黑腹菌属二新种(英文)

本文报道了中国产的黑腹菌属Melanogaster(黑腹菌科 Melanogastraceae,黑腹菌目 Melanogastrales,担子菌亚门Basidiomycotina)二新种:山西黑腹菌Melanogaster shanxicnsis Liu,K.Tao et Chang和倒卵孢黑腹菌M.obouatisporus Liu,K.Tao et Chang并对中国已报道过的黑腹菌属内的种进行了讨论。     

黑腹菌属二新种

本文报道了中国产的黑腹菌属Melanogaster(黑腹菌科 Melanogastraceae,黑腹菌目 Melanogastrales,担子菌亚门Basidiomycotina)二新种:山西黑腹菌Melanogaster shanxicnsis Liu,K.Tao et Chang和倒卵孢黑腹菌M.obouatisporus Liu,K.Tao et Chang并对中国已报道过的黑腹菌属内的种进行了讨论。     

中国地下菌物种多样性与系统发育研究进展

中国地下菌物种多样性丰富,是一类重要的生物资源,在森林形成、生长发育以及生态平衡维护等方面有着不可或缺的作用。自20世纪早期欧美学者在中国的零星采集,到80年代后中国本土科学家们陆续地系统研究,目前中国地下真菌种类涉及到球囊菌门、毛霉菌门、子囊菌门和担子菌门共4门5纲10目26科51属275种,其中子囊菌7科16属135种,担子菌19科35属138种,球囊菌门、毛霉菌门各1种。块菌属Tuber是中国子囊菌门中物种多样性最丰富、分布最广的地下生菌物类群,其他常见的地下子囊菌类有大团囊菌属Elaphomyces、腔块菌属Hydnotrya、粒块菌属Hydnobolites、猪块菌属Choiromyces、疣被块菌属Pachyphlodes、胶纵块菌属Balsamia等类群。层腹菌属Hymenogaster是中国担子菌类最常见的地下菌类群,其他中国常见的地下生担子菌有须腹菌属Rhizopogon、黑腹菌属Melanogaster、红菇属Russula地下类群、高腹菌属Gautieria、块腹菌属Protubera、片腹菌属Hysterangium等。我国研究地下菌的科研人员严重缺乏,断代、后...     

锐孔菌属一新种

本文报道了多孔菌科(Polyporaceae)锐孔菌属(Oxyporus)一新种:长白锐孔菌(Oxyporus changbaiensis Y.P.Bai et X.L.Zeng)。本种在形态特征上与黄白锐孔菌[Oxy-porus cervino-gilvus(Jungh.)Ryv.]相近,但菌丝具有大量横隔膜,且孢子较宽;亦与宽边锐孔菌[Oxyporus latemaginatus(Dur.et Mont.)Donk]相似,但孢子较大,有时有菌盖,囊状体上部被以结晶。文中有拉丁文及中文描述。     

轴腹菌,中国假块菌的一个新记录种

报道了我国假块菌的一个新记录种——轴腹菌Hydnangium carneum Wallr.,该种为轴腹菌属Hydnangium Wallr．的模式种,其特征是担子果淡粉红色,担子具2小梗,担孢子球形、近球形,有小刺,锁状联合存在于担子果各部位菌丝横隔上。     

粤北山区亚硬孔菌属的一个新种(英文)

本文报道了采集于广东省阳山县太平洞乡的一个亚硬孔菌属Rigidoporopsis Johan. &Ryv.新种,命名为大孢亚硬孔菌Rigidoporopsis macrospora G.Y.Zheng et Bi。三个国内新纪录:榆硬孔菌R.ulmarius(Fr.)Ryv.;薄皮蜡卧孔菌Ceriporia leptoderma(Berk.&Br.)Ryv.和新西兰背孔菌Chaetoporus novae-zelandiae(G.H.Cuna.)G.H.Cunn. 硬孔菌属和亚硬孔菌属的主要差别是:前者孢子光滑,非淀粉质反应;而后者则为轻微粗糙或具小疣,淀粉质或拟糊精质反应。另外,前者的担子较后者小得多。     

