太子河水体中多环芳烃分布与污染源解析

利用振荡提取-硅胶柱净化-HPLC荧光(FLD)/二级阵列检测器(DAD)检测法测定了太子河水中USEPA16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量。结果表明,枯水期(4月)、丰水期(7月)和平水期(10月)太子河水中PAHs总浓度分别为454.5～1379.7、1801.6～5868.9和367.0～5794.5ng.L-1,同国内外河流相比,太子河水中PAHs污染较严重,且具有明显的季节分布特征,丰水期PAHs浓度远高于枯水期。丰水期、平水期和枯水期太子河水中均以2～3环PAHs为主,但不同季节代表性PAHs的种类不同。污染来源分析表明,枯水期太子河水中PAHs主要来源于石油污染,丰水期和平水期主要来源于石油源和燃烧源的混合源。     

贵阳市表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源解析

运用高效液相色谱仪对贵阳市区及近郊的表层土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定量分析,对其分布特征、污染水平以及来源进行了探讨.结果表明:土壤中PAHs含量为61～ 1560 μg·kg-1,城区土壤样品中PAHs含量为247～1560 μg·kg-1,郊区土壤样品中PAHs含量为61 ～339 μg· kg-1,土壤中4环、5环PAHs含量较高,在土壤PAHs含量中占有绝对优势;参照国外环境标准,对区域表层土壤PAHs的污染现状进行了评价,结果显示,贵阳市表层土壤受到一定程度的PAHs污染.利用相关系数法和典型源三角图法对PAHs的可能来源进行了解析,发现贵阳市的土壤主要受到燃煤排放以及混合污染源——燃煤与汽车尾气排放PAHs的联合污染.     

我国农业土壤及农作物中多环芳烃污染特征与来源

为准确评估我国农田区域环境状况,以多环芳烃(PAHs)为研究对象,收集并整理近十年的农业土壤及农作物PAHs污染调查结果,基于此,系统分析我国农业土壤及农作物中PAHs的含量、组成、分布特征及来源.结果表明:我国大部分农业土壤PAHs污染为中低污染水平,残留值为0～40300.0μg/kg,中位值为499.2μg/kg...     

城市土壤中多环芳烃分布和风险评价研究进展

随着城市化进程的加快,城市土壤中的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染日趋严重.本文从城市土壤中多环芳烃的分布和来源等方面综述了国内外取得的最新研究成果,对影响城市土壤多环芳烃分布的人为因素、自然因素,常见的多环芳烃源解析方法,以及城市土壤多环芳烃污染的风险评价进行了全面的阐述,尤其对地统计学在多环芳烃空间分析及风险评价上的应用进行了总结.最后,对未来城市土壤中多环芳烃研究的重点与发展趋势进行了展望.     

南亚热带典型地区农业土壤中多环芳烃和有机氯农药研究

参考美国EPA标准方法对南亚热带潮汕地区农业土壤中持久性有机污染物多环芳烃（PAHs）和有机氯农药（OCPs）进行分析,并对其分布和来源进行研究,最后探讨了不同种植方式下污染物的污染特征。结果表明：该区农业土壤中PAHs含量范围从22．1ng／g到1256．9ng／g,与其它地区的污染程度和一些土壤环境质量标准相比,该区处于中等污染水平。高温裂解是土壤PAHs的主要来源。OCPs在被禁止20a后在土壤中仍有残留,残留水平从4．6ng／g到1021．5ng／g,其中HCHs和DDTs的残留未超过国家土壤环境质量标准。早期使用残留是其主要污染源,但新近仍有DDT和硫丹的输入。PAHs和OCPs的污染主要集中在土壤表层和亚表层,且随着深度的加深,污染逐渐减少,但40cm以下,污染变化很小。菜地土壤PAHs污染水平低于稻田土壤,而OCPs污染水平高于稻田土壤。     

