生物入侵机制研究进展

本文从外来种本身的生物学特性,外来种与新栖息地土著种之间的相互作用,群落生物多样性对入侵种的抵抗能力,新栖息地生态环境变化对入侵种的影响等方面综述了近年来有关生物入侵机制的研究进展,并探讨了研究方法的发展和亟待解决的问题,大量的研究表明生物入侵机制是极为多样的,可能没有一般的,通用的机制,阐明生物入侵的机制,对推动生态学理论的发展和控制有害外来种有重要意义。     

龟类外来种的生物入侵隐患及其防治措施

本文在国家林业局“中国龟鳖市场调查”项目的基础上,查阅了相关文献及报道,考察了国内主要的大型龟鳖养殖场及10多个省份的观赏龟类和水产品龟类市场,针对龟类外来种的养殖现状和发展趋势及对生态系统潜在的危害进行了分析,探讨了龟类外来种成为入侵种的成因,并对龟类生物入侵的防治进行了讨论,旨在引起龟鳖行业对生物入侵的重视及防范.     

外来种隐蔽入侵： 类型及影响

隐蔽入侵（cryptic invasion）是指在形态上与土著种（或早期建群种）不能或难以区分的外来种在人们未觉察的状态下成功入侵的过程。人们对这类入侵方式往往视而不觉。本文综述了外来种隐蔽入侵的类型以及生态影响。隐蔽入侵的类型主要包括外来姊妹种形式的隐蔽入侵、 不同遗传支系的隐蔽入侵、 不同地理种群的隐蔽入侵以及“返传入”。其中, “返传入”目前还是一种假说。由于这类入侵外来种更容易与土著种（或早期建群种）杂交或基因渗透, 因而可对入侵种自身或土著种产生深远的生态影响。鉴于隐蔽入侵现象的广泛性, 建议进一步加强该方面的研究。     

福建外来物种入侵现状及对经济社会和生态的影响

福建已成为中国遭受外来物种入侵最严重的省份之一。本文概述了福建主要入侵物种的数量、种类、地理起源、分布、引入途径和入侵特点,系统分析了福建外来物种入侵严重的原因和外来物种入侵对福建生态安全、经济及社会的影响,在此基础上提出了针对外来物种入侵的防控对策。     

广州的外来植物

该文分析了127种广州外来植物的种类及其生长型、原产地、现状、生境和季节变化。结果表明:具有较强繁殖能力的草本、灌木和藤本植物以及一些世界广布或热带性科属的植物和原产美洲、非洲的一些植物具有较强的入侵能力;受人为干扰较强的路边、荒地、池塘、果园、菜园和人工林容易为外来植物入侵,而人为干扰较少的自然生境则不易为外来植物入侵。此外,文章对物种的入侵性和生境的入侵性问题进行了讨论,认为这实际上是一个问题的两个方面,物种的入侵性总是与被入侵的生境联系在一起并相互影响的。     

黑、吉、辽、蒙归化植物分布格局及其影响因素

为了解黑、吉、辽、蒙归化植物分布格局及其驱动因素,本研究基于实地调查和资料收集,对黑、吉、辽、蒙4省(区)48个地级市(盟)归化植物物种组成及时空分布进行了分析.结果 表明:当前四省(区)共有归化植物70科239属370种,菊科、禾本科和豆科最多,约七成为人为有意引入,欧洲是最大原产地.不同地级城市归化植物多样性差异较...     

Cryptic invasions of the crab Carcinus detected by molecular phylogeography

Coastal marine ecosystems world-wide are threatened by invasions of nonindigenous species. The ubiquity of marine sibling species identifiable only by genetic analysis suggests that many invasions are cryptic and therefore undetected, causing an underestimation of the actual number and impacts of invading species. We test this hypothesis with European crabs in the genus Carcinus that have invaded five regions globally. Partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences confirm sibling species status of morphologically similar Atlantic C. maenas and Mediterranean C. aestuarii . Based on 16S rRNA haplotypes, crabs from California, New England and Tasmania were all C. maenas . However, we report the cryptic multiple invasion of both species in Japan and South Africa, where only C. aestuarii and C. maenas , respectively, were previously recognized.     

