禽白血病病毒J亚群env基因的克隆和序列分析

应用多聚酶链反应（PCR）的方法扩增出ADOL-4817毒株的囊膜蛋白env基因,并克隆进大肠杆菌。经核酸序列分析证明,env基因的大小为1746 bp,其中gp85和gp37由1554 bp组成,可翻译成517个氨基酸,分子量为57.7 D。根据糖基化位点N-X-S/T的特点,发现ADOL-4817的env蛋白有15个潜在的糖基化位点。同源性分析证明,ADOL-4817的env基因与其它ALV-J的env基因序列同源性为88.8%～92.4%,而与外源性ALVs的相应序列的同源性仅为40.5%～51.4%,然而,与内源性的EAV-HP毒株的类env基因的同源性高达91.2%;另外,ADOL-4817毒株的gp37在C末端多了13个氨基酸。这些结果提示,ALV-J的env基因存在广泛的变异性,env基因可能来源于内源性和外源性ALVs的重组。     

我国中部HIV-1B′亚型分离株基因组结构特征及系统发育分析

为了分析河南省Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus-1(HIV-1)流行株的基因特征和传染来源,我们从一位HIV-1感染的有偿献血员体内分离HIV-1毒株。提取感染细胞的全基因组DNA,扩增病毒全基因组,Walking法测得全长序列。与HIV-1RL42和HIV-1HXB2株比较,分析基因特征。用Anthewin软件比较分析CNHN24株和RL42株env蛋白的二级结构。用Clustal软件对国内HIV-1分离株和国际参考株的全基因组、env基因和V3环基因分别进行了系统发育分析。结果发现,CNHN24株为HIV-1B′亚型,富含嘌呤,含量达到60.26%。与RL42株及HXB2株比较,pol基因和gag基因变异度较小,env基因及非结构基因变异度较大。与RL42株相比,env蛋白二级结构变异不大,但env保守区C4的氨基酸呈高度变异。系统发育分析显示,CNHN24株与RL42株遗传距离最近,HIV-1Lai株和HXB2株次之,与国内的HIV-1B/C及AE/BC重组毒株的遗传距离较远;从V3序列的比较可以发现,CNHN24株与来自云南省的毒株HIV-1CR206及RL42遗传距离最近。认为HIV-1CNHN24株可能由云南传入。     

我国中部HIV-1 B'亚型分离株基因组结构特征及系统发育分析

为了分析河南省Human immunodeficiency virus-1(HIV-1)流行株的基因特征和传染来源,我们从一位HIV-1感染的有偿献血员体内分离HIV-1毒株.提取感染细胞的全基因组DNA,扩增病毒全基因组,Walking法测得全长序列.与HIV-1 RL42和HIV-1 HXB2株比较,分析基因特征.用Anthewin软件比较分析CNHN24株和RL42株env蛋白的二级结构.用Clustal软件对国内HIV-1分离株和国际参考株的全基因组、env基因和V3环基因分别进行了系统发育分析.结果发现,CNHN24株为HIV-1 B'亚型,富含嘌呤,含量达到60.26%.与RL42株及HXB2株比较,pol基因和gag基因变异度较小,env基因及非结构基因变异度较大.与RL42株相比,env蛋白二级结构变异不大,但env保守区C4的氨基酸呈高度变异.系统发育分析显示,CNHN24株与RL42株遗传距离最近,HIV-1Lai株和HXB2株次之,与国内的HIV-1 B/C及AE/BC重组毒株的遗传距离较远;从V3序列的比较可以发现,CNHN24株与来自云南省的毒株HIV-1 CR206及RL42遗传距离最近.认为HIV-1 CNHN24株可能由云南传入.     

禽白血病病毒J亚群env基因的克隆和序列分析

应用多聚酶链反应（PCR）的方法增出ADOL－4817毒株的囊膜蛋白env基因,并克隆进大肠杆菌。经核酸序列分析证明,env基因的大小为1746bp,其中gp85和gp37mh 1554bp组成,可翻译成517个氨基酸,分子量为57.7kD。根据糖基化位点N－X－S／T的特点,发现ADOL－4817的env蛋白有15个潜在的糖基化位点。同源性分析证明,ADOL－4817的env基因与其它ALV－J的env基因序列同源性为88.8％－92.4%,而与外源性ALVs的相应序列的同源性仅为40.5％－51.4％,然而,与内源性的EAV－HP毒株的类env基因的同源性高达91.2％;另外,ADOL－4817毒株的gp37d C末端多了13个氨基酸,这些结果提示,ALV－J的env基因存在广泛的变异性,env基因可能来源于内源性和外源性ALVs的重组。     

我国首次发现的HIV-1和HIV-2双重感染样品中病毒部分基因的序列特征分析

上海市卫生检疫局送检了一例HIV - 1和HIV - 2抗体检测均呈阳性的双重感染样品 ,对其感染的HIV前病毒的 gag和env基因区进行了序列分析 ,首次阐明我国发现的HIV双重感染样品的HIV部分基因特征。从HIV感染者淋巴细胞 (peripheralbloodmononuclearcells,PBMC)中提取前病毒DNA ,分别使用HIV 1和HIV 2特异性引物用套式PCR扩增HIV 1和HIV 2的部分基因区。PCR产物不经克隆直接测序 ,经GenBank检索并使用GCG软件包进行序列分析。结果表明 ,其中感染的HIV 2毒株中gag基因区与德国株HI2PEI2KR相似 ,基因离散率仅为8 1% ,env基因C2 -V3区与来自几内亚比绍的HIV 2U0 5 35 8株最近 ,离散率为 13 0 4% ,在其 gp36区发现与HIV 2U0 5 35 8基因离散率为 10 6 3% ,两个毒株均属HIV 2中的A亚型。而其HIV 1型毒株在 gag和env区都与从尼日利亚分离的H92NG0 83株相似 ,属HIV 1的G亚型。本文首次对我国发现的HIV 2型毒株进行了主要基因区的序列分析 ,表明在非洲较常见的HIV 2A亚型和HIV 1G亚型毒株 ,已随援外劳工传入我国。     