三峡水库香溪河库湾春季水华期间悬浮物动态

在三峡水库香溪河库湾春季藻类水华期间开展了水体悬浮物动态研究.调查结果表明：总悬浮物浓度的中位数是6.80 mg·L^-1, 波动范围是0.66～134.92 mg·L^-1,从河口到库尾入库点呈现逐渐递增的趋势;无机悬浮物空间格局与总悬浮物基本相似,而有机悬浮物空间格局与总悬浮物差异较大,与叶绿素a较为相似.回归分析表明：库湾中部水域叶绿素a与总悬浮物、有机悬浮物均有显著的线性关系,分别解释了总悬浮物、有机悬浮物总变异的66.7%～96.7% 和 58.9%～85.5%;在库湾两端（河口与库尾）叶绿素a与悬浮物参数均没有显著的线性关系.在库湾中部水域,有机悬浮物比无机悬浮物更能解释总悬浮物的变异;在库湾两端,无机悬浮物比有机悬浮物更能解释总悬浮物的变异.这意味着库湾中间水域总悬浮物的动态主要受有机悬浮物内源性生产的影响,而河口或库尾总悬浮物的动态主要受外源性的无机悬浮颗粒物输入的影响.     

北京市奥林匹克公园PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃在采暖季和非采暖季的特征、来源及健康风险评估

采集了北京市奥林匹克公园2017年12月至2018年6月的67个PM_(2.5)样品,对PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)在采暖季和非采暖季的污染情况、浓度分布特征、来源和健康风险等进行研究。利用GC-MS对16种PAHs进行了检测分析。采暖季和非采暖季的PAHs均值分别为213.6和52.5 ng·m~(-3)。利用比值法和主成分分析对PAHs进行源解析的结果显示,北京市城区采暖季16种PAHs主要来源于煤和石油等化石高温燃烧排放,非采暖季主要来源是机动车尾气排放;ILCR暴露风险评估模型评估表明,人群呼吸暴露在北京大气中具有潜在致癌风险。     

青海湖沉积物中多环芳烃的沉积记录

采用GC/MS方法分析了青海湖沉积柱中16种美国EPA优先控制的多环芳烃(TPAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源进行了分析.研究表明,0～20 cm沉积柱中TPAHs的含量为495.1～1172.5 ng·g-1,随沉积年代的更新TPAHs的含量呈增加趋势.这与珠江口和东海沉积柱中的记录基本一致,但明显不同于发达国家同类研究的结果.青海湖沉积物PAHs以2～3环(包括萘、苊、苊烯、芴、菲和蒽)为主,其含量平均占沉积物中PAHs总量的(72.4±8.9)%.青海湖沉积物中的PAHs主要来自长距离的大气传输,家庭燃煤与木材的低温燃烧是其主要来源,高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs(如机动车尾气的排放)近年来有明显增加的趋势.     

多环芳烃污染土壤生物修复研究进展

多环芳烃 (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs) 是一类广泛分布于环境中的持久性污染物,结构稳定、难以降解,对生态环境和生物具有“三致”毒害性,其环境去除和修复备受关注。绿色、安全、经济的生物修复技术被广泛应用于PAHs污染土壤的修复。本文从土壤中PAHs的来源、迁移、归趋和污染水平总结了目前我国土壤多环芳烃污染的基本状况;归纳了具有PAHs降解作用的微生物、植物种类及机理;比较了微生物修复、植物修复和联合修复3类主要的生物修复技术。指出植物与微生物的互作机理的解析,抗逆菌株、植株的筛选与培育,实际应用的安全和效能评估应成为多环芳烃污染土壤修复领域未来的研究方向。     

西沙永兴岛土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

通过采集西沙永兴岛表层土壤和土柱样品, 研究了21种多环芳烃(PAHs)在永兴岛土壤中的浓度和组成特征, 对土壤中PAHs的来源进行解析,并对生态风险进行了评估。结果表明, 永兴岛表层土壤中PAHs的浓度范围为38.9—176.4 ng·g-1, 16种优控PAHs的浓度为36.7—155.6 ng·g-1, 跟其它类似环境相比, 永兴岛土壤中PAHs污染相对较轻。芘、荧蒽、菲、苯并[b]荧蒽、、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1, 2, 3-cd]芘和苯并[e]芘是永兴岛表层土壤中最主要的PAHs。永兴岛土柱中总PAHs与2—3环PAHs浓度分布特征相似, 表层和底层浓度较高, 2—3环PAHs在土柱中占比为74%—96%。来源解析表明永兴岛土壤中PAHs主要以石油、木材或煤等燃烧源为主。16种PAHs的等效致癌风险浓度显示永兴岛土壤中PAHs生态风险较低。     

