Lysozyme gene activity in chicken macrophages is controlled by positive and negative regulatory elements.

The chicken lysozyme gene is constitutively active in macrophages and under the control of steroid hormones in the oviduct. To investigate which DNA elements are involved in the control of its expression in macrophages we performed transient DNA transfer experiments with two different types of plasmids: 5'-deletion mutants of the upstream region of the chicken lysozyme gene and different fragments from this area in front of the thymidine kinase promoter (herpes simplex virus), each placed in front of the CAT (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase) coding sequence. Two enhancers (E-2.7 kb and E-0.2 kb) were characterized. They are active in macrophages, but not in chicken fibroblasts. Furthermore a negative element (N-2.4 kb) was identified, which is active in fibroblasts and promyelocytes, but not in mature macrophages. The combined action of all three elements contributes to the observed lysozyme gene activities: no activity in fibroblasts, moderate activity in promyelocytes and high activity in mature macrophages.     

Ras p21 oncoprotein is autoregulated and acts as a potential mediator of insulin action or the H-ras1 promoter

Rat fibroblast cells carrying an exogenous normal or mutant T24 human H-ras1 gene were transfected with plasmids carrying the normal or mutant T24 H-ras1 gene promoter linked to the reporter chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene and the cells were treated with insulin. We found that the H-ras1 gene was positively autoregulated and that insulin potentiated the response of the T24 ras p21 to the H-ras1 gene promoter. We have also examined the effect of insulin directly on the H-ras1 promoter by treating stable transfectants obtained after transfection of rat fibroblasts with plasmids carrying the normal or mutant T24 H-ras1 gene promoter linked to the reporter CAT gene and the selectable marker aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (aph) gene. We found that insulin appeared to have no direct effect on the H-ras1 promoter in this case, suggesting that the effect is mediated through the ras p21 oncogene product. We suggest that the mutant T24 H-ras p21 protein mediates the action of insulin.     

Studies on the promoter region of the c-Ha-ras gene in FRTL5 rat thyroid cells

The functional activity of the promoter region of the rat c-Ha-ras gene was examined in FRTL5 rat thyroid cells, the cell type from which this promoter was cloned. A plasmid (p035-ras-CAT) was constructed containing the untranslated-1 exon as well as 172 base pairs (bp)5' to this exon inserted upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene. These 172 bp of 5'-flanking region contain two 10 bp GC box consensus sites and two CAAT boxes. Very weak promoter activity was observed in experiments involving transient transfection of FRTL5 cells with this plasmid, as well as with another plasmid (p5kb-ras-CAT) containing a much more extensive (3.5 kb) 5'-flanking region of the gene. In contrast, strong promoter activity was observed when the same plasmids were transfected into mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. When other promoters (pfos, RSV, and MMTV) were used to drive CAT activity, CAT activity in FRTL5 cells was about 10-fold less than in NIH-3T3 cells and rat embryo fibroblasts. However c-Ha-ras promoter activity was reduced out of proportion in FRTL5 thyroid cells relative to the other cell types (approximately 50-fold less). DNA gel-shift assays performed using crude extracts of FRTL5 and 3T3 nuclear proteins revealed quantitatively similar binding to the same promoter region in the c-Ha-ras 5'-flanking sequence. These data demonstrate that promoter activity of the rat c-Ha-ras gene is contained within the 172 bp 5'-flanking region of the gene. This promoter activity is expressed at a much lower level in slow-growing FRTL5 cells relative to other more rapidly growing cell types.     

人皮肤成纤维细胞中α1(Ⅰ)前胶原基因转录调控研究

为寻找纤维化形成中调控人Ⅰ型前胶原基因高水平转录的启动序列及其DNA结合蛋白 ,以人皮肤成纤维细胞α1(Ⅰ )前胶原基因转录起始点上游 - 2 5kb至 + 4 2bp的片段为靶序列 ,采用PCR、基因重组、报告基因测活、细胞基因转染技术比较不同长短启动子活性 .凝胶滞留实验 (EM SA)研究高启动活性片段相应的DNA结合蛋白 .基因转染高活性转录因子识别序列至靶细胞 ,探讨前胶原基因激活阻断的新手段 .结果表明 ,- 2 4 83～ + 4 2bp、 - 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp序列具有强启动调控活性 ,而 - 10 5～ + 4 2bp片段启动活性最低 .EMSA对高启动活性小片段DNA结合蛋白的分析提示 ,- 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp序列中存在转录因子Ap 1、Sp 1、NF 1的特异结合位点 .转染高活性转录因子识别序列Ap 1、Sp 1至靶细胞可竞争性阻断胶原基因启动转录激活 .研究提示 ,人α1(Ⅰ )前胶原基因 - 2 4 83～ + 4 2bp、 - 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp片段有高启动活性 .转录因子Ap 1、Sp 1、NF 1与 - 2 6 8～ + 4 2bp序列中相应识别序列的结合与其基础高转录活性有关 .转染高活性转录因子识别序列Ap 1、Sp 1可从转录水平阻断胶原基因的激活     

Functional activity of the two promoters of the myosin alkali light chain gene in primary muscle cell cultures: comparison with other muscle gene promoters and other culture systems.

