大盘山香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)种内及其与常见伴生种之间的竞争关系

应用了生态位和单木竞争模型对浙江省大盘山国家级自然保护区香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)种内及其与常见伴生种之间的竞争关系进行了研究.结果表明,群落中,香果树的生态位宽度最大,香果树与其伴生种生态位的重叠值顺序为:杉木 > 红脉钓樟 > 山胡椒 > 七子花 > 尖连蕊茶;对生境的要求非常相近的山胡椒、红脉钓樟和尖连蕊茶之间,其生态位重叠值极高.采用Hegyi单木竞争模型的研究结果表明,在早期阶段,香果树的种内竞争强度随着径级的增加而增大,胸径大于15 cm后,其竞争强度又逐渐降低.种间竞争强度的大小顺序为:香果树 > 杉木 > 七子花 > 红脉钓樟 > 山胡椒 > 尖连蕊茶.两种方法的研究结果表现出较高的一致性,如种内竞争大于种间竞争;种间竞争又以香果树-杉木之间的竞争最大,而香果树-尖连蕊茶之间竞争最小,且两种方法的结果具有一定的互补性.因此,建议在对群落竞争关系的研究中,将生态位和单木竞争模型相结合,更能客观的反映其竞争关系.另外,在经营香果树人工林时,为了给香果树创造一个良好的生存环境,应选择灌木树种作为其主要的伴生种而不宜选择生长迅速的常绿树种.     

大螟和黄螟在蔗苗上的生态位及其种间竞争

【目的】明确大螟Sesamia inferens Walker和黄螟Argyroploce schistaceana Snellen在甘蔗上的生态位和种间竞争关系。【方法】通过对甘蔗苗期螟害枯心苗和螟幼虫调查,根据生态位理论测定其生态位和种间竞争强度。【结果】甘蔗苗期,大螟60%以上由蔗苗地上部位蛀入,黄螟90%以上由蔗苗地下和地面部位蛀入。在生态位方面,大螟时间生态位较黄螟宽,空间生态位则两种害虫相当,生态位相似性比例较高,种间竞争系数最高达0.7472。【结论】这两种害虫在蔗苗上竞争激烈。     

大兴安岭次生林区不同龄级落叶松(Larix gmelinii)生态位特征和竞争关系

生态位能够反映物种在群落中的功能地位,通过生态位可以定量地研究种内、种间、生境三者之间的相互关系。以大兴安岭次生林区优势种群落叶松（Larix gmelinii）为研究对象,运用Levins公式、Pianka指数和Hegyi单木竞争指数模型分析了该优势种的生态位特征、生态位宽度与重叠度以及重叠程度与竞争作用之间的关系。研究结果表明：随落叶松个体的发育其生态位呈先增大后减小的规律性变化;生态位宽度较大的落叶松个体间重叠程度往往也较高,生态位宽度与重叠度呈显著的线性正相关;落叶松个体间的生态位重叠程度与彼此之间的竞争作用无明显相关性、种群内存在互利性生态位重叠现象;生物个体间的竞争作用与研究尺度有关。     

据叶绿体trnL_F序列分析"高等"金缕梅类植物的系统发育关系

研究对"高等"金缕梅类的8科24属25种植物和外类群Hamamelis两种植物的叶绿体DNA trnL-F区进行了测序,并根据DNA序列对该类植物的系统发育关系进行了分析.结果表明: 所有"高等"金缕梅类植物的科结合成一支, bootstrap 分析支持率为100%,各科之间的关系得到很好分辨.Nothofagus是最基部的一支;山毛榉科(Fagaceae)作为姐妹群与"核心"金缕梅类的科(桦木科Betulaceae,胡桃科Juglandaceae, 木麻黄科Casuarinaceae, 杨梅科Myricaceae, Ticodendraceae 和马尾树科Rhoipteleaceae)组成一支,并得到很强的支持."核心"金缕梅类构成三支,关系如下:(1) Casuarina (Ticodendron, (Betulaceae)), (2) Juglandaceae-Rhoipteleaceae, (3) Myricaceae.本研究显示叶绿体DNA trnL-F区对分辨"高等"金缕梅类科间关系及部分科内的属间关系十分有效.     