我国中部HIV-1B’亚型分离株基因组结构特征及系统发育分析

为了分析河南省Human immunodeficiency virus—I(HIV-1)流行株的基因特征和传染来源,我们从一位HIV-1感染的有偿献血员体内分离HIV-1毒株。提取感染细胞的全基因组DNA,扩增病毒全基因组,Walking法测得全长序列。与HIV-1RL42和HIV-1HXB2株比较,分析基因特征。用Anthewin软件比较分析CNHN24株和RL42株env蛋白的二级结构。用Clustal软件对国内HIV-1分离株和国际参考株的全基因组、env基因和订环基因分别进行了系统发育分析。结果发现,CNHN24株为HIV-1B’亚型,富含嘌呤,含量达到60．26％。与RL42株及HXB2株比较,pol基因和gag基因变异度较小,env基因及非结构基因变异度较大。与RL42株相比,env蛋白二级结构变异不大,但env保守区C4的氨基酸呈高度变异。系统发育分析显示,CNHN24株与RL42株遗传距离最近,HIV-1Lai株和HXB2株次之,与国内的H1V-1B／C及AE／BC重组毒株的遗传距离较远;从份序列的比较可以发现,CNHN24株与来自云南省的毒株HIV-1CR206及RL42遗传距离最近。认为HIV-1CNHN24株可能由云南传入。     

山东地区16株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的序列分析

为了解H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)山东分离株的遗传变异情况,采用RT-PCR技术对16株从山东不同地区分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的HA基因进行扩增、克隆和测序,并对所获得的HA全序列进行同源性和遗传进化分析。结果显示,16个分离株的裂解位点均为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征;有7～9个潜在糖基化位点;受体结合位点除198位有变异,其他位点均较保守;234位氨基酸均为L,具有与哺乳动物唾液酸α,2-6受体结合的特征;16个分离株HA基因核苷酸及氨基酸序列同源性分别为96.3%～99.9%和97.1%～99.6%;16个分离株同属于欧亚分支中的A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97亚群。     

鸽源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒株的HA和NA基因特征性分析

本研究自行设计合成两对特异性引物,通过RT-PCR扩增出1株鸽源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）两个基因的cDNA片段,将它们成功克隆于pMD18-T载体上,然后进行序列测定。结果表明,HA基因全长1707bp,编码568个氨基酸, HA基因有7个糖基化位点,在裂解位点附近有连续6个碱性氨基酸（R-R-R-K-K-R）的插入,具有高致病性毒株的分子特征。受体结合位点的氨基酸分别为YWIHELY,左侧壁氨基酸为SGVSSA,右侧壁为NGQSGR;NA基因全长1350bp,编码446个氨基酸,NA基因有3个糖基化位点。     

呼吸道合胞病毒B亚型分离株的G蛋白基因分析

对一株长春地区B亚型分离株(CC169)的G蛋白基因进行了 序列分析,结果表明：我国呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)分离株CC169同RSV B亚型原型株CH18537的 核苷酸同源性为94%,核苷酸的有义突变率达65%。由核苷酸推导出氨基酸序列的同源性为894%,氨基酸的变异全部发生在胞外区,并主要集中在一个高度保守区的两端,胞内区和跨 膜区保守不变。氨基酸的变异导致了分离株既有糖基化位点的改变,又有蛋白长度的变异。 此外还初步探讨了我国RSV B 亚型分离株CC169的G蛋白基因同原型株之间的变异与疫苗研制 中的意义。     

近年北京人偏肺病毒基质蛋白、小疏水蛋白和粘附糖蛋白的遗传变异特征分析

为了探讨北京地区儿童中流行的人偏肺病毒(Human metapneumovirus,hMPV)结构蛋白基因特征,本研究着重对hMPV北京地区地方株的基质蛋白(Matrix protein,M)、小疏水蛋白(Small hydrophobic protein,SH)和粘附蛋白(Attachment protein,G)基因进行了基因特征的分析。本研究对2006年至2010年42株hMPV的M蛋白、49株SH蛋白和55株G蛋白基因特征进行了分析,进化分析显示北京地区流行的hMPV的这3个编码蛋白基因分别属于A2、B1和B2基因亚型。地方株M基因高度保守,A和B基因型之间存在7个氨基酸位点的变异(型内高度保守)。不同基因型(A和B)和不同基因亚型(A2和B1、A2和B2)之间的SH基因的氨基酸同源性在60.7%～64.4%之间,而同一基因亚型内的氨基酸同源性则在93.3%～100%之间;同一基因型不同基因亚型之间(B1和B2)的氨基酸同源性在84.7%～88.7%之间。不同年份不同基因亚型G蛋白具有遗传多样性,使用不同的终止密码、核苷酸缺失和插入导致其核苷酸长度不同,变异程度相当高。不同基因型和不同基因亚型之间的G基因的氨基酸同源性在34.0%～38.6%之间,同一基因亚型内的氨基酸同源性在81.5%～100%之间;同一基因型不同基因亚型之间的氨基酸同源性在64.3%～69.2%之间。2008年至2010年的B2基因亚型的毒株大多数在多个位点出现了相同的氨基酸突变,同时出现了2个氨基酸的插入或重复插入,这些毒株在B2基因亚型内形成了一个新的进化簇。抗原位点预测分析显示不同基因亚型的SH和G蛋白的抗原位点均存在差异。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.