HBx、ras基因的克隆及精原细胞转染法制备转基因小鼠的初步研究

目的:探索以精原细胞转染法制备乙肝病毒HBx基因及突变ras基因的转基因小鼠的可行性.方法:首先构建携带HBx基因和突变ras基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-HBx及pEGFP-N1-Kras.将上述两种重组载体混合后,用脂质体包被,用注入4只雄性小鼠之睾丸组织中.注射后4周,使上述处理过的雄性小鼠与雌性小鼠合笼交配.小鼠出生后2～4周,剪其尾尖,并以多聚酶链式反应(PCR)对基因整合进行鉴定.结果:共产仔小鼠35只,3只仔小鼠PCR阳性(阳性率8.6%).其中,两只HBx基因阳性,1只HBx、ras基因均为阳性.结论:以精原细胞作为栽体,建立带HBx及ms基因的小鼠模型是可行的,为建立树鼩转基因动物模型的研究打下基础.     

p16在HBsAg和HBx转基因小鼠肝脏肿瘤中的表达

目的:探讨p16基因在由乙型肝炎病毒基因整合引起的小鼠肝细胞癌发生发展中的表达变化规律。方法:以乙肝病毒表面抗原基因(HBsAg)及X基因(HBx)定位整合转基因小鼠及对照小鼠的肝脏组织为标本,利用North-ern印迹、Western印迹及免疫组织化学检测p16在乙肝病毒基因定位整合转基因小鼠肝脏正常组织与肿瘤组织中的差异表达。结果:p16主要在小鼠胚胎期的肝脏中表达,在新生小鼠和成年小鼠的肝脏组织中几乎检测不到其表达;在HBsAg转基因小鼠和HBx转基因小鼠的肝脏肿瘤中,p16的表达明显升高。结论:p16基因在HBsAg或HBx诱导的肝细胞癌发生过程中被重新激活,也许发挥重要的作用。     

乙型肝炎病毒X基因转基因小鼠模型的建立及其应用研究进展

主要介绍了乙型肝炎病毒X基因转基因小鼠模型的建立,及其在HBx的反式激活作用和肝细胞癌等方面的研究进展。     

miR-340-5p及PDCD4在过表达乙肝病毒X蛋白的足细胞中的表达及生物学意义

乙肝病毒X蛋白(HBx)引起足细胞损伤与乙型肝炎相关性肾小球肾炎的发病有关,但具体的机制尚不清楚。miR‐340‐5p是受到HBx调控的miR,能够靶向细胞程序性死亡基因4(PDCD4)基因发挥神经元保护作用。本研究观察了过表达HBx的足细胞中miR‐340‐5p及PDCD4表达的变化及生物学意义。培养小鼠足细胞系MPC5后转染HBx质粒、miR‐340‐5p、si‐PDCD4,MTS法检测细胞增殖活力OD₄₉₀、TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡率、荧光定量PCR检测miR‐340‐5p的表达、Western blot检测PDCD4的表达、双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR‐340‐5p靶向PDCD4基因3’UTR。结果显示,与对照组比较,HBx组细胞中miR‐340‐5p的表达、OD₄₉₀水平降低,PDCD4的表达、凋亡率增加;与HBx组比较,HBx+miR‐340‐5p组细胞中miR‐340‐5p的表达、OD₄₉₀水平增加,PDCD4的表达、凋亡率降低,HBx+si‐PDCD4组细胞中OD₄₉₀水平增加,...     

S100A9参与乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白介导的HepG2细胞增殖与迁移

目的:探讨S100A9在乙型肝炎病毒X(HBx)介导的HepG2细胞增殖及迁移中的作用。方法:用表达HBx蛋白的重组腺病毒AdHBx感染HepG2细胞后,用CCK-8实验检测细胞增殖能力及划痕愈合实验检测细胞迁移能力;在HepG2/AdHBx细胞中转染S100A9-siRNA及其对照siRNA后,检测HepG2细胞增殖及迁移能力;在HepG2/Ad HBx和对照组HepG2/AdGFP细胞中,采用Real-time PCR及Western Blot检测S100A9基因及蛋白的表达情况;在HepG2/AdHBx细胞中,加入不同剂量的NF-κB抑制剂BAY11-7082后,检测各组中S100A9的基因及蛋白表达情况。结果:HBx促进HepG2细胞的增殖与迁移; S100A9-siRNA抑制S100A9的表达后,HBx促进HepG2细胞的增殖与迁移的作用降低,HBx介导的HepG2细胞的增殖与迁移部分依赖于S100A9; S100A9基因及蛋白表达在HepG2/AdHBx中较对照组HepG2/Ad GFP显著升高,HBx可致S100A9表达增加;抑制NF-κB转录活性后,AdHBx+BAY11-7082组S100A9基因及蛋白表达较对照组显著降低,阻断NF-κB转录活性可部分抑制HBx调控的S100A9表达。结论:HBx可调控S100A9的表达且与NF-κB活化有关,S100A9参与HBx介导的HepG2细胞的增殖与迁移。     

