专家论海洋生物基因资源的研究与利用

21世纪是海洋的世纪,海洋生物基因资源的研究与利用,是海洋生物资源可持续利用的核心。在225次香山科学会议“海洋生物基因资源的研究与利用”上,专家围绕海水养殖核心种质基因组学、海洋极端环境基因资源、水生生物基因资源的应用等关键问题,进行了深入探讨。     

中国科学院实验海洋生物学重点实验室

成立于1987年的中国科学院实验海洋生物学重点实验室是我国较早开展海洋科学方面的重点实验室,也是我国海洋生物技术与开发的重要基地。实验室围绕国家战略需求和国际海洋学科的前沿,瞄准我国海洋生物资源可持续利用的重大基础理论问题,针对制约我国海水增养殖发展和海洋天然产物开发利用的一系列“瓶颈”因素,开展相关的基础研究以及高新技术探索,为我国海洋经济和社会可持续发展提供科学依据和源头创新。     

海洋生物资源开发研究概况与展望

对各类主要的海洋生物资源开发研究作了简洁概述,从海洋生物体内获取的各种活性物质,除可研究海洋药物外,还可开发海洋生物功能性保健品,海洋生物化工产品等;此外,尚可利用其特异的化学结构作为先导物,设计合成治疗疑难病的创新药物。可以预言,２１世纪将是人类研究、开发、利用海洋生物资源的黄金时代     

皖南山区蝶类资源和可持续利用

调查了皖南山区蝶类资源及属种区系成分,对蝶类资源进行了评价,提出了利用和保护的对策。     

对节白蜡资源现状及可持续利用对策

对节白蜡（ＦｒａｘｉｎｕｓｈｕｐｅｈｅｎｓｉｓＣｈ′ü,ＳｈａｎｇｅｔＳｕ）的分布、数量和利用现状的调查结果表明,其分布范围狭窄,资源贮量有限,有较大利用价值。近年来,由于重利用轻保护,尤其是为制作树桩盆景而被大量采挖,野生资源遭到严重破坏,为此,提出了可持续利用对策。     

浮梁县野生南方红豆杉资源保护与可持续利用

国家林业局发出通知,要求各地进一步加强野生红豆杉资源保护和规范红豆杉资源经营利用管理工作,野生红豆杉资源,具有重要的经济价值和科学研究价值。据调查发现浮梁县王港乡金山村1株野生南方红豆杉紫杉醇含量经中科院昆明植物研究所测试中心测出一株优树皮紫杉醇的含量达0.0616%,超过国际含量标准,查新后得知为全国红豆杉紫杉醇含量最高,然后进行宣传、保护和合理利用资源提出了有关对策和措施。     

色林错渔业生产的现状与可持续利用的对策

色林错裸鲤（Gymnocypris selincuoensis)是藏北色林错湖泊中惟一的一种鱼类。本文介绍了色林错渔业的开发利用情况,并对色林错裸鲤最小捕捞年龄、捕捞强度、最小网目以及最佳年捕捞产量进行了探讨。从可持续发展的角度,我们认为对色林错鱼类资源的利用必须以保证现有湖泊生态系统的稳定为核心,在满足维持一个足够数量及年龄结构的繁殖群体的基础上,以获得最佳持续经济利益为目标。以往强调甚至采用的最大持续产量理论在高原极端环境条件下并不能作为鱼类资源利用的追求目标或确定渔产量的标准,而只能作为对其捕捞强度的参考。总的允许渔获量应当根据最适捕捞死亡率F0．2来确定。本文最后提出了色林错湖泊鱼类资源可持续利用的8条具体措施。     

The bioprocess–technological potential of the sea

Marine bioprocess engineers face a unique challenge for the millennium: designing methods for the sustainable development of known marine resources, as well as inventing a new generation of tools and processes that will enable a greater understanding of the ocean and its resources and lead to the discovery of new bioproducts for the future. The identification and application of novel, marine-derived pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, enzymes, and pigments have already been realized. The current and potential market value of these marine bioproducts is substantial. Continued discovery and development of marine resources will depend on a number of factors: identification of new bioproducts, sustainable use of the product, optimization of production, and efficient product recovery. Successfully addressing these challenges will require the integration and collaboration of mutidisciplinary teams of oceanographers, biologists, chemists, and engineers.     