粤北山区亚硬孔菌属的一个新种

本文报道了采集于广东省阳山县太平洞乡的一个亚硬孔菌属Rigidoporopsis Johan. &Ryv.新种,命名为大孢亚硬孔菌Rigidoporopsis macrospora G.Y.Zheng et Bi。三个国内新纪录:榆硬孔菌R.ulmarius(Fr.)Ryv.;薄皮蜡卧孔菌Ceriporia leptoderma(Berk.&Br.)Ryv.和新西兰背孔菌Chaetoporus novae-zelandiae(G.H.Cuna.)G.H.Cunn. 硬孔菌属和亚硬孔菌属的主要差别是:前者孢子光滑,非淀粉质反应;而后者则为轻微粗糙或具小疣,淀粉质或拟糊精质反应。另外,前者的担子较后者小得多。     

中国类脐菇属(类脐菇科)的分类(英文)

作者对国产类脐菇属Omphalotus(含亮菌属Lampteromyces)标本进行了研究,报道4种,即鞭囊类脐菇O.flagelliformis、日本类脐菇O.guepiniformis、莽山类脐菇O.mangensis和亮耳菌Lampteromyces luminescens,其中鞭囊类脐菇为新种。作者对亮耳菌的模式标本进行了研究,发现它与日本类脐菇即使不是同一物种也是很近缘的,但由于没有亮耳菌模式产地或其附近地区的更多标本用于形态和分子系统发育的比较,故不对其进行分类处理。利用新近采自我国东北的标本,作者对日本类脐菇的显微特征进行了较为详细地研究,发现日本类脐菇、莽山类脐菇和亮耳菌都具有厚壁担孢子,厚壁担孢子的孢子壁外表在显微镜下看上去粗糙至不平滑,这可能是因为孢子壁不同区域的密度不同所致。云南桩菇Paxillus yunnanensis曾被猜测为类脐菇属的物种,作者对该种的模式标本进行了研究,发现模式标本具有巨大的褶缘囊状体,应是假白蘑属Tricholomopsis的成员。     

中国地下真菌新种和新记录(一)

本文报道了我国地下真菌3个新种和2个新记录,它们是:太原块菌Tuber taiyuanense Liu sp.nov.,苍岩山层腹菌Hymenogaster cangyan-shanensis Liu sp.nov.,山西须腹菌Rhizopogon shanxiensis Liu sp.nov.,棱孢层腹菌Hymenogaster fusisporus(Massee et Rodway)G.H.Cunningham以及小硬皮腹菌Sclerogaster minor Coker et Coudl。     

厚孢孔菌属一新种

本文报道了厚孢孔菌属(Pachykytospora)的一个新种,即大厚孢孔菌Pachykytospora major G.Y.Zheng et Bi和一个国内新记录:瘤厚孢孔菌Pachykytospora tuberculosa(DC.:Fr.)Kotl.et Pouz.。     

Phylogenetic relationships of the Gomphales based on nuc-25S-rDNA, mit-12S-rDNA, and mit-atp6-DNA combined sequences

Phylogenetic relationships among Geastrales, Gomphales, Hysterangiales, and Phallales were estimated via combined sequences: nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nuc-25S-rDNA), mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (mit-12S-rDNA), and mitochondrial atp6 DNA (mit-atp6-DNA). Eighty-one taxa comprising 19 genera and 58 species were investigated, including members of the Clathraceae, Gautieriaceae, Geastraceae, Gomphaceae, Hysterangiaceae, Phallaceae, Protophallaceae, and Sphaerobolaceae. Although some nodes deep in the tree could not be fully resolved, some well-supported lineages were recovered, and the interrelationships among Gloeocantharellus, Gomphus, Phaeoclavulina, and Turbinellus, and the placement of Ramaria are better understood. Both Gomphus sensu lato and Ramaria sensu lato comprise paraphyletic lineages within the Gomphaceae. Relationships of the subgenera of Ramaria sensu lato to each other and to other members of the Gomphales were clarified. Within Gomphus sensu lato, Gomphus sensu stricto, Turbinellus, Gloeocantharellus and Phaeoclavulina are separated by the presence/absence of clamp connections, spore ornamentation (echinulate, verrucose, subreticulate or reticulate), and basidiomal morphology (fan-shaped, funnel-shaped or ramarioid). Gautieria, a sequestrate genus in the Gautieriaceae, was recovered as monophyletic and nested with members of Ramaria subgenus Ramaria. This agrees with previous observations of traits shared by these two ectomycorrhizal taxa, such as the presence of fungal mats in the soil. Clavariadelphus was recovered as a sister group to Beenakia, Kavinia, and Lentaria. The results reaffirm relationships between the Geastrales, Gomphales, Hysterangiales, and the Phallales, suggesting extensive convergence in basidiomal morphology among members of these groups. A more extensive sampling that focuses on other loci (protein-coding genes have been shown to be phylogenetically informative) may be useful to answer questions about evolutionary relationships among these fungal groups.     