乙型肝炎病毒X基因及HBx蛋白的研究进展

我国是乙型肝炎高发区,乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)X基因及其编码的多功能蛋白HBx是乙型肝炎病毒基因转录所必需的作用因子,在乙肝的致病过程中起到重要作用。HBx可直接或间接改变肝脏结构细胞的结构和功能,引发肝脏细胞的凋亡;具有广泛的非特异性反式激活作用,反式激活细胞内的某些癌基因或病毒基因,与乙型肝炎和肝细胞癌的发生关系十分密切。本文从多方面综述了X基因及HBx蛋白目前的研究进展,展现了X基因功能的多样性。     

CRL4在增殖的肝细胞系中上调乙型肝炎病毒抗原的分泌表达

乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus,HBV）编码的X蛋白（hepatitis B virus X protein,HBx）对HBV感染的起始和维持至关重要。HBx可能作为病毒来源的接头分子,介导Cullin-RING E3泛素连接酶4（cullin-RING ubiquitin E3 ligase 4,CRL4）复合物对染色体外DNA限制因子SMC5/6的降解。最近研究发现CRL4接头分子DNA损伤结合蛋白1（DNA damage-binding protein 1,DDB1）可不依赖与HBx的相互作用而直接上调病毒的表达和复制。本研究基于HBx基因删除（X-null）的HBV重组cccDNA（recombinant covalently closed circular DNA,rcccDNA）模型系统,在多种体外培养肝细胞系中证实上述发现。有意思的是,CRL4刺激rcccDNA^X-null转染细胞抗原分泌表达的效应能被血清饥饿实验抵消。应用尾静脉高压注射小鼠模型,同样发现CRL4并不上调rcccDNA^X-null在非增殖小鼠肝脏细胞中的表达。以上结果提示,细胞增殖特征与CRL4不依赖HBx上调病毒抗原表达的效应密切相关,有助于HBx生物学意义的准确分析和理解。     

乙型肝炎病毒Ⅹ蛋白的优势氨基酸序列与热点突变位点的生物信息学分析

乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(hepatitis B virus X protein,HBx)全长154个氨基酸,与肝癌发生密切相关。为确定HBx的优势氨基酸序列和热点突变位点,在GenBank中下载所有HBx的氨基酸序列13 950条,剔除插入突变、缺失突变和起始密码子非甲硫氨酸的序列,最后保留7 126条。通过分析这7 126条序列,计算出HBx每个位点的氨基酸分布情况,出现频率最高的氨基酸为该位点的优势氨基酸,其他氨基酸为突变氨基酸。154个位点的优势氨基酸组成HBx优势氨基酸序列。突变率10.0%的热点突变位点有32个。其中第36、42、44、87、88和127位氨基酸有4种(突变率1.0%)以上突变形式,具有较高的多态性。与肝癌密切相关的K130M/V131I双突变率为34.7%。通过7 126条HBx序列与优势序列的同源性比较,随机选出其中50条序列(2条与优势序列同源性75%,48条同源性为76%~99%),与23条参考序列及优势序列共同构建系统发生树。结果显示,HBx优势氨基酸序列属于基因型C,这与基因型C为全球主要流行型一致。本研究首次系统性分析了GenBank中HBx的优势序列,确定了32个HBx热点突变位点和6个多态性较高的位点,为基于HBx突变的基础和应用研究奠定了基础。     