入侵植物藿香蓟与常见伴生杂草的生态位特征

基于传统生态位理论的生物入侵机制假说认为外来种和土著种生态位的差异是决定入侵成功与否和危害程度的关键。藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)是一种在我国南方快速蔓延的恶性入侵种。为了了解藿香蓟与其他杂草在群落中的生态关系,探究造成藿香蓟成功入侵的可能机制及危害,在浙西南的丽水市开展了杂草群落调查,计算了藿香蓟和16种常见本地杂草的生态位宽度、生态位重叠和种间相关系数,并对主要物种进行典范对应分析(CCA)排序。结果表明(1)藿香蓟与常见本地杂草间的生态位重叠度显著高于本地杂草间的生态位重叠度,这与藿香蓟具有最大的生态位宽度有关;(2)藿香蓟与常见本地杂草的Pianka生态位重叠指数介于0.04-0.296之间,重叠度处于中下水平;(3)常见本地杂草对于藿香蓟的n-维超体积生态位重叠值显著高于藿香蓟对于常见本地杂草的n-维超体积生态位重叠值;(4)藿香蓟在CCA排序图上处于较中心的位置,说明其具有较高的中生性;不仅如此,外来杂草和本地杂草在排序图上充分混杂,说明外来种相对于本地种并无明显特化;(5)群落中大多数常见杂草间未出现显著种间负相关,仅7个种对显著正相关,大多数种对不相关。总的来说,丽水农村的杂草群落稳定较差,资源相对充足,种间生态位重叠较低,本地植物对于藿香蓟的竞争阻抗较小,加上藿香蓟本身较大的生态位宽度,导致了藿香蓟在本地区广泛而严重的入侵。     

据叶绿体trnL—F序列分析“高等”金缕梅类植物的系统发育关系

研究对“高等”金缕梅类的 8科 2 4属 2 5种植物和外类群Hamamelis两种植物的叶绿体DNAtrnL_F区进行了测序 ,并根据DNA序列对该类植物的系统发育关系进行了分析。结果表明 :所有“高等”金缕梅类植物的科结合成一支 ,bootstrap分析支持率为 10 0 % ,各科之间的关系得到很好分辨。Nothofagus是最基部的一支 ;山毛榉科 (Fa gaceae)作为姐妹群与“核心”金缕梅类的科 (桦木科Betulaceae ,胡桃科Juglandaceae ,木麻黄科Casuarinaceae ,杨梅科Myricaceae,Ticodendraceae和马尾树科Rhoipteleaceae)组成一支 ,并得到很强的支持。“核心”金缕梅类构成三支 ,关系如下 :(1)Casuarina (Ticodendron ,(Betulaceae) ) ,(2 )Juglandaceae_Rhoipteleaceae ,(3)Myricaceae。本研究显示叶绿体DNAtrnL_F区对分辨“高等”金缕梅类科间关系及部分科内的属间关系十分有效。     

元宝山冷杉群落种内与种间竞争的数量关系

元宝山冷杉 (AbiesyuanbaoshanensisY .J .LuetL .K .Fu)特产广西 ,是种群数量极少的濒危物种。根据调查资料 ,采用Hegyi提出的单木竞争指数模型CI=∑Nj=1 (Dj/Di)·1Lij对元宝山冷杉群落的种间、种内竞争强度进行定量分析。结果表明 :元宝山冷杉种内竞争较之与其伴生树种间的竞争剧烈 ;竞争木对对象木的竞争强度与对象木的胸高直径服从幂函数关系CI=ADB,竞争强度随对象木个体的增大而减小。当元宝山冷杉胸高直径达到 35～ 40cm后 ,竞争强度变化不明显。利用模型预测了元宝山冷杉种内和种间的竞争强度     

两种群竞争和合作模型的周期解的存在性和全局渐近稳定性

引言著名的Logistic模型■是研究有限空间内种群增长规律的重要工具之一,其中N(t)为种群的数量(或密度),v(t)为种群的内察自然增长率,K(t)为环境容纳量,(1)可以改写为     