松辽流域河流表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征

利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(gas chromatography-electron capture detector,GC-ECD)对松辽流域重点污染河流22个表层沉积物样品的13种有机氯农药进行了分析.结果表明,大辽河流域有机氯农药含量为3.06～23.24 ng·g^-1,松花江流域为4.26～18.45 ng·g^-1.松辽流域沉积物中主要有机氯农药为六六六(HCH),松花江流域和大辽河流域表现出了不同的污染趋势.松花江沉积物中也有较高的滴滴涕(DDT)残留量.整个松辽流域都有较高含量的丙体六六六(γ-HCH),超过了其初始效应浓度,可能对该地区水生生物产生毒性效应.     

Occurrence and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Hanjiang River Basin and the Danjiangkou Reservoir,China

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence, distribution, and source of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Hanjiang River Basin and the Danjiangkou (DJK) Reservoir. The concentrations of total PAHs in surface water, sediments, and bank soils ranged from 9.42 to 137.94 ng/l, 86.23 to 2514.93 ng/g, and 133.17 to 671.93 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The composition pattern of PAHs showed that 3-ring PAHs were dominated in all of the samples, while the proportion of high molecular weight PAHs (5- to 6-ring PAHs) in sediments and bank soil samples was almost three times higher than water. The source apportionment analysis showed that most of the PAHs in water were derived from sources of petroleum and combustion, while combustion was the predominant source of PAHs in sediments and bank soils. The methods based on toxic equivalency factors, risk quotient, and incremental lifetime cancer risk were used to assess the ecosystem risk and potential health risk of PAHs. The risk assessments showed that PAHs in the DJK Reservoir were out of potential health risk, but the ecological risk for majority of 16 PAHs was in the moderate level.     

长江口南支表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及生态风险

2008年5月和8月先后2次采集长江口南支表层沉积物样品,采用高效液相色谱进行多环芳烃测定,研究其分布、来源与生态风险。结果表明:长江口南支表层沉积物中PAHs总量在8.9~312.2ng.g-1;PAHs组成以芘、菲、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[a]芘为主,各站芘的含量均最高,本研究PAHs总含量与长江口、黄河口和鸭绿江口近期的调查数据相近,但明显低于珠江口和闽江口数据,以及长江口潮滩沉积物中PAHs数据;PAHs环数组成以中、高环为主,表明长江口南支PAHs主要来源于相对高温条件下不完全燃烧过程。采用平均效应中值商法评价长江口南支PAHs生态风险结果表明,调查区域PAHs产生生态风险的概率较小(<10%)。     

PAHs contamination and PAH-degrading bacteria in Xiamen Western Sea

Abstract

Six stations were established in Xiamen Western Sea (24°29’ N, 118°04’ E) on summer and autumn cruises in July and October 2001 to investigate the level of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAHs-degrading bacteria in surface water and sediments. PAHs in the surface water were mainly dominated by low molecular weight PAH compounds (2–3 rings PAH) in July and by high molecular weight PAH compounds (4–6 rings PAH) in October. PAHs in sediments were mainly dominated by high molecular weight PAH compounds (4–6). The percentage of 4–6 rings PAH to total PAHs ranged from 80.4 to 94.9% in July and 78.3 to 88.7% in October. No correlation was found between Fluoranthene-degrading bacteria numbers and Fluoranthene concentration among different stations in the surface water on the two cruises, and the same situation occurred between Pyrene-degrading bacteria numbers and pyrene concentration. But the numbers of fluorene- and phenanthrenedegrading bacteria were positively related to the fluorene and phenanthrene concentrations respectively. In the sediments, a significant positive relationship was found between PAH-degrading bacteria and PAHs concentration, except at station 6 on the two cruises.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coastal Sediment of Klang Strait,Malaysia: Distribution Pattern,Risk Assessment and Sources

