光胁迫下银杏光合作用的光抑制

自然条件下晴天银杏叶片光系统Ⅱ光化学效率表现明显日变化。上午Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ随光照的增强而降低,至１４：００左右达最低值。其后随着光强的减弱Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ缓慢恢复。一天中叶黄素循环关键组分玉米黄质（Ｚ）含量与Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ呈负相关,用二硫苏糖醇（ＤＴＴ）阻断Ｚ的形成后,光抑制程度大大加深。结果表明与叶黄素循环有关的非辐射能量耗散的增加是产生光抑制的原因之一。强光处理前饲喂Ｄ１蛋白合成抑制剂林可霉素（ＬＭ）,ＦＶ     

杜氏盐藻细胞质膜氧化还原系统

杜氏盐藻细胞质膜具的氧化ＮＡＤ（Ｐ）Ｈ,还原Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）＾３－６和Ｏ２的氧化还原系统。当Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）＾３－６浓度为０．６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,氧化ＮＡＤＨ的Ｋｍ为９６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖｍａｘ为１５９ｎｍｏｌ１０＾－８ｃｅｌｌｓｍｉｎ＾－１,最适ｐＨ为８．５。ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００可促进ＮＡＤＨ和Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）＾３－６的氧化还原活性。ＮＡＤＨ能促进藻细胞的氧吸收,最适ｐＨ为８．５。在无外源电子供体存在时,细胞质     

强光及活性氧对大豆光合作用的影响

利用叶绿素荧光技术研究了强光及活性氧对大豆（ Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ ｍａｘ Ｌ．） 光合作用的影响。结果表明,大豆叶片在强光（２０００ μｍｏｌ·ｍ － ２·ｓ－ １） 下照射２ ｈ 后,净光合放氧速率下降。随着处理光强的增加,叶绿素荧光参数Ｆｍ／Ｆｏ、Ｆｖ／ Ｆｍ 、ΦＰＳⅡ、ｑＰ 和ｑＮ 均呈下降趋势。在强光处理大豆叶片时,加入外源活性氧Ｈ２Ｏ２ 、Ｏ－·２ 、·ＯＨ 和１Ｏ２ 后,大豆叶片受到伤害。其中１Ｏ２ 和·ＯＨ 的破坏作用十分明显,表现为Ｆｖ／ Ｆｍ 和ΦＰＳⅡ的明显降低。抗氧化剂ＤＡＢＣＯ、甘露醇、抗坏血酸和组氨酸对强光下的大豆叶片有保护作用,但这种保护作用不强。在暗处理叶片时,超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的抑制剂ＤＤＣ对Ｆｍ／ Ｆｏ 和Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ 的影响不大;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ＡＰＸ） 的抑制剂ＮａＮ３ 使Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ、Ｆｖ／ Ｆｍ和ΦＰＳⅡ下降明显。强光处理大豆叶片时,ＤＤＣ明显降低Ｆｍ／ Ｆｏ、Ｆｖ／ Ｆｍ 和ΦＰＳⅡ,ＮａＮ３ 降低Ｆｍ／ Ｆｏ、Ｆｖ／ Ｆｍ 和ΦＰＳⅡ的作用则更大。据此推测,在强光下大豆发生了光抑制,光抑制的发生与活性氧的存在有一定的关系     

干旱胁迫下大豆与玉米中叶片光破坏的防御

随干旱强度的增加,大豆叶片光呼吸速率（Ｐｒ）降低的幅度小于Ｐｎ使Ｐｒ／Ｐｎ经率升高。在轻度及中度干旱下,ＰＳⅡ光化学效率（Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ）能在暗置后较快地恢复。随干旱强度的增加,叶片光化学猝灭系数下降,非光化学猝灭系数升高。干旱使叶片β－胡萝卜素及紫黄质含量下降,而玉米黄质含量（Ｚ）与叶黄素库增加。与大豆相比,玉米在干旱条件下具有较高的Ｚ含量的较大的叶黄素库。     