The current status of natural products from marine fungi and their potential as anti-infective agents

A growing number of marine fungi are the sources of novel and potentially life-saving bioactive secondary metabolites. Here, we have discussed some of these novel antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal compounds isolated from marine-derived fungi and their possible roles in disease eradication. We have also discussed the future commercial exploitation of these compounds for possible drug development using metabolic engineering and post-genomics approaches.     

海洋生物技术在海水养殖动植物品种培育和病害防治中的应用

海水养殖是我国沿海地区发展经济的重要支柱产业。目前影响我国海水养殖业持续、稳定、健康发展的主要制约因素是苗种和病害问题。本文就海洋生物技术在海水养殖物植物品种培育和病害防治中的应用及有关问题进行了探讨,分别就应用海洋生物技术在群体和个体水平、细胞和染色体水平以及基因和分子水平培育新品种的工作,包括ＳＰＦ和ＳＰＲ苗种的培育、性别控制和杂交育种、多倍体育种、雌核发育、藻类细胞工程育种、转基因技术等进行了讨论。在重要水产养殖疾病病原的快速诊断和检测技术方面,重卢、讨论了核酸探针技术,ＰＣＲ技术和单克隆抗体技术。海洋生物技术在水产养殖疾病防治中的应用,重点讨论了疫苗和免疫促进剂的开发以及基因工程疫苗。本文还对我国海洋生物技术的发展战略及有关问题进行了探讨。     

Empowering marine science through genomics

Marine scientists in Europe summarize their successes with genome technologies in the marine sciences and make a plea for a concerted international effort to raise greater public education for support.     

Bio-mining the microbial treasures of the ocean: new natural products

The biological resources of the oceans have been exploited since ancient human history, mainly by catching fish and harvesting algae. Research on natural products with special emphasis on marine animals and also algae during the last decades of the 20th century has revealed the importance of marine organisms as producers of substances useful for the treatment of human diseases. Though a large number of bioactive substances have been identified, some many years ago, only recently the first drugs from the oceans were approved. Quite astonishingly, the immense diversity of microbes in the marine environments and their almost untouched capacity to produce natural products and therefore the importance of microbes for marine biotechnology was realized on a broad basis by the scientific communities only recently. This has strengthened worldwide research activities dealing with the exploration of marine microorganisms for biotechnological applications, which comprise the production of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical use, as well as the development of other valuable products, such as enzymes, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. While the focus in these fields was mainly on marine bacteria, also marine fungi now receive growing attention. Although culture-dependent studies continue to provide interesting new chemical structures with biological activities at a high rate and represent highly promising approaches for the search of new drugs, exploration and use of genomic and metagenomic resources are considered to further increase this potential. Many efforts are made for the sustainable exploration of marine microbial resources. Large culture collections specifically of marine bacteria and marine fungi are available. Compound libraries of marine natural products, even of highly purified substances, were established. The expectations into the commercial exploitation of marine microbial resources has given rise to numerous institutions worldwide, basic research facilities as well as companies. In Europe, recent activities have initiated a dynamic development in marine biotechnology, though concentrated efforts on marine natural product research are rare. One of these activities is represented by the Kieler Wirkstoff-Zentrum KiWiZ, which was founded in 2005 in Kiel (Germany).     

《生物资源学》教材与课程建设初探

生物资源与水资源、土地资源、矿产资源、能源资源和气候资源等都是人类赖以生存与发展的最为重要的物质基础,其中生物资源主要包括生物遗传资源、生物质资源和生物信息资源三大类型。生物资源学是现代生命科学、资源科学和工程科学等相关领域交叉和衍生出的新兴学科,已在国内外部分高校作为新专业进行开设。《生物资源学导论》是在高等教育出版社和中国生物工程学会生物资源专委会的倡议与指导下完成的国内首部生物资源系列教材,在出版后的两年多时间内,已在国内部分高等院校的课程建设中得到使用。本文简要地综述了《生物资源学导论》教材的二次开发与利用和新形态教材的建设与应用,以及《生物资源学》课程建设的基本情况,以期为我国生物资源学学科教育事业的发展尽绵薄之力。