Concentration, source, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in 22 stations from surface sediments in the areas of anthropogenic pollution in the Klang Strait (Malaysia). The total PAH level in the Klang Strait sediment was 994.02±918.1 µg/kg dw. The highest concentration was observed in stations near the coastline and mouth of the Klang River. These locations were dominated by high molecular weight PAHs. The results showed both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources are main sources of PAHs. Further analyses indicated that PAHs primarily originated from pyrogenic sources (coal combustion and vehicular emissions), with significant contribution from petroleum inputs. Regarding ecological risk estimation, only station 13 was moderately polluted, the rest of the stations suffered rare or slight adverse biological effects with PAH exposure in surface sediment, suggesting that PAHs are not considered as contaminants of concern in the Klang Strait.     

Source apportionment and risk assessment of PAHs in Brisbane River sediment,Australia

Sediment samples collected over a 3-year period from Brisbane River, Australia, were analysed for fifteen (15) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total PAH concentrations varied from 148 to 3079 ng/g with a mean concentration of 849 ± 646 ng/g. The study revealed that PAH input into the river was primarily dominated by pyrogenic sources as evidenced by the predominance of the high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs. Temporal variations of PAHs can be linked to the level of urbanization, with continuous input of combustion related PAHs in the commercial area of the river. Inherent deficiencies in using a single source identification/apportionment approach were overcome by using diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). Both, PCA/APCS and PMF resolved four (4) identical factors or sources of PAHs, namely: gasoline emissions, diesel emissions, biomass burning and natural gas combustion. Diagnostic ratios, PCA/APCS and PMF analysis indicated that vehicular emissions were the principal sources especially within the lower section of the river while biomass burning had moderate contribution. The distribution, temporal trend and source apportionment suggest the containment of industrial-derived sources of PAHs in the river. From an ecological point of view, the risk posed by PAHs in the Brisbane River sediment appears to be low. Nevertheless, when the investigated sites were ranked using multi-criteria decision making methods(MCDM) the commercial stratum was the most contaminated. Assessment of potential risks posed by incidental dermal exposure to PAHs revealed some degree of cancer risk, especially to children.     

Risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from a mixed-use reservoir

Although reservoirs in China are of great significance, very few studies on risk assessment have been reported for reservoirs. This study investigated distribution characteristics, cancer and ecological risks, and source diagnosis of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Shitou Koumen Reservoir in Jilin Province, China. A total of 12 sediment samples were collected from the reservoir in August (wet season) 2014. Total PAH concentrations in sediment samples ranged from 1294.51 ng/g to 2755.35 ng/g with a mean concentration of 1757.54 ng/g. For individual PAHs, average concentration of Nap was the highest, 800.56 ng/g, while Acy, Fla, BkF, and DahA were undetected in sediment samples. Light PAHs (2–3 rings) accounting for 74.21% was a dominant PAH compositional pattern. Pearson correlation analysis was carried out; results showed that total PAHs was strongly correlated with the highly enriched sedimentary PAHs, and pH was a major factor in controlling PAH distribution. Lifetime cancer risk was employed to assess cancer risk; results indicated that the fish-culturing area was exposed to cancer risk. The molecular diagnostic ratios of isomeric PAHs were applied to identify possible PAH sources; primary PAH sources were identified as oil-related activities, burning agricultural wastes, vehicular emissions, and industrial discharges.     