A SEM–study of Listerella paradoxa (Myxomycetes)

Apart from the presence of a capillitium, the fructifications of Listerella paradoxa Jahn resemble those of some species of Licea Schrad. Similarities exist in general appearance, mode of dehiscence, structure of peridium, and sculpturing of spores. The capillitium of Listerella is attached near the margins of the peridial lobes, and the moniliform threads are extensions from pillars from which the threads sometimes break. Aberrant capillitial outgrowths may be reminiscent of the processes bordering the peridial lobes in Licea. Although mostly found on podetia of the lichen genus Cladonia, Listerella may also occur on other substrates. A large–spored specimen developed on an oak leaf in California falls within the intraspecific variation of L. paradoxa. LwtereWa–resembling species of Licea may also occur on Cladonia. An x–ray analysis did not reveal any Ca or other elements with an atomic weight equal to or above that of Na in peridium, capillitium and spores of L. paradoxa , nor in peridium, peridial protuberances and spores of Licea pusilla Schrad.     

中国地下真菌新种和新记录Ⅱ.

本文报道了中国地下真菌一个新种和三个新记录,它们是:山西胶皮菌 Gelopellisshauxiensis Liu et K.Tao sp.nov.,大孢费歇块菌 Fischerula macrospora Matt.,古氏地孔菌Geopora cooperi Harkness,以及柠檬黄层腹菌日 Hymenogaster citrinus Vitt。     

Kalapuya brunnea gen. & sp. nov. and its relationship to the other sequestrate genera in Morchellaceae

Kalapuya is described as a new, monotypic truffle genus in the Morchellaceae known only from the Pacific northwestern United States. Its relationship to other hypogeous genera within Morchellaceae is explored by phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal LSU and EF1alpha protein coding region. The type species, K. brunnea, occurs in Douglas-fir forests up to about 50 y old on the west slope of the Cascade Range in Oregon and in the Coastal Ranges of Oregon and northern California. It has a roughened, warty, reddish brown to brown peridium, a solid whitish gleba that develops grayish brown mottling as the spores mature, and produces a cheesy-garlicky odor at maturity. Its smooth, ellipsoid spores resemble those of Morchella spp. but are much larger. The four hypogeous genera known in the Morchellaceae, Kalapuya, Fischerula, Imaia and Leucangium, are distinct from the epigeous genera Morchella and Verpa, but it is uncertain whether they resulted from a single transition to a hypogeous fruiting habit or from multiple independent transitions. Kalapuya, locally known as the Oregon brown truffle, has been commercially harvested for culinary use.     

Cytological and genetic studies of the life cycle of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica

Summary In the alkane yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica (formerly: Candida lipolytica) the variability in the ascospore number is caused by the absence of a correlation between the meiotic divisions and spore wall formation. In four spored yeasts, after meiosis II, a spore wall is formed around each of the four nuclei produced by meiosis II. However, in the most frequently occurring two spored asci of S. lipolytica, the two nuclei are already enveloped by the spore wall after meiosis I due to a delay of meiosis II. This division takes place within the spore during the maturation of the ascus. In this case germination of the binucleate ascospore is not preceded by a mitosis. It follows that the cells of the new haploid clones are mononucleate. In the three spored asci, which occur rarely, only one nucleus is surrounded by a spore wall after meiosis I; the other nucleus undergoes meosis II before the onset of spore wall formation. The result is one binucleate and two mononucleate spores. In the one spored asci the two meiotic divisions occur within the young ascospore, i.e. spore wall formation starts immediately after development of the ascus. These cytological observations were substantiated by genetic data, which in addition confirmed the prediction that binucleate spores may be heterokaryotic. This occurs when there is a postreduction of at least one of the genes by which the parents of the cross differ. This also explains the high frequency of prototrophs in the progeny on non-allelic auxotrophs since random spore isolates are made without distinguishing between mono-and binucleate spores. The possibility of analysing offspring of binucleate spores by tetrad analysis is discussed. These findings enable us to understand the life cycle of S. lipolytica in detail and we are now in a position to start concerted breeding for strain improvement especially with respect to single cell protein production.     