高强光下SO^2—3和F^—对盐藻叶绿素荧光特性的影响

高强光下，盐藻以５０ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１和ＳＯ６２－３和Ｆ＾－处理１ｈ后，其体内ＭＤＡ含量上升，ＳＯＤ活性，Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ，Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ，ＰＳⅡ电子传递活性和游离－ＳＨ含量均下降；２．以ＳＯ＾２－３处理后转置于低强江下３ｈ，ＤＮＡ含量下降，Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ，Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ，ΦＰＳⅡ和ＳＯＤ活性回升，游离－ＳＨ含量增加，暗下不能恢复；９３０以Ｆ＾－处理后无论在低强江或暗下上述指标都不能恢复，甚至继续发展。     

P物质对大鼠DRG神经元胞体膜的作用

本文在大鼠ＤＲＧ神经元标本上应用细胞内记录,以确定ＳＰ对ＤＲＧ细胞的膜反应及其可能的离子机制。实验所测ＤＲＧ细胞静息膜电位为－５８．９±８．２ｍＶ（Ｘ±ＳＥ,ｎ＝８１）。传导速度：Ａ_（α／β）细胞为２０．４±４．８ｍ／ｓ（Ｘ±ＳＥ）,范围１４．１－２８．７ｍ／ｓ（４７／６０）;Ａδ及Ｃ类细胞为９．８±５．２ｍ／ｓ,范围１．２－１３．７ｍ／ｓ（１３／６０）。浴槽滴加ＳＰ（１０￣（－７）－３×１０￣（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）在大多数细胞可引起明显的膜去极化反应（５６／６０）。少数细胞对ＳＰ无反应（４／６０）。在ＳＰ去极化期间膜电导值有所增加,从平均值２．７２×１０￣（－８）ｍｈｏ增加２４．６％（ｎ＝３）。所测逆转电位值在＋４０－＋５０ｍＶ之间（ｎ＝３）。浊流平衡液（ＢＳＳ）中ＮａＣｌ以氯化胆碱置代,或用含ＴＴＸ（１０￣（－５）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的ＢＳＳ灌流,可使ＳＰ－去极化幅值大大减小但不能完全消除。而高（２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和低（０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）Ｃａ￣（２＋）的ＢＳＳ灌流时,使ＳＰ－去极化幅值相应的增加和降低。用含１０￣（－４）ｍｏｌ／ＬＣｄ￣（２＋）及１０￣（－２）ｍｏｌ／ＬＴＥＡ的ＢＳＳ灌流,均使ＳＰ－去极化明显减小。     

机械力对鼠脑微血管内皮细胞膜电流的影响

采用膜片钳技术以全细胞方式在鼠脑微血管内皮细胞中记录到一延迟外向电流,对Ｋ＾＋具有高度特异性,胞外施加２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＴＥＡ－Ｃｌ在明显抑制该电流。实验的保持电位定在－１００ｍＶ,测试电位从－１００ｍＶ至＋９０ｍＶ,每次增加１０ｍＶ,刺激波宽为２１００ｍｓ。该电流具有ＴＥＡ敏感,并有浓度依赖性,其ＩＣ５０约为２．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,类似延迟整流性钾电流特征（ＩＫｖ）。机械力作用下可引出一外向电流,膜     

强光下SO2-3和HCO-3对盐藻叶绿素荧光的影响

强光下用低浓度ＳＯ＾２－３处理盐藻１ｈ,其Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ ｑＮ,ｑｐ和ΦＰＳⅡ都较暗对照高,随着ＳＯ６２－３浓度的提高,Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ,ｑＮ,ｑｐ和ΦＰＳⅡ下降。２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＨＣＯ＾－３可减缓这种下降趋势。     

