周口店山顶洞人齿列

在近 10年里 ,有许多文章涉及解剖学上现代东亚人及其衍生人群起源问题 (Akazawa,Aoki and Kimura,1992 ;Brown,1998,1999?;Hanihara,1994;Howells,1995 ;Neves,19 98;Omoto,1995 ;Pope,1992 ;Turner,1992 a,1992 b;Wu,1998)。在许多论文中关注了周口店山顶洞的晚更新世化石 (Black,1934 ;Pei,1934 ;Weidenreich,1938— 39)。尽管原来的标本在战时失踪 ,但直接从 30年代制作模型上已经进行过许多考察和分析 ,或者利用了 Weidenreich的对原标本的测量和观察资料进行分析 ,或者兼而用之 (Brown,19 98;Howells,1995 ;Kaminga and Wrigh…     

周口店田园洞古人类化石点地层学研究及与山顶洞的对比

田园洞主体堆积厚度约2.5m,其动物群可分为上、下两个组合:上部组合物种多样性丰富,化石被啮齿类严重啮咬;下部组合化石种类单调,以鹿类和绵羊类为主,但化石丰富,极少有啮齿类咬痕。人类化石发现于下部组合;东洋界动物主要出现在上部组合,例如猕猴、猪獾、果子狸和鬣羚等。而马鹿和绵羊只出现于下部组合。沟齿鼯鼠和豪猪在下部组合开始出现,但主要发现于上部组合。梅花鹿是田园洞的优势种,在各个阶段都出现。通过统计比较,发现山顶洞3个地层单元(上室、下室和下窨)中所含化石属种基本一致,代表同一个动物群。尽管田园洞动物群中尚未发现可靠绝灭种类,但却有10种地区绝灭种,它与现生动物群有一定差异;而在堆积物特征及化石组合方面,与周口店山顶洞的更为接近。在田园洞和山顶洞出现的沟齿鼯鼠、猪獾、果子狸及鬣羚等是各自在华北地区的最早记录,可能代表了更新世末期自南而北的动物迁徙事件。     

湖北郧西黄龙洞更新世晚期人类牙齿

对2004—2006年在湖北省郧西县黄龙洞发现的7枚更新世晚期人类牙齿进行了观测与分析, 在此基础上与相关的化石人类及近代现代人类标本进行了对比。本研究发现:黄龙洞人类牙齿总体特征与现代人接近, 同时也保留部分可能属于更新世晚期人类的特点, 包括前部牙齿(侧门齿与犬齿)尺寸及粗壮程度都明显大于现代人。黄龙洞人类牙齿呈现的铲形门齿、双铲形门齿及臼齿釉质延伸说明,当时人类已经具有了东亚人群的典型牙齿形态特征。     

山顶洞人与现代华北人头骨非测量性特征比较及中国更新世晚期人类演化的一些问题

山顶洞人化石是迄今在东亚地区发现的数量最为丰富、保存状态最为完好的更新世晚期人类化石。多年来,山顶洞人作为东亚地区更新世晚期人类的代表,在研究东亚地区现代蒙古人种及美洲印第安人起源方面发挥着重要作用。随着对现代人起源与演化研究的深入,学术界对更新世晚期人类演化及现代人群形成过程的许多细节及演化机制予以了越来越多的注意,提出了现代人群出现时间及现代人群分化时间的概念。一些研究对山顶洞人的演化程度及其在东亚地区现代人群形成上的作用也提出了不同看法。为了深入探讨这些问题,本文对12项颅骨非测量特征在山顶洞人与现代中国人的表现情况进行了对比研究。发现有8项特征在山顶洞人与现代中国人之间具有不同的表现,作者认为山顶洞人在颅骨特征表现上较现代中国人具有更多的原始性。在此基础上,作者就更新世晚期人群内部变异、现代人群特征标准等问题进行了讨论。     

周口店山顶洞遗址年代的加速器质谱法再测定与讨论

本文报道了用加速器质谱方法测定山顶洞五个动物化石样品年龄的结果,在此基础上对山顶洞文化的年代范围进行了讨论。     

Into Eurasia: A geometric morphometric re-assessment of the Upper Cave (Zhoukoudian) specimens