产生担子器的担子菌一新科

作为担子菌的一个新科石花菌科目前包括单属、单种,即新属石花菌属和新种石花菌。新种子实体大型,胶质,石花菜状,具多级分枝;担子器(basidiopycnidium,新术语,用于描述一种内部产生担子的、发育良好的壳状结构)自末端分枝产生,长颈瓶状,具细长的喙,有发育良好的壁,内生担子和担孢子;担子短柱状,具3个横隔,无色,担孢子梗侧生;担孢子椭圆形,无色,单细胞。提供了子实体的形态、担子器形态及解剖结构、担子和担孢子的图解和详细描述,并对新种的分类地位进行讨论。     

Scabropezia, a new genus of Pezizaceae (Pezizales)

Scabropezia gen. nov., with globose spores, is described with two species, viz. the type species S. scabrosa (Cooke) comb, nov., and S. flavovirens (Fuck.) comb. nov. The relationship to the globose–spored genera Plicaria Fuck, emend. Boud. and Pachyphloeus Tul. and to the genus Peziza L. ex St.–Amans is discussed. A key for the treated taxa is provided.     

MORPHOGENESIS OF THE SPORANGIUM OF COMATRICHA

Goodwin , Donna C. (State U. Iowa, Iowa City.) Morphogenesis of the sporangium of Comatricha. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(2): 148–154. IIlus. 1961.—Three species of the myxomycete genus, Comatricha, were studied: Comatricha nigra, C. fimbriata, and C. elegans. The sporangia developed on living bark of Ulmus americana in moist chamber. The hypothallus is formed under the homogeneous protoplasmic mass of the sporangial initial. The fibrous threads of the hypothallus bend upward, lengthening at the apices to become the fibers of the stalk and columella. The undifferentiated protoplasm is carried upward as the stalk elongates. When the columella has attained its mature height, threads bend out from the columella and grow toward the periphery of the sporangium. These threads form the capillitium. Simultaneous with the appearance of the capillitial initials, the peridium, a delicate membrane, forms. After the capillitium is mature, the protoplast cleaves into many cells, the future spores. The peridium evanesces early in the stage of spore maturation. Cellulose is present in the stalk, capillitium, and spore walls but is not found in the peridium or hypothallus. The capillitium of these species follows a developmental pattern designated as the “Comatricha-type” by Ross (1957) from a study of Comatricha typhoides. The taxonomic implications of the sporangial developmental pattern are discussed.     

Two new species of Perichaena (Myxomycetes) from arid areas of Russia and Kazakhstan

Two new myxomycete species from dry steppe and desert communities of the Caspian Lowland (Russia) and central Kazakhstan are described and illustrated. They are placed tentatively within genus Perichaena, which does include species with a reduced capillitium and single-layered peridium. Both species were found repeatedly in moist chamber cultures; P. heterospinispora appeared on leaf litter and twigs, whereas P. polygonospora occurred on leaf litter and weathered dung of rodents. Both species have spore ornamentation that is unique for members of genera Licea and Perichaena. The spore ornamentation of the first species includes scattered large, pyramid-like spines 0.9-1.2 microm high that sometimes have enlarged ends. Among these spines the spore surface is covered by evenly and densely distributed warts that are visible only by SEM. The second species is characterized by angular spores with a coarse network of rounded ridges. The areas among these ridges bear scattered composite warts 0.3-0.5 microm high that sometimes coalesce to form clusters but more often are distributed evenly and densely and are visible only by SEM. The stability of the taxonomic characters of both species was confirmed by several collections from different regions obtained in 2 y. The morphology of the fructifications of the two myxomycetes was examined with both scanning electron and light microscopy, and micrographs of all relevant features are presented.     

Morphology and ultrastructure of the plasmodiocarpous species Licea variabilis and L. retiformis (Myxomycetes)

Licea variabilis and L. retiformis are odd members of the genus Licea in so far as they form plasmodiocarpous fructifications and do not possess protoplasmodia. Differences between the two species are found in the sculpturing of the inner surface of the peridium, in the ornamentation of the spore wall, and in the internal structure of the spore wall. Certain characteristics indicate a closer affinity of L. retiformis to the sporangiate species of Licea than to L. variabilis. Spherical bodies attached to the inner surface of the peridium in L. retiformis appear to be an integral part of the peridium and may be homologous with ornamentations seen in L. biforis.