角果胡椒的化学成分研究

从角果胡椒的乙醇提取物中分离得到6个甾醇,通过波谱方法鉴定它们的结构为5α,8α-过氧-(22E,24R)-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(1),(22E,24R)-麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3β-醇(2),(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(3),豆甾醇-5,11-二烯-3β-醇(4),豆甾醇-3,6-二酮(5),sitoindosideΙ(6)。     

海洋真菌Fusarium sp.次级代谢产物的研究

采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、开放ODS柱色谱以及HPLC等方法从海洋真菌Fusarium sp.的菌丝体中分离得到5个化合物,通过波谱数据及理化性质分别鉴定为3β,15β-二羟基-(22E,24R)-麦角甾-5,8(14),22-三烯-7-酮(1)、3β,5α,9α-三羟基-(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮(2)、(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(3)、5α,8α-过氧-(22E,24R)-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(4)和丁二酸(5).其中化合物1和2首次从该属真菌中分离得到.     

裂褶菌化学成分研究

经硅胶反复柱层析,从裂褶菌子实体的醇提物中首次分离得到8个化合物,利用波谱方法及理化性质鉴定为5,α8α-过氧麦角甾-6,22E-二烯-3β-醇(1)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β醇(2)、(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(3)、烟酸(4)、苯甲酸(5)、D-阿拉伯糖醇(6)、甘露醇(7)、海藻糖(8)。     

中药脱皮马勃的化学成分研究

为了研究脱皮马勃Lasiosphaera fenzliiReich.子实体的化学成分,通过石油醚索氏提取、硅胶柱色谱、葡聚糖凝胶色谱、重结晶分离纯化,从脱皮马勃子实体中分离得到了6个化合物,通过波谱数据分析分别鉴定它们为(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(1),麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3,6-二酮(2),麦角甾-5α,8α-环二氧-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(3),麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3-醇(4),麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3-酮(5),硬脂酸(6),其中化合物1~3、6是首次从脱皮马勃中分离得到。     

根霉3078的代谢产物的研究

从根霉3078菌丝体的甲醇提取物中分离得到9个化合物,通过波谱分析,鉴定为5α,8α-表二氧-(20S,22E,24R)-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(1)、甘油醇-1-单油酸酯(2)、4-羟基苯乙酮(3)、4-羟基苯乙酸(4)、(20S,22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β三醇(5)、(S)-3-羟基-3-苯基丙酸(6)、胸腺嘧啶(7)、尿嘧啶(8)和腺苷(9)。     

非洲隔囊蚁巢伞的化学成分研究(英文)

从肯尼亚安波塞利产的隔囊蚁巢伞(Termitomyces schimperi)子实体中分离得到8个已知化合物,通过波谱方法鉴定它们的结构为(22E,24R)-麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3β-醇(1),(3β,5α,9α-三羟基麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮(2),5α,8α-过氧-(22E,24R)-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(3),麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮(4),D-阿拉伯糖醇(5),D-半乳糖醇(6),脑苷脂B(7)和脑苷脂D(8)。所有化合物均首次从该真菌中分离得到。     

三种毒菌的化学成分研究

本文对三种毒菌的化学成分进行了研究。从光盖伞(Psilocybe spp)分离鉴定了4个化合物,经波谱分析鉴定为:(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-十八烷酸酯(1)、β-胡萝卜苷(2)、(22E,24R)-5α,6α-环氧麦角甾-8,22-二烯-3β,7α-二醇(3)、色氨酸(4);从假褐云斑鹅膏(Amanita pseudoporphyria)分离鉴定了4个化合物:(22E,24R)-3β-羟基-5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-6,22-二烯(5)、(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(6)、1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(2S,3R,4E,8E,2′R)-2-N-(2′-羟基棕榈酰)-9-甲基-4,8-脱氢鞘氨醇(7)、1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(2S,3R,4E,8E,2′R)-2-N-(2′-羟基十八烷酰)-9-甲基-4,8-脱氢鞘氨醇(8);大青褶伞(Chlorophyllum molybdites)发酵菌丝体分离鉴定了4个化合物:5、6、(22E,24R)-5α,6α-环氧麦角甾-8(14),22-二烯-3β,7α-二醇(9)、(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(10)。除化合物9外其它化合物均为首次从以上相应毒菌中分离得到。     

蓝柄丽齿菌的化学成分

从担子菌亚门蓝柄丽齿菌(Calodon suaveolens)中首次分离得到8个化合物,通过波谱学技术并借助必要的化学方法最终确定结构,它们是：(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(1),(22E,24R)-5α,8α-过氧麦角甾-6,22-二烯．3β-醇(2),(22E,24R)-麦角甾．5,7,22-三烯-3β-醇(3),(22E,24R)-3β-羟基麦角甾-5,22-二烯-7-酮(4),对羟基苯甲酸(5),尿嘧啶(6),polyozellin(7),(4E,BE）-2-N-(2’-羟基棕榈酰)-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-9-甲基-4,8-sphingadienine(8)。     

齿菌子实体的化学成分研究

利用硅胶柱层析和Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析分离手段,从高等真菌齿菌(Hydnellumsp.No.2)子实体的甲醇提取物中分离鉴定了7个化合物,经现代光谱学技术鉴定为麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(1)、5α,8α-过氧麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(2)、(22E,24R)-3β-羟基-24-甲基胆甾-5,22-二烯-7-酮(3)、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(4)、(24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(5)、Tuberoside(6)和脑苷脂B(7)。化合物4、5、6、7为该属首次报道。     

玉竹的化学成分研究

采用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20等多种材料进行分离纯化,通过理化方法和波普分析进行结构鉴定,从玉竹根茎的醇提溶液的乙酸乙酯萃取部分中分离鉴定了12个化合物,分别为:ningpogenin(1)、6-O-p-hydroxybenzoylaucubin(2)、3,3'-Bisdemethylpinoresinol(3)、5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde(4)、(22E,24R)-Ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol(5)、Borreriagenin(6)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(7)、5α,8α-epidiory-(22E,24R)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol(8)、β-谷甾醇(9)、3β,5α,9α-三羟基-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮(10)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3-酮(11)、对羟基苯乙醇(12)。除化合物(9)之外,其余所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.