Since the discovery of the human remains from the Upper Cave of Zhoukoudian in the 1930s there has been speculation over their affinities. In particular, the degree to which the three adult crania exhibit recent East Asian morphology, as well as their degree of within-group variability, has long been debated. Several early researchers described a resemblance to East Asian populations, but these findings have been for the most part rejected by more recent metric and non-metric analyses. Nevertheless, the Upper Cave specimens have not been classified conclusively into any recent modern human population to which they have been compared, and classification results differ for each cranium. Here, the question of the affinities of Upper Cave 101 and 103, the two better-preserved crania, is examined from the perspective of the Late Pleistocene human fossil record using the methodology of 3-D geometric morphometrics. The degree of morphological variation between the two specimens is also evaluated within the context of recent population variability. Neurocranial and facial morphology are analyzed separately so as to maximize comparative samples. Results show a morphological resemblance of the Upper Cave material to Upper Paleolithic Europeans. It is proposed that the Upper Cave specimens retain important aspects of modern human ancestral morphology, and possibly share a recent common ancestral population with Upper Paleolithic Europeans, in accordance with the Single Origin model of modern human origins.     

The morphometric relationship of Upper Cave 101 and 103 to modern Homo sapiens

Since the discovery of the Homo sapiens crania from the Upper Cave of Zhoukoudian in northern China (UC 101, UC 102, and UC 103), no clear consensus has arisen regarding their affinities with modern populations. We use linear craniofacial measurements to compare UC 101 and UC 103 to a worldwide sample of H. sapiens that includes Paleoamericans and Archaic Indians, and employ Mahalanobis distance analysis and associated unweighted, unrestricted canonical variate analysis for the comparisons. Analyses indicate that UC 101 has consistent affinities with Easter Island and European populations, whereas UC 103 has more tenuous similarities with Australo-Melanesian groups. Both fossils exhibit some similarities to certain Paleoamerican and Archaic Indian individuals, but rarely cluster together. Upper Cave 103 is more of an outlier to modern populations than is UC 101. The fossils are not representative of any group to which they have been compared, but may be part of the generalized population that was ancestral to Paleoamericans.     

中国与非洲近代-现代人类某些颅骨特征的对比及其意义--中国与非洲人类头骨特征对比之二

对近代—现代非洲和中国人群26项颅骨特征的观测和分析显示非洲人具有一些显示其特异性的颅骨特征,但多数特征的表现与东亚人类非常接近,提示现代人群体质特征的趋同性。作者认为非洲人在多数颅骨特征的表现方式上较中国人更为多样化,表明现代非洲人群在体质特征的表现上较东亚人类具有更宽广的形态变异谱。作者基于许多东亚、欧洲及澳洲人类的颅骨特征在非洲人群具有较高的出现率或明显的表现等现象提出一些未来研究中有待解决的问题。     

Reexamination of the immature hominid maxilla from Tangier,Morocco

Reexamination of the immature Upper Pleistocene hominid maxilla from Mugharet el-'Aliya (Tangier), Morocco is undertaken in light of new evidence on the growth and development of Upper Pleistocene hominids. Metric and qualitative comparisons were made with 17 immature Upper Pleistocene maxillae, and with a recent Homo sapiens sapiens sample. No unambiguous criteria for aligning the maxilla with Neandertals were found, although one character, the degree of maxillary flexion on the zygoma, strongly suggests that this child could be a representative of H. s. sapiens. The probable lack of a canine fossa in Mugharet el-'Aliya 1, the primary criterion used previously to align it with Neandertals, cannot be accurately extrapolated to its adult form from this juvenile. The present evidence suggests that it is inappropriate to refer to this fossil as “Neandertal-like” or as a North African “neandertaloid.” Thus, the Tangier maxilla should not be cited as evidence for the presence of Neandertal facial features in North Africa during the Upper Pleistocene. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

周口店田园洞大中型哺乳动物记述

田园洞古人类化石地点含不少动物化石,其中主要为大中型哺乳动物,并以鹿类为主。除一枚残破鬣狗牙齿以外,目前在此所发现的材料全可归入现生种。该地点主体堆积的地质时代可能与周口店山顶洞动物群同期。本化石组合中有几个种现在已经离开本地区,如貂、黑熊、香麝、梅花鹿、马鹿、牛及鬣羚等,它们可能代表了这些动物在北京地区的最晚记录。但有些动物却是北京地区的首次发现,例如猪獾和鬣羚。