Proximal upstream flanking sequences of the mouse myosin alkali light chain gene encoding MLC1F and MLC3F, the mouse alpha-cardiac actin gene and the chicken gene for the alpha-subunit of the acetylcholine receptor were linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene and transfected into primary cultures derived from mouse skeletal muscle or into myogenic cell lines. We demonstrate that the mouse MLC1F/MLC3F gene has two functional promoters. In primary muscle cultures, a 1200 bp sequence flanking exon 1 (MLC1F) and a 438 bp sequence flanking exon 2 (MLC3F) direct CAT activity in myotubes, but not in myoblasts or in non myogenic 3T6 and CV1 cells. Developmentally regulated expression is also seen with the alpha-cardiac actin (320 bp) and acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit (850 bp) upstream sequences in the primary culture system. Transfection experiments with myogenic cell lines show different results with a given promoter construct, reflecting possible differences in the levels of regulatory factors between lines. Different muscle gene promoters behave differently in a given cell line, suggesting different regulatory factor requirements between these promoters.     

Promotion, termination, and anti-termination in the rpsU-dnaG-rpoD macromolecular synthesis operon of E. coli K-12

Summary The regulatory regions for the rpsU-dnaG-rpoD macromolecular synthesis operon have been fused to a structural gene whose product is readily assayed (the Cm^r structural gene coding for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, CAT). The promoters (P₁, P₂, P₃, P_a, P_b, P_hs) for the macromolecular synthesis operon have different strengths as shown by their relative abilities to drive expression of the CAT gene. Promoter occlusion by P₁ can be demonstrated within this operon. Regions 5kb upstream have a profound effect on operon gene expression. There is a thermoinducible promoter located within the dnaG structural gene. One of the macromolecular synthesis operon promoters is under lexA control. Although the operon structure allows coordinate expression of rpsU, dnaG and rpoD these additional features suggest that expression of individual genes can be independently regulated in response to altered growth conditions.Abbreviations Ap^r ampicillin resistance - CAT chloramphenicol acetyl transferase - Cm^r chloramphenicol resistance - kb kilobase pair - orf open reading frame - P promoter - T terminator - Tc^r tetracycline resistance     

Identification of a promoter element located upstream from the hepatitis B virus X gene.

We have analyzed a series of plasmids in which the sequences located upstream from the hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene were linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene. Expression of the marker CAT gene in transfected cells clearly demonstrated that sequences preceding the X gene contain an active promoter. RNA mapping by primer extension indicated that the RNA encoded by the X gene promoter initiates at multiple sites spanning nucleotides 1250 to 1350 on the HBV genome. Deletion within the adjacent HBV enhancer element region significantly reduced the activity of the X gene promoter, suggesting that the X gene promoter requires the enhancer element for maximal activity.     

An inducible eukaryotic host-vector expression system: amplification of genes under the control of the polyoma late promoter in a cell line producing a thermolabile large T antigen

We have taken advantage of the inherent instability of integrated polyoma (Py) DNA sequences in the presence of a functional viral large T antigen (LT) to develop a eukaryotic host-vector system where copy number is controlled by temperature. A mouse cell line WOP32-4, that constitutively expresses a temperature sensitive (ts) LT, was transfected with plasmids containing the Py origin of DNA replication (ori) and either a neomycin-resistance gene (neo) or chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene (cat) linked to the Py late promoter. Stable transformants were selected at 39 degrees C, the non-permissive temperature for the ts LT function. Upon shift to 33 degrees C, the resident Py sequences present in the WOP32-4 cells cannot excise due to an ori deletion. However, excision of the transfected plasmid molecules and subsequent extrachromosomal replication occur at high rates leading in some cases to the production of 1000-2000 copies per cell (average) of the plasmid. Proportional increases in either neo-specific mRNA or CAT activity were also observed. In situ hybridization for one cell line indicated that about 20% of temperature-shifted cells contained amplified plasmid DNA.