外来种米草的生态功能评价与控制

米草是禾本科米草属多年生植物 ,对高盐淤泥质滩涂具有高度生态适应性。本文综述了米草作为外来入侵种对一些国家和地区的环境影响及其生态控制措施。一方面 ,米草的种群爆发严重威胁当地生物多样性 ,阻碍社会、经济的可持续发展 ;另一方面 ,米草的抵御海岸侵蚀和促淤造陆功能在全球变化引起未来海平面上升的背景下具有重要意义。米草的生态控制以化学措施最为快速有效 ,但可能污染环境。物理措施工程量大 ,适合于小面积米草控制。生物防治最有发展前景 ,但目前应用不理想 ,且容易引起次生生物入侵。 3S技术、种群扩散和增长模型以及长期监测系统等已经被应用于米草生态控制。最后就加强米草生态控制的基础研究和如何提高米草生态控制水平提出了若干建议     

How much of the invader's genetic variability can slip between our fingers? A case study of secondary dispersal of Poa annua on King George Island (Antarctica)

We studied an invasion of Poa annua on King George Island (Maritime Antarctic). The remoteness of this location, its geographic isolation, and its limited human traffic provided an opportunity to trace the history of an invasion of the species. Poa annua was recorded for the first time at H. Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station in the austral summer of 1985/6. In 2008/9, the species was observed in a new locality at the Ecology Glacier Forefield (1.5 km from “Arctowski”). We used AFLP to analyze the genetic differences among three populations of P. annua: the two mentioned above (Station and Forefield) and the putative origin of the introduction, Warsaw (Poland). There was 38% genetic variance among the populations. Pairwise Ф_PT was 0.498 between the Forefield and Warsaw populations and 0.283 between Warsaw and Station. There were 15 unique bands in the Warsaw population (frequency from 6% to 100%) and one in the Station/Forefield populations (which appears in all analyzed individuals from both populations). The Δ(K) parameter indicated two groups of samples: Warsaw/Station and Forefield. As indicated by Fu's Fs statistics and an analysis of mismatch distribution, the Forefield population underwent a bottleneck and/or founder effect. The Forefield population was likely introduced by secondary dispersal from the Station population.     

“973”项目“农林危险生物入侵机理与控制基础研究”简介

2002年12月,国家重点基础研究发展计划("973"项目)"农林危险生物入侵机理与控制基础研究"经科技部批准正式立项,2003年启动。文章主要介绍该项目的立项背景、主要研究内容、研究方案和技术路线、总体研究目标及研究进展。     

广东省主要水系外来水生动物初步调查

【背景】广东省是我国遭受外来生物入侵最严重的地区之一,许多外来水生动物在广东省的河流均有分布,但有关其具体分布和数量缺乏系统研究。【方法】通过野外调查的方式对广东省鉴江、韩江、潭江、西江、北江、东江等水系的外来水生动物的分布和数量进行了初步调查,并对调查到的外来水生动物的生态学特征和入侵机制进行了初步研究。【结果】共调查到13种外来水生动物,包括巴西龟、尼罗罗非鱼、莫桑比克罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼、下口鲶、革胡子鲶、食蚊鱼、麦瑞加拉鲮、露斯塔野鲮、斑点叉尾鮰、大口黑鲈等11种脊椎动物和福寿螺、克氏原螯虾2种无脊椎动物;其中以福寿螺、巴西龟和3种罗非鱼的分布最为广泛。【结论与意义】几种外来水生生物主要通过水产养殖、观赏渔业和生物防治引种入侵;典型的\"R\"策略者、对环境具有较强耐受力的生物、杂食性鱼类更容易成功入侵。     

Population structure of the Monocelis lineata (Proseriata, Monocelididae) species complex assessed by phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene

Monocelis lineata consists of a complex of sibling species, widespread in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. Previous genetic analysis placed in evidence at least four sibling species. Nevertheless, this research was not conclusive enough to fully resolve the complex or to infer the phylogeny/phylogeography of the group. We designed specific primers aiming at obtaining partial sequences of the mtDNA gene Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) of M. lineata, and have identified 25 different haplotypes in 32 analyzed individuals. The dendrogram generated by Neighbor-Joining analysis confirmed the differentiation between Atlantic and Mediterranean siblings, as well as the occurrence of at least two Mediterranean sibling species. Thus validated, the method here presented appears as a valuable tool in population genetics and biodiversity surveys on the Monocelis lineata complex.     