三种钠尿肽抑制大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖效应的比较

本文比较了心房钠尿肽（ＡＮＰ）、Ｃ－型钠尿肽（ＣＮＰ）、血管钠肽（ＶＮＰ）抑制肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣｓ）增殖的效应。用蛋白激酶Ｃ激动剂佛波酯（ＰＭＡ）刺激体外培养大鼠ＰＡＳＭＣｓ的增殖,以总蛋白含量和ＭＴＴ比色ＯＤ值为指标,观察三种钠尿肽对ＰＭＡ刺激大鼠ＰＡＳＭＣｓ增殖的影响。结果表明,ＰＭＡ（１０＾－９－１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）ＰＡＳＭＣｓ的总蛋白含量和ＭＴＴＯＤ值,     

几种克服昆明小鼠2一细胞胚胎发育阻滞的培养液研究

比较了几种培养液对克服昆明小鼠胚胎２－细胞发育阻滞的效果。实验１的结果表明，在Ｍ１６及ＣＺＢ培养液基础上，加减几种成分得到的改进Ｍ１６培养液（用ｍＭ１６表示）和改进的ＣＺＢ培养液（用ｍＣＺＢ表示）均能有效克服２－细胞阻滞现象。除去Ｍ１６和ＣＺＢ培养液中的葡萄糖和磷酸盐后添加５．５５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ牛磺酸、１００或１１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＥＤＴＡ、２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ谷氨酰胺和２％必需氨基酸（ＥＡＡ）及１％非必需     

竹红菌乙素对菌紫质荧光的影响

用荧光光谱方法研究了竹红菌乙素与菌紫质的相互作用。通过竹红菌乙素对菌紫质吸收光谱,对菌紫质荧光猝死的浓度和温度的依赖性以及竹红菌乙素对明暗适应菌紫质的荧光猝灭等研究表明,竹红菌乙素是一种新型的荧光猝灭剂,它对菌紫质的荧光猝灭属于动态猝死过程。竹红菌乙素对明暗适应菌紫质荧光猝灭的差别,说明这种猝灭剂可用于生物膜体系的蛋白质构象变化的研究。     

THE IMPACT OF NONPHOTOCHEMICAL QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE ON THE PHOTON BALANCE IN DIATOMS UNDER DYNAMIC LIGHT CONDITIONS1

The nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of fluorescence is an important photoprotective mechanism in particular under dynamic light conditions. Its photoprotective potential was suggested to be a functional trait of algal diversity. In the present study, the influence of the photoprotective capacity on the growth balance was investigated in two diatoms, which possess different NPQ characteristics. It was hypothesized that under fluctuating light conditions Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz. would benefit from its large and flexible NPQ potential, whereas the comparably small NPQ capacity in Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve should exert an unfavorable impact on growth. The results of the study clearly falsify this hypothesis. Although C. meneghiniana possesses a fast NPQ component, this diatom was not able to recover its full NPQ capacity under fluctuating light. On the other hand, the induction of NPQ at relatively low irradiance in S. costatum resulted in rather small differences in the fraction of energy dissipation by the NPQ mechanism in the comparison of both diatoms. Larger differences were found in the metabolic characteristics. Both diatoms differed in their biomass composition, with a higher content of lipids in C. meneghiniana but higher amounts of carbohydrates in S. costatum. Finally, the lower degree of reduction in the biomass compensated for the higher respiration rates in S. costatum and resulted in a higher quantum efficiency of biomass production. An indirect correlation between the photoprotective and the metabolic capacity is discussed.     

MODULATION OF P‐GLYCOPROTEIN ATPASE OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA BY CHOLESTEROL: EFFECTS ON ATPASE ACTIVITY AND INTERACTION OF INSECTICIDES

