显著。树高、胸径、材积、木材基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比的家系遗传力分别为 0 .697、0 .841、0 .836、0 .31 7、0 .462、0 471和 0 .2 49,单株遗传力分别为 0 .42 5、0 .671、0 .71 6、0 .2 49、0 .437、0 l45、0 .1 81。木材基本密度与树高、胸径、材积、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比都呈负相关 ,只有基本密度与管胞长度的负相关达到显著水平。选出的 4个优良家系 ,树高、胸径、材积、基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比的遗传增益分别为 3 96%、4.31 %、1 2 .69%、0 .1 2 %、 0 .65 %、 0 .69%和 0 0 3%。     

岷江上游干旱河谷海拔梯度上白刺花叶片生态解剖特征研究

对岷江上游干旱河谷海拔梯度上（1 650～1 950 m）白刺花(Sophora davidii)叶片进行生态解剖学研究.观测指标包括叶片形态特征（叶长宽比、叶面积、叶片厚度）、解剖结构（表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度(P)、海绵组织厚度(S)、P/S比值、表皮角质膜厚度）及叶表皮特征（气孔器密度和面积、表皮细胞密度和面积、表皮毛密度和长度）.结果表明,白刺花叶片面积为0.144～0.208 cm²,叶总厚度为171.58～195.83 μm;叶肉组织分化明显,栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度分别为69.83～82.42和62.00～ 80.67 μm,P/S的比值为1.14～1.01,上下表皮厚度分别为14.03～15.33和13.88～16.17 μm,上下角质膜厚度分别为2.66～4.56和2.76～2.02 μm;气孔密度为13.71～15.02个·mm^-2,其面积为249.86～280.43 μm²;表皮细胞密度为160.54～178.43个·mm^-2,其面积为557.43～626.85 μm²;表皮毛长度为186.51～260.99 μm,其密度为18.29～32.27个·mm^-2.随海拔升高叶面积、叶厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织的厚度、气孔器面积、表皮细胞面积以及表皮毛密度呈增加趋势,而角质膜厚度、表皮细胞密度和表皮毛长度则呈减小趋势;叶长宽比、P/S的比值、表皮厚度与气孔器密度无明显差异.     

大豆粒形性状的遗传效应分析

采用双子叶植物种子数量性状的遗传模型,分析了大豆品种双列杂交F1和F2种子的粒重、粒宽、粒厚和粒长／粒宽、粒长／粒厚、粒宽／粒厚粒形性状的遗传效应。结果表明：7种粒形性状同时受制于种子直接遗传效应,而且还不同程度的受制于母体和细胞质效应。其中,百粒重、粒长、粒长／粒宽、粒长／粒厚和粒宽／粒厚的遗传以细胞质效应为主;粒宽和粒厚以母体遗传效应为主。粒重、粒长和粒长／粒宽、粒宽／粒厚的种子直接遗传率和细胞质遗传率均属中等,对其4个性状选择可以在较高世代单株和单粒选择均有效果。粒宽和粒厚母体遗传率数值较大,对其性状应以母体单株为单位早代选择,以增加粒宽和粒厚。P2和P7可作为增加百粒重、粒长／粒宽、粒长／粒厚和粒宽／粒厚的理想亲本;P1、P4和P6分别是提高粒长、粒厚和粒宽的理想亲本。     

Diversity of pea (Pisum sativum) accessions based on morphological data for sustainable field pea breeding in Argentina

We characterized 13 accessions of dry peas of different origins from various growing regions in Argentina, based on three replications of 20 plants cultivated in 2009 and 2010 in a greenhouse, with the objective of selecting those with favorable characteristics for use in breeding programs. Significant differences were found for length and width of stipule and pod, length of the internodes and leaflets, plant height, total number of nodes, number of nodes at the first pod, number of days to flowering and to harvest, number of pods and seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and grain diameter, demonstrating a high degree of genetic variability. Phenotypic correlation analysis demonstrated that large pods produced more seeds per pod, but the seed weight decreased. Plants with smaller number of nodes in the first pod were more productive. Estimates of genotypic correlation coefficients indicated a strong inherent association among the different traits. Clustering methods grouped the accessions into five clusters. Cluster 5 included two accessions and showed the highest values for length and width of stipules (4.9 and 4.5 cm, respectively), length of leaflets (7.43 cm) and days to flowering (122.6), while cluster 3, with one accession, and cluster 4, with two accessions, showed the highest values for number of seeds per pod (3.78 and 4.39), number of pods per plant (5.33 and 5.70), length of pods (5.54 and 5.72 cm), and width of pods (1.21 and 1.20 cm, respectively). We conclude that accessions in clusters 3 and 4 would be useful for crosses with other cultivars in pea breeding programs.     