乙肝病毒X蛋白通过NF-κB通路调节肝癌细胞迁移、侵袭的研究

慢性乙肝病毒感染是亚洲国家肝癌的常见病因,乙肝病毒所表达的乙肝病毒X蛋白(Hepatitis B virus X protein,HBx)是肝癌发生发展的重要推动因子。核因子-κB(Nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)是模式识别受体下游重要的转录因子,肝细胞生长因子(Hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)/c-Met途径能够促进NF-κB活化,并通过活化的NF-κB来调节肝癌细胞的迁移、侵袭等生物学环节。但HBx是否直接通过NF-κB通路来调节肝癌细胞的迁移、侵袭尚未明确。为探究HBx通过NF-κB通路调节肝癌细胞迁移、侵袭的作用,本研究采用培养肝癌HepG2细胞并分组,空白对照组用不含药物及质粒的DMEM处理,空白质粒组转染1.2μg的pcDNA3.1空白质粒,HBx质粒组转染不同浓度的HBx表达质粒pcDNA3.1-HBx,HBx+PDTC组转染1.2μg的HBx表达质粒pcDNA3.1-HBx并用含有50μmol/L PDTC的DMEM进行处理;皮下注射HepG2细胞建立移植瘤小鼠模型,称量移植瘤的质量。检测细胞迁移及侵袭活力、细胞及移植瘤中NF-κB通路分子、迁移基因、侵袭基因的表达。结果显示,与空白对照组、空白质粒组比较,HBx质粒组细胞中NF-κB、HGF、c-Met、N-cadherin、Vimentin、MMP2、MMP9的蛋白表达水平及相对愈合面积、侵袭数目均明显增多(P0.05);与HBx质粒组比较,HBx+PDTC组细胞中NF-κB、HGF、c-Met、N-cadherin、Vimentin、MMP2、MMP9的蛋白表达水平及相对愈合面积、侵袭数目均明显减少(P0.05);与空白对照组、空白质粒组比较,HBx质粒组移植瘤的质量及移植瘤中NF-κB、HGF、c-Met的蛋白表达水平明显增加(P0.05)。本研究得出结论,HBx能够促进肝癌细胞的迁移、侵袭,且该作用与激活NF-κB通路有关。     

HBx参与肝细胞癌发生发展调控的分子机制

肝细胞癌 (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,而HBV慢性感染是肝癌发生的主要原因.乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)中X基因编码的一种多功能蛋白(HBx),参与众多重要生物学过程的调控,并促进肝细胞癌的发生. 早期研究表明,HBx在HCC发生过程中发挥重要的调控功能,但其确切分子机制尚未完全明确. 近几年,HBx参与生物学过程的分子机制研究有了较快的进展. 有趣的是,研究发现,HBx在不同的细胞系以及HBV感染的不同阶段发挥促抑凋亡的双重作用,HBx还参与细胞自噬的调控. 此外,在HBx参与细胞增殖及肿瘤侵袭和转移等方面,也产生了一些新的认识. 本文将从HBx对肝细胞凋亡、自噬和增殖的调控及其对肝癌细胞转移和侵袭的调控等方面,对HBx参与肝细胞癌发生发展调控机制做一综述.     

乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白对细胞凋亡的影响存在剂量依赖性

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)X蛋白(HBx)与HBV相关肝细胞肝癌(HCC)的发生和发展密切相关.深入研究HBx在HCC形成中的作用将为探索HBV致癌机制提供重要依据.HBx是多功能蛋白,其对细胞凋亡的影响至今仍存在分歧.许多研究表明,HBx既有促进细胞凋亡又有抑制细胞凋亡的功能,但原因不清楚.本研究中,将表达HBx的质粒短...     

Hepatitis B virus X protein colocalizes to mitochondria with a human voltage-dependent anion channel, HVDAC3, and alters its transmembrane potential

Understanding the mechanism(s) of action of the hepatitis B virus (HBV)-encoded protein HBx is fundamental to elucidating the underlying mechanisms of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma caused by HBV infection. In our continued attempts to identify cellular targets of HBx, we have previously reported the identification of a novel cellular protein with the aid of a yeast two-hybrid assay. This cellular gene was identified as a third member of the family of human genes that encode the voltage-dependent anion channel (HVDAC3). In the present study, physical interaction between HBx and HVDAC3 was established by standard in vitro and in vivo methods. Confocal laser microscopy of transfected cells with respective expression vectors colocalized HVDAC3 and HBx to mitochondria. This novel, heretofore unreported subcellular distribution of HBx in mitochondria implies a functional role of HBx in functions associated with mitochondria. Using a stable cationic fluorophore dye, CMXRos, we show that HBx expression in cultured human hepatoma cells leads to alteration of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Such functional roles of HBx in affecting mitochondrial physiology have implications for HBV-induced liver injury and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Hepatitis B virus core protein stimulates the proteasome-mediated degradation of viral X protein