An Integrated Case Study for Evaluating the Impacts of an Oil Refinery Effluent on Aquatic Biota in the Delaware River: Advanced Chemical Fingerprinting of PAHs

More than one thousand samples were collected and analyzed to evaluate the potential impact of Motiva's oil refinery effluent on the receiving water, sediment, and biota of the Delaware River. The data collected from these samples were used with advanced chemical fingerprinting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Motiva's oil refinery effluent to differentiate Motiva-related PAHs in sediment and biota from other sources. The PAHs released from the refinery between 1999 and 2002 were dominated by petrogenic 4-ring PAHs. Specifically, the refinery signature exhibited relatively high levels of fluoranthenes/pyrenes with two (FP2) and three (FP3) alkyl groups and benz(a)anthracene/chrysenes with two (BC2), three (BC3), and four (BC4) alkyl groups. This PAH signature, attributed to accelerated degradation of low molecular weight PAHs in the Motiva wastewater treatment plant, exhibited little variability over time relative to the background patterns in the Delaware River. This distinctive feature of the Motiva effluent allowed the identification of this source in other samples. Water and sediment samples identified a range of PAH characteristics associated with the Delaware River urban background signature. These characteristics included varying levels of 2- to 3-ring PAHs (likely from weathered automotive fuel, marine fuel, or bilge tank discharges), pyrogenic 4- to 6-ring PAHs (from partially combusted organic material like soot), and perylene (diagenetic product of terrestrial plant decomposition). The Motiva hydrocarbon signature was only evident at moderate to low levels in selected near-field sampling stations for sediment, bivalves, and effluent/nearfield water. PAHs in the river sediments beyond the near-field area were consistently associated with samples containing the Delaware River urban background signature, and exhibited little to no effect from the Refinery.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soils of Kunming,China: Concentrations,Distribution, Sources,and Potential Risk

The concentrations, distribution, possible sources, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils were studied in Kunming, which is situated in a lake basin of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau. 15 PAHs were analyzed in 40 surface soil samples (0–5 cm layer) collected from six types of land uses in the Kunming urban area. Meanwhile, the potential sources of PAHs in surface soils of Kunming were investigated by PAH composition ratios, isomer ratios, and principal component analysis (PCA). The total concentrations of 15 PAHs ranged from 101.64 to 6,208.25 ng/g (dry weight basis). The concentrations in different land uses increased in an order as: green space (541.43 ng/g) < education area (756.49 ng/g) < business area (810.17 ng/g) < residential area (1,034.36 ng/g) < industrial area (1,166.79 ng/g) < roadside greens (2,146.76 ng/g). The results of sources identification suggested that PAHs in surface soils of the Kunming urban area were greatly affected by combustion activities which came mainly from coal combustion and vehicular traffic. In addition, the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) were used to estimate benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent concentration in surface soils of Kunming, and the risk level of PAHs in Kunming's urban surface soils was low as a whole.     

Enrichment and Chemical Fraction of Copper and Zinc in the Sediments of the Daliao River System,China

Copper and zinc contents and their chemical forms in the surface sediments of the Daliao River system (DRS) were investigated to quantitatively assess their contamination, mobility, and potential bioavailability. Twenty-seven surface sediment samples were collected and analyzed for total contents of Cu, Zn, Al, Fe and Mn and for chemical forms of Cu and Zn. These results reveal that the total contents of Cu and Zn in the sediment of DRS mainly ranged from 4.5 to 86.1 and 17.7 to 1340.9 mg kg^?1, respectively. The enrichment factors (EFs) were generally lower than 1.0 at most sampling sites, while at T3, B5 and B7 sites of the Taizi River near Benxi, Liaoyang and Anshan cities, respectively, they were more than 2.0. The primary sources of Zn and Cu contamination at these three sites are considered to be iron mining and smelting and some chemical industries. Hence, the total contents of Cu and Zn in the sediments of the Daliao River system mainly ranged around background levels. In general, less than 2% and more than 60% of total Cu and Zn contents in the sediment at most sampling sites were associated to the exchangeable fraction and residual fraction, respectively, showing their low mobility and bioavailability. The major sink for anthropogenic Cu might be organic matter and Fe oxides, while for anthropogenic Zn it was carbonate and the easily reducible phase dominated by Mn and amorphous Fe oxides. Therefore, anthropogenic Cu and Zn have relatively high potential mobility and bioavailability. In comparison with the sediments of other rivers in China and in the world, the sediment of the DRS contained relatively low contents of Cu and Zn.