Correlation of in vivo testicle and seminal vesicle size with post mortem dimensions in bulls

This study was conducted to quantify the relationships between in vivo measurements of testicular and seminal vesicle size and post mortem size of these organs in 30 Santa Gertrudis bulls. The in vivo measurements of testicles were obtained by transrectal ultrasonography and palpation per rectum, while scrotal circumference was measured by scrotal tape. Linear post mortem dimensions were obtained by direct measurements of the excised organs. Volume was assessed by water displacement while the testicles were weighed. Seminal vesicle length, determined by palpation, had the highest correlation with post mortem measurements (r = 0.70; P = 0.0001). Accurate estimation of the thickness of the vesicles (1.47 vs 1.55 cm for in vivo and post mortem, respectively) was performed by ultrasonograph. Of all seminal vesicle linear measurements, width had the highest correlations with volume measured by water displacement (r = 0.67; P = 0.0001 and r = 0.38; P = 0.04 for post mortem and in vivo, respectively). Testicular diameter was accurately measured by ultrasonography (5.54 vs 4.58 cm in vivo and post mortem, respectively) and was highly correlated (range r = 0.84 to 0.89; P = 0.0001) with post mortem measurements of testicular volume, weight and circumference. The correlation between scrotal circumference and diameter of the testicle was 0.75 (P = 0.0001). The correlations of testicular diameter measured by ultrasound with the post mortem measurements of testicular weight and circumference were similar to the correlations between scrotal circumference and those 2 post mortem measurements. We conclude that palpation of vesicle length is highly correlated with volume of the seminal vesicle in situ. Individual linear measurements do not seem to be an accurate predictor of the relativ size of the seminal vesicle. Furthermore, ultrasonography does not seem to be a more accurate measure of testicular size than scrotal circumference for evaluation of breeding soundness.     

温带-亚热带栓皮栎种子形态的变异及其与环境因子的关系

在区域尺度上(25.14°-40.25° N, 99.87°-122.07° E), 采集20个栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)种群的种子样品, 测定种宽、种长, 并计算宽长比形态指标, 探讨了区域尺度上种子形态变异特点及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明, 栓皮栎种子的宽度和长度变化幅度分别为1.21-2.18 cm和1.20-2.96 cm; 宽长比的变化幅度为0.57-1.10。栓皮栎的种宽与种长呈显著的正相关关系。单因素方差分析表明, 种宽、种长和宽长比在种群间差异显著(p < 0.001)。种长与等效纬度呈负线性(R² = 0.18; p = 0.05), 与经度呈凸型的变异关系(R² = 0.43; p = 0.009)。种宽和种长与最热月平均气温呈极显著正相关(R² = 0.35; p = 0.006; R² = 0.30; p = 0.012), 而与最湿季降水量呈显著负相关(R² = 0.28, p = 0.019; R² = 0.24, p = 0.017)。种子宽长比没有明显的变化趋势, 大致趋于恒定(0.88 ± 0.08)。     

Age-dependent properties and quasi-static strain in the rat sagittal suture

We measured the morphology of and performed tensile tests on sagittal sutures from rats of postnatal age 2 to 60 days. Using the properties measured ex vivo and a pressure vessel-based analysis, we estimated the quasi-static strain that had existed in the suture in vivo from 2 to 60 days. Sutural thickness, width, and stiffness per length were notable properties found to be age dependent. Sutural thickness increased 4.5-fold (0.11-0.50mm) between 2 and 60 days. Sutural width increased transiently between 2 and 20 days, peaking around 8 days; at 8 days, mean sutural width was 75% larger than mean sutural width at two days (0.35+/-0.07 (SD) vs. 0.20+/-0.06 mm). Sutural stiffness per length increased 4.4-fold (8.77-38.3N/mm/mm) between 2 and 60 days. The quasi-static sutural strain estimated to exist in vivo averaged 270+/-190 muepsilon between 2 and 60 days and was not age dependent. These findings provide data on the age-dependent sutural properties of infant to mature rats and provide the first estimate of quasi-static sutural strain in vivo in the rat. The findings show that during development the rat sagittal suture, as a structure, changes significantly and is exposed to quasi-static tensile strain in vivo due to intracranial pressure.     

长春地区出土的髌骨测量

本文对长春地区出土的140套成人干燥骨骼标本中的177个髌骨、股骨、胫骨进行了测量。