The distribution and economic losses of alien species invasion to China

Invasive alien species have become one of the most serious environmental issues in the world. Data of taxon, origin, pathway, and environmental impacts of invasive alien microorganisms, invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, birds, mammals, herbs, trees, and, marine organisms in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems of China were analyzed during 2001 and 2003, based on literature retrieval and field survey. There were 283 invasive alien species in China, and the number of species of invasive alien microorganisms, aquatic plants, terrestrial plants, aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles, fish, and mammals were 19, 18, 170, 25, 33, 3, 10, and 5, respectively. The proportion of invasive alien species originated from America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania were 55.1, 21.7, 9.9, 8.1, and 0.6%, respectively. Methods for estimation of direct economic losses to agriculture, forestry, stockbreeding, fishery, road and water transportation, storage, water conservancy, environment and public facilities, and human health were established. Methods for estimation of indirect economic losses caused by invasive alien species to service functions of forest ecosystems, agricultural ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, and wetland ecosystems were also established. The total economic losses caused by invasive alien species to China were to the time of USD 14.45 billion, with direct and indirect economic losses accounting for 16.59% and 83.41% of total economic losses, respectively.     

中国归化植物组成特征及其时空分布格局分析

入侵植物是归化植物的子集, 归化是植物入侵的基本前提, 完整的归化植物清单有助于预测和预防植物入侵。该文基于实地调查和资料收集, 对中国归化植物种类及分布进行统计, 结果表明, 当前中国共有归化植物112科578属1 099种, 约70%为人为引入, 而美洲是其最大原产地, 植物生活型以草本为主, 分类学组成中菊科、禾本科、豆科最多。在空间尺度上, 物种多样性及密度均呈自东南沿海向西北内陆递减的趋势, 纬度和国内生产总值是其空间分布格局的主要驱动因素, 被殖民史、植物园分布及调查次数在一定程度上影响空间分布格局; 在时间尺度上, 归化植物物种多样性当前正处在快速增长阶段并可能持续20-30年, 社会经济发展、人为干扰、土地利用方式改变及全球变化是其主要驱动因素。该研究丰富了中国归化植物的本底资料, 有助于了解外来植物入侵的形式与威胁, 并为外来植物综合管控或本地生物多样性保护提供依据。     

Population genetics reveals origin and number of founders in a biological invasion

Propagule pressure is considered the main determinant of success of biological invasions: when a large number of individuals are introduced into an area, the species is more likely to establish and become invasive. Nevertheless, precise data on propagule pressure exist only for a small sample of invasive species, usually voluntarily introduced. We studied the invasion of the American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, into Europe, a species that is considered a major cause of decline for native amphibians. For this major invader with scarce historical data, we used population genetics data (a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene) to infer the invasion history and to estimate the number of founders of non-native populations. Based on differences between populations, at least six independent introductions from the native range occurred in Europe, followed by secondary translocations. Genetic diversity was strongly reduced in non-native populations, indicating a very strong bottleneck during colonization. We used simulations to estimate the precise number of founders and found that most non-native populations derive from less than six females. This capability of invasion from a very small number of propagules challenges usual management strategies; species with such ability should be identified at an early stage of introduction.     

广西的外来入侵植物

通过野外调查,结合相关文献资料,发现广西目前有外来入侵植物约74种,隶属于57属26科,其中,菊科的种类最多,有19种,其次是禾本科,有10种。草本植物最多,占总数的78.4 %。从来源看,大多来源于美洲。在广西,危害较为严重的外来入侵植物主要是紫茎泽兰、飞机草、银胶菊、凤眼莲等11种。此外,还进一步论述了外来植物在广西的基本特征和入侵成因,分析其在广西的发展状况,预测其可能入侵的区域,并提出了有关的防治对策。