基于树冠竞争因子的落叶松人工林单木生长模型

基于黑龙江省佳木斯市孟家岗林场落叶松人工林14块固定标准地的两期调查数据(2007、2009年),通过分析树冠变量与林木生长的关系,构建了2个树冠竞争指数(CIa、CIb),并将其作为单木竞争指标构建了落叶松人工林与距离有关的单木生长模型。研究结果表明:文中提出的二个树冠竞争指数优于Hegyi竞争指数(CI),落叶松各个竞争指数与林木断面积生长量相关性大小顺序为CIbCIaCI。随着对象木影响圈的扩大,竞争指数趋于稳定,对模型的拟合效果有所提高。林木大小是影响落叶松单木生长的主要因子,胸径越大,单木生长量越大。通过引入与距离有关的树冠竞争指数将单木模型的拟合优度提高了5.6%。本文构建的与距离有关的单木生长模型可以很好地预估人工落叶松单木的断面积生长量。     

择伐对思茅松天然林乔木种间与种内关系的影响

通过分析不同择伐强度下思茅松(Pinus kesiya)天然林乔木种群的生态位、种间联结、种内与种间竞争和群落稳定性, 探讨干扰强度对思茅松天然林乔木种群种间与种内关系的影响。结果表明: (1)择伐干扰改变了大多数乔木树种在群落中的优势地位, 思茅松优势地位未受影响, 随着择伐干扰强度的增加, 思茅松在群落中的生态位宽度逐渐变大, 在重度干扰的群落中与红木荷(Schima wallichii)一起成为生态幅度最大的树种。(2)通过种间联结与生态位重叠分析发现, 随着干扰强度的加剧, 乔木种群的种间关系发生变化, 中度干扰群落中物种之间的生态位重叠明显高于未干扰和重度干扰群落, 而在三类群落中, 思茅松与其他种群之间的重叠值较小。随着干扰强度增加, 种群间正联结与负联结的种对所占的比例逐渐增加。(3) Hegyi竞争指数表明, 三类群落中思茅松种群的竞争压力主要来自种间, 而干扰强度进一步增加了思茅松种群的种间竞争强度, 其种内平均竞争指数随着对象木胸径的增加而减少。(4)林窗是思茅松种群种间和种内关系变化的主要原因, 三类群落都处于较不稳定的阶段, 但中度干扰群落的物种丰富度与稳定性都高于未干扰和重度干扰的群落。择伐原则依据森林管理的目的而确定, 如以木材培育为主或森林生态系统服务功能为主。     

中国特有濒危植物翅果油树的SSR引物开发及特性

翅果油树是中国特有的濒危植物,利用磁珠富集法开发适用于翅果油树的SSR引物,并在2个翅果油树群体进行多态性验证。结果表明,筛选的20对引物中有19对是多态且选择中性的SSR引物,其中引物CGY19表现单态,仅有一个位点显示Hardy-Weinberg平衡的偏离(P<0.01),在2个群体中均未检测到连锁不平衡现象;每个位点的等位基因数为1~9个,平均为4.225个,观测杂合度和期望杂合度的变化范围分别为0~0.900和0~0.847。利用开发的19对多态性SSR引物对2个翅果油树自然群体的遗传多样性水平分析结果表明,其平均遗传多样性水平为97.37%,说明翅果油树濒危的原因并不是遗传多样性水平丧失;遗传分化系数F_ST为0.033 1,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内,这可能是由于种群之间的基因流(N_m=32.081 8)较大的结果,这也是2个翅果油树种群遗传相似度高的原因。这些特异性引物的开发和遗传多样性的研究将对翅果油树的交配系统、遗传结构的研究起到重要的作用,并为翅果油树种质资源的取样策略、保护和利用提供有效的信息。     