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) plays an essential role in viral replication and in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. HBx has the ability to transactivate the expression of all HBV proteins, including the viral core protein HBc. Consistent with its regulatory role, HBx is relatively unstable and is present at low levels in the cell. We report here that the level of HBx was significantly reduced by the coexpression of HBc in cultured human hepatoma cells, whereas the level of HBx mRNA was unaffected. The repression of HBx by HBc was relieved by treating cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG132, indicating that HBc acts by stimulating the proteasome-mediated degradation of HBx. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of HBc was specific to HBx and did not affect other proteins, including p53, a known target of the proteasome. Although no direct physical interaction between HBc and HBx could be demonstrated, mutational analysis indicated that the C-terminal half of HBc is responsible for its inhibitory effect. These results suggest that HBc functions as a novel regulator of the HBV life cycle and of hepatocellular carcinogenesis through control of the HBx level via an inhibitory feedback type of mechanism.     

Granzyme H of cytotoxic lymphocytes is required for clearance of the hepatitis B virus through cleavage of the hepatitis B virus X protein

The granule exocytosis pathway of cytotoxic lymphocytes plays critical roles in eradication of intracellular viruses. However, how hepatitis B virus (HBV) is cleared has not been defined. To clarify immune mechanisms underlying inhibition of the HBV replication, the relationship between granzyme H (GzmH) and HBV clearance was investigated. In this study, we found that the granule exocytosis pathway can inhibit HBV replication without induction of cytolysis of the infected cells. GzmH is essential for HBV eradication. The HBx protein (HBx), required for the replication of HBV, is cleaved at Met(79) by GzmH. GzmH inhibitor can abolish GzmH- and lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated HBx degradation and HBV clearance. An HBx-deficient HBV is resistant to GzmH- and lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated viral clearance. Adoptive transfer of GzmH-overexpressing NK cells into HBV carrier mice facilitates in vivo HBV eradication. Importantly, low GzmH expression in cytotoxic lymphocytes of individuals is susceptible to HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. These results indicate that GzmH might be detected as a potential parameter for diagnosis of HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Altered DNA mutation spectrum in aflatoxin b1-treated transgenic mice that express the hepatitis B virus x protein

Humans chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) are at further risk of liver cancer upon exposure to dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a carcinogenic product of the mold Aspergillus flavus. For the present study, we utilized double-transgenic mice (ATX mice) that express the HBV X protein (HBx) and possess a bacteriophage lambda transgene to evaluate the in vivo effect of HBx expression on AFB1-induced DNA mutations. The expression of HBx correlated with a 24% increase in mutation frequency overall and an approximately twofold increase in the incidence of G/C-to-T/A transversion mutations following AFB1 exposure. These results are consistent with a model in which expression of HBx during chronic HBV infection may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma following exposure to environmental carcinogens.     

The Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Inhibits Thymine DNA Glycosylase Initiated Base Excision Repair

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome encodes the X protein (HBx), a ubiquitous transactivator that is required for HBV replication. Expression of the HBx protein has been associated with the development of HBV infection-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previously, we generated a 3D structure of HBx by combined homology and ab initio in silico modelling. This structure showed a striking similarity to the human thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), a key enzyme in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. To further explore this finding, we investigated whether both proteins interfere with or complement each other’s functions. Here we show that TDG does not affect HBV replication, but that HBx strongly inhibits TDG-initiated base excision repair (BER), a major DNA repair pathway. Inhibition of the BER pathway may contribute substantially to the oncogenic effect of HBV infection.     

The role of hepatitis B virus x gene in development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers occurring in human, and there is strong epidemiological evidence suggesting that persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the most important risk factor for its development. HBx gene was found to be a transactivator recently. Its continuous expression in hepatocytes may transactivate cellular genes which can play a certain role in development of HCC. The HBx gene fragment was used to construct a recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pCEP4 and introduced into HepG2 cells. The effect of HBx gene on HCC cells growth and its molecular mechanism in HCC cells regulation were investigated.