Purified P‐glycoprotein ATPase from Helicoverpa armigera (Ha‐Pgp), reconstituted in proteoliposomes composed of phospholipids and cholesterol, shows higher ATPase activity in the presence of cholesterol than in its absence. The Ha‐Pgp ATPase activity was increased 30–40% with cholesterol. The K_M for ATP was found to be 1 and 0.8 mM in the absence and presence of cholesterol, respectively. The insecticide‐stimulated Ha‐Pgp ATPase activity was increased by 10–20% for all the insecticides in the reconstituted proteoliposomes containing cholesterol compared to those with no cholesterol. The effects of cholesterol on K_M and V_max values of insecticide‐stimulated Ha‐Pgp ATPase activity were unrelated to the size of the insecticide. Ha‐Pgp tryptophan fluorescence displayed a red shift of 3 and 8 nm in emission spectra upon binding of insecticides. Cholesterol enhances the interaction of insecticides with Ha‐Pgp. K_d values of different insecticides for binding to Ha‐Pgp were found to be lower in the presence of cholesterol in the proteoliposomes compared to its absence. Results suggest that cholesterol plays a role in the recognition and interaction of insecticides by modulating Ha‐Pgp ATPase and may be involved in efflux of insecticides from cells by the transporter.     

Mg~(2+)对线粒体H~+-ATP酶的F_O在脂质体重建时的影响

线粒体ATP合成酶是由具有H~+转运活性的F_0亚基,可溶性的催化中心F_1和连接二者的致寡霉素敏感蛋白(OSCP)所组成. 将纯化的猪心线粒体H—ATP酶复合体的F_0亚基,用胆酸盐透析法在有Mg~(2+)和无Mg~(2+)条件下在大豆磷脂脂质体上重建得脂酶体(L·F_0).用探剂9-AA荧光淬灭法和电权法测定了两种脂酶体的质子转运活力.由两种方法所得的实验结果均表明,在透返介质中加入1mmolmg~(2+)条件下形成的脂酶体(L·F_0)+Mg~(2+)较无Mg~(2+)者的质子转运活性明显增加.前者的荧光强度变化较后者增加约30%;由电极法测得的质子转运的初速度,前者为5nmolH~+′sF_0,后者为3nmolH~+′s·nmolF_O,质子转运活性高约一倍.这进一步支持Mg~(2+)通过调节脂的物理状态而诱导F_O具有较适合的构象,并进而将这一影响传递至F_1,使整个H~+—AhP酶具有较高活性的假设.     

Mg~(2+)对线粒体H~+-ATP酶的F_O在脂质体重建时的影响

线粒体ATP合成酶是由具有H~+转运活性的F_0亚基,可溶性的催化中心F_1和连接二者的致寡霉素敏感蛋白(OSCP)所组成. 将纯化的猪心线粒体H—ATP酶复合体的F_0亚基,用胆酸盐透析法在有Mg~(2+)和无Mg~(2+)条件下在大豆磷脂脂质体上重建得脂酶体(L·F_0).用探剂9-AA荧光淬灭法和电权法测定了两种脂酶体的质子转运活力.由两种方法所得的实验结果均表明,在透返介质中加入1mmolmg~(2+)条件下形成的脂酶体(L·F_0)+Mg~(2+)较无Mg~(2+)者的质子转运活性明显增加.前者的荧光强度变化较后者增加约30%;由电极法测得的质子转运的初速度,前者为5nmolH~+′sF_0,后者为3nmolH~+′s·nmolF_O,质子转运活性高约一倍.这进一步支持Mg~(2+)通过调节脂的物理状态而诱导F_O具有较适合的构象,并进而将这一影响传递至F_1,使整个H~+—AhP酶具有较高活性的假设.     

苯肼对红细胞膜结构和功能的影响

通过对低渗溶血过程、荧光淬灭效应及阴离子跨膜通透性的研究,探讨了苯肼对红细胞膜结构和功能的影响。苯肼浓度0.01mM时,低渗溶血的K_1快过程开始变慢,表明膜脂质流动性的降低。苯肼浓度增至0.1mM后,膜和变性血红蛋白的结合大为增强,这种膜结构的变化提高了阴离子的跨膜通透性。     