连作条件下毛鸡骨草根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性变化特征

毛鸡骨草是治疗肝病的重要中草药之一,而连作障碍致其产量和品质下降。从主产区广西玉林分别采集正茬、重茬和连作三年的毛鸡骨草根际土壤样品,以种植前水稻土壤为对照,采用Biolog GN2 平板碳源分析技术,研究连作条件下根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性变化特征,以揭示其连作障碍的原因。结果表明,连作导致根际土壤微生物功能多样性显著降低,微生物利用各类碳源的能力下降。主成分分析(PCA)表明,不同种植年限的毛鸡骨草根际土壤微生物群落结构之间存在显著差异,且均与种植前对照明显不同,而同一种植年限不同生长期土壤微生物碳代谢群落结构虽有差异,但并不显著。相关分析表明,其产量与微生物功能多样性指数(如Shannon,Simpson,Mclntosh)以及平均吸光值(AWCD)值正相关,而与第一主成分(PC1)呈显著负相关,说明连作条件下其产量的降低在一定程度上与土壤微生物功能多样性的降低和群落结构的改变有关。     

滨海防护林木麻黄和花吊丝竹混交林群落的种间关联和生态位分析

为了解东山岛滨海防护林木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)和花吊丝竹(Dendrocalamus minor var.amoenus)混交林群落的稳定性,采用样方法调查分析群落的种间关联和生态位.结果表明,群落总体的种间联结呈现不显著的正关联(VR=1.72,W=20.625),表明群落处于不稳定的...     

Intra- and interspecific competition by Fopius arisanus and Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of tephritid fruit flies

Fopius arisanus (Sonan) and Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron) are two important solitary endoparasitoids of tephritid fruit flies. The former species attacks host eggs while the latter attacks host larvae, and both species emerge as adults from the host puparium. This study investigated intrinsic competition between these two parasitoids, as well as aspects of intraspecific competition within each species in the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Parasitization by F. arisanus resulted in direct mortality of host eggs and prolonged development of host eggs and larvae. Superparasitism by F. arisanus was uncommon when mean parasitism per host patch was <50%, but increased with rising rates of parasitism. Superparasitism by D. tryoni was more common. In superparasitized hosts, supernumerary individuals of F. arisanus were killed through physiological suppression, while supernumerary larvae of D. tryoni were killed mainly through physical attack. In multiparasitized hosts, dissections showed that 81.6% of D. tryoni eggs in the presence of F. arisanus larvae died within 3 days, indicating physiological inhibition of egg hatch. Rearing results further showed that F. arisanus won almost all competitions against D. tryoni. The ratio of D. tryoni stings to ovipositions was lower in hosts not previously parasitized by F. arisanus than in parasitized hosts, suggesting that D. tryoni can discriminate against parasitized hosts. The mechanism that F. arisanus employs to eliminate D. tryoni is similar to that it uses against all other larval fruit fly parasitoids so far reported. The results are discussed in relation to the competitive superiority of early acting species in fruit fly parasitoids, and to a possible competitive-mediated mechanism underlying host shift by D. tryoni to attack non-target flies following the successful introduction of F. arisanus in Hawaii.     

鹰爪花中生物碱类成分研究

为了解鹰爪花(Artabotrys hexapetalus)的化学成分,采用各种柱层析和色谱方法从鹰爪花茎中分离鉴定了12种生物碱类化合物,分别为:光千金藤定碱(1)、四氢非洲防己碱(2)、四氢药根碱(3)、前莲碱(4)、奥可梯木种碱(5)、华防己碱(6)、深山黄堇碱(7)、光千金藤碱(8)、鹰爪花碱(9)、lanuginolide(10)、isoscoulerine(11)和N-甲基阿西米洛宾(12)。其中化合物1~7均为首次从鹰爪花属植物中分离得到。化合物10对白色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus albus)和蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)生长都具有较好的抑制作用,MIC值分别为20和10μg m L–1。     

Effect of herbivory by Teleonemia scrupulosa on the performance of Longitarsus bethae on their shared host, Lantana camara