荧光探针Bis-ANS和磷酸丙糖异构酶的相互作用

研究了极性荧光探针Bis-ANS和磷酸丙糖异构酶的相互作用。我们发现由磷酸丙糖异构酶(TIM)中Trp残基和结合在TIM分子上的Bis-ANS之间的能量传递引起的Trp残基荧光的淬灭呈双相性,表明Bis-ANS在TIM分子上可能有2个不相同的结合位点,其结合的解离平衡常数Kd分别为3.3μM和17.0μM。底物GDP引起已结合的Bis-ANS荧光强度进一步增强和荧光谱的蓝移说明GDP可影响Bis-ANS在TIM分子上结合部位的构象,使其疏水性增强。我们还观察到由于结合在同一TIM分子上的Bis-ANS之间的能量传递引起的退偏振,进一步证明Bis-ANS有2个结合部位在1—2800bar压力范围里,增高压力引起结合在TIM分子上的Bis-ANS荧光进一步增强和光谱蓝移,说明TIM在压力下解离成亚基的过程中发生了Weber提出的"conformationaldrift。     

超氧阴离子诱导的叶绿素荧光猝灭

分别通过黄嘌呤(X)与黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)反应和甲基紫金(MV)的作用,观察了O·-2诱导莴苣叶绿体的叶绿素荧光猝灭过程.结果表明,O-·2的产生明显使光化学猝灭(qP)和非光化学猝灭(qN)增加.叶绿体内SOD被DDC抑制后,X+XO诱导的叶绿素荧光猝灭过程中,qP下降,qN上升;MV诱导的叶绿素荧光猝灭过程中,qP上升幅度不大,qN增加不明显.当碳代谢被碘乙酰胺(JAA)抑制后, qP下降,qN上升.解偶联剂NH4Cl增加质子跨类囊体膜的通透性,导致qP增加和qN降低,加入MV后qP和qN增加不明显.分析认为,-·2的产生和及时被清除对保持光合电子传递和增加跨膜ΔpH有很重要的作用,有利于叶绿体吸收的光能得到转化和耗散,在一定程度上减轻过量光能引起的光抑制损伤.     

Resolving chlorophyll a fluorescence images of photosynthetic efficiency into photochemical and non-photochemical components – calculation of qP and Fv-/Fm-; without measuring Fo-;

Imaging of chlorophyll a fluorescence from leaves has enabled the spatial resolution of the fluorescence parameter, F/Fm-;. Although this parameter provides a reliable estimate of photosynthetic efficiency under most conditions, the extent to which this efficiency is defined by (i) competition with other energy-dissipating processes operating at photosystem II and (ii) by processes on the reducing side of photosystem II, such as carbon assimilation, requires the use of additional parameters. Of particular value are qP, which quantifies the photochemical capacity of photosystem II, and Fv-;/Fm-;, which quantifies the extent to which photochemistry at photosystem II is limited by competition with thermal decay processes. Imaging of both qP and Fv-;/Fm-; requires measurement of Fo-; (the minimum fluorescence yield in the light-adapted state), which cannot be imaged with existing systems. In this paper, a method is described which estimates Fo-; through a simple equation involving the minimum fluorescence yield in the dark-adapted state (Fo), the maximum fluorescence yield in the dark-adapted state (Fm), and the maximum fluorescence yield in the light-adapted state (Fm-;). This method is tested here, through comparison of measured and calculated values of Fo-;. An example of the application of this method to analysis of photosynthetic performance in leaves, from images of chlorophyll a fluorescence, is also presented.     

不同状态血红蛋白对红细胞膜功能的影响

用荧光猝灭法测定了不同状态游离血红蛋白和红细胞血影膜间的相互作用,观察到和氧合血红蛋白相比,脱氧血红蛋白和膜上高亲和位点的作用加强,而高铁血红蛋白和低亲和位点的作用加强。本文用低渗溶血速率、阴离子通透性、变形性等三个参量测定了这种相互作用的变化对红细胞膜功能的影响,并讨论了脱氧状态下这种改变的生理意义。