Herbivory by insects may change the characteristics of nutrients and secondary plant chemicals of the foliage, thereby altering the acceptability and suitability of the plant for oviposition, feeding and development for subsequent herbivores. In the current study, the effect of herbivory by the sap-sucking lace bug, Teleonemia scrupulosa Stäl (Heteroptera: Tingidae), on the suitability of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) for the root-feeding flea beetle, Longitarsus bethae Savini & Escalona (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), was investigated under laboratory conditions. Preference of adult L. bethae was not influenced by the intensity of feeding damage caused by T. scrupulosa adults. However, high densities of T. scrupulosa nymphs and their feeding damage caused L. bethae adults to emigrate and colonize less infested or uninfested plants. Oviposition by L. bethae was significantly reduced at high densities of T. scrupulosa nymphs. While low infestation of T. scrupulosa had no effect the survival of L. bethae, moderate and high infestations caused significant reduction in percentage survival of L. bethae. The number of T. scrupulosa nymphs was negatively correlated with the percentage survival of L. bethae. Neither the duration of development nor the body size of L. bethae was influenced by the intensity of T. scrupulosa infestation. Overall, undamaged or slightly damaged plants that allowed better survival of L. bethae were often chosen as oviposition sites in preference to those that were highly infested, and on which survival was poor. Although the present study indicates the likelihood of inter-specific competition between L. bethae larvae and T. scrupulosa, this is likely to be mitigated by female flea beetles choosing to oviposit on less infested or uninfested plants in the field.     

养分对入侵植物大狼耙草和近缘本地植物狼耙草竞争的影响

为探讨大狼耙草的入侵特性,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同养分条件对入侵植物大狼耙草(Bidens frondosa L.)和近缘本地植物狼耙草(B.tripartita L.)竞争的影响。结果表明,大狼耙草的竞争响应随着养分的增加而降低,而本地种狼耙草的竞争响应随着养分的增加而升高,低养分下大狼耙草的竞争响应大于狼耙草的竞争响应,高养分下则相反。低养分下,竞争显著降低大狼耙草的生长,而高养分下,竞争显著降低本地植物狼耙草的生长,说明了养分的增加提高了入侵植物大狼耙草的竞争能力,同时降低了本地植物狼耙草的竞争能力。人类活动使生境中的养分增加,会提高大狼耙草对狼耙草的竞争能力,促进其入侵。     

毛山小橘枝叶中生物碱类成分的研究

为了解毛山小橘(Glycosmis craibii)的化学成分,采用硅胶柱层析、ODS柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析和高效液相色谱等现代色谱分离技术,从毛山小橘枝叶95%乙醇提取物中分离得到9个生物碱类化合物。根据化合物的理化性质和波谱数据,其结构分别鉴定为de-N-methyl-O-noracronycine (1)、去甲山油柑碱(2)、glycocitrine Ⅱ (3)、acrifoline (4)、3-hydroxy- 2, 4-dimethoxy-10-methyl-9-acridanone (5)、阿塔宁(6)、glycosolone (7)、3-(3?, 3?-dimethylallyl)-4, 8-dimethoxy-N-methyl-quinolin- 2-one (8)和4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-quinolone (9)。所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离,其中化合物2、3、5、6和9为首次从山小橘属植物中分离得到。     

Effects of hydrological regimes on competitive interactions of Schoenoplectus fluviatilis and two co-occurring wetland plants

We investigated the effects of different hydrological regimes (wet [flooded at a constant water depth for duration of the study], cycle [reflooded at eight weeks following natural drying], and wet–dry [initially flooded and allowed to naturally dry for duration of the study]) on the competitive ability of Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (Torr.) M. T. Strong with an annual, native wetland plant (Polygonum pensylvanicum L.) and a perennial, wetland plant (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani [C. C. Gmel.] Palla). To assess competitive response of the plants, we used a greenhouse target-neighbor study with neighbor plants planted at varying densities (0 [control], 1, 10, and 15 plants pot⁻¹). Our results suggest that S. fluviatilis is competitively superior to S. tabernaemontani and P. pensylvanicum. S. tabernaemontani and P. pensylvanicum biomass declined by 90% and 75% in presence of S. fluviatilis, respectively. However, the competitive ability of S. fluviatilis was generally not enhanced by flooding regime. The competitive coefficients of S. fluviatilis were similar among the three hydrological regimes under intraspecific competition and interspecific competition with S. tabernaemontani, but for interspecific competition with P. pensylvanicum, the competitive coefficient for S. fluviatilis was higher for the cycle treatment compared to the wet–dry and dry treatments. Interestingly, S. tabernaemontani was a strong competitor against S. fluviatilis in the wet and cycle treatments, indicating that maintaining longer hydroperiods could be used as a management tool to encourage growth of S. tabernaemontani and reduce encroachment of S. fluviatilis.