三峡重庆库区不同鸟类群落的物种组成及多样性研究

1996～1997年,对三峡工程重庆库区的鸟类群落物种组成和种群数量进行了调查,共调查记录库区鸟类15目48科226种,数量18929只。用鸟类数量级划分、Sorensen相似性指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数分析库区各种生境鸟类群落物组成和物种多样性结果表明：1）库区天然林、人工林、灌草丛和水域生境中鸟类群落的组成与农田生境具有较高的相似性,尤以人工林和农田的相似性最高;2）库区人工林生境鸟类群落物种多样性最高;3）库区由于长期以来人类活动的影响,生境日趋单一,已逐渐形成一种以农田灌丛鸟类为主的鸟类生态系统。     

邢台市及郊区鸟类区系组成及多样性

2003年3月~2005年7月对邢台市鸟类区系组成及多样性进行了调查,共记录到鸟类166种,隶属15目42科。本文重点探讨了不同生境、不同季节鸟类群落的种类、多样性、均匀度、相似性等群落特征。结果表明,鸟类种数由多至少依次为林地生境、公共绿地生境、河流水域生境、农田生境、建筑区生境。Shannon-Weiner多样性指数由大到小依次为林地生境、公共绿地生境、河流水域生境、农田生境、建筑区生境。比较这5种生境之间的相似性得出,公共绿地生境鸟类群落与建筑区生境鸟类群落、林地生境鸟类群落相似,相似性达到60%以上,而河流水域生境鸟类群落与其他生境鸟类群落有极明显的差异。     

广州新垦红树林湿地鸟类多样性与生境分析

2005-2006年的1月、4月、7月和10月,利用样带法对广州市新垦红树林湿地和周边农田进行鸟类物种多样性研究。利用Shannon-Wiener指数分析了生境类型的鸟类群落种数、数量、物种多样性、均匀性指数等特征。结果表明,新垦红树林湿地1月鸟类种数高于周边农田湿地2倍,鸟类群落个体数量高于农田湿地9倍;红树林湿地4月和7月鸟类种数高于周边农田湿地1．5倍,鸟类群落个体数量高于农田湿地4倍;红树林湿地10月鸟类种数高于周边农田湿地1．5倍,鸟类群落个体数量高于农田湿地6．8倍;新垦红树林湿地和周边农田湿地鸟类物种多样性表现出明显的季节性变化。     

内蒙古乌兰察布地区鸟类区系组成及生态分布

2012年10月至2013年12月对内蒙古乌兰察布地区的鸟类区系及生态分布进行了调查研究。共记录到鸟类215种,隶属于17目48科。其中留鸟42种,夏候鸟101种,旅鸟67种,冬候鸟5种;繁殖鸟143种,构成区系的主体。繁殖鸟中古北界种类有118种,占繁殖鸟总数的82.5%,鸟类区系具有典型的古北界特征。国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类有5种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类有28种。依据地形地貌和植被类型,将该地区划分为湿地、林地、草地、农田、居民区5种生境,其中,湿地鸟类丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,居民区鸟类丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数最低;优势度指数在居民区最高,在湿地生境中最低。从不同生境鸟类群落间β多样性的变化看,湿地与林地之间物种更替变化最大,群落相似性小;农田与居民区物种更替变化小,群落相似性大,与聚类分析的结果相一致。对该地区不同生境鸟类群落结构及其之间的关系进行了分析,探讨鸟类对栖息环境的选择以及鸟类与环境的关系。     

四川老君山自然保护区不同生境鸟类多样性研究

2006年4~5月采用"点样带法"(point transects)对四川老君山自然保护区的鸟类物种组成和种群数量进行了调查,共记录到85种鸟类,分属7目22科。其中,国家级保护鸟类5种,我国特有种13种,优势种4种。把调查区域划分为3种生境:原始林、次生林和人工林,并对各生境鸟类群落的鸟类数量级、鸟类群落的物种多样性、鸟类群落间的相似性进行了比较分析,其结果表明:1)国家级保护鸟类在原始林中最多,次生林中最少;我国特有种则是次生林中最多,人工林中最少。2)鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数原始林最高,人工林最低。3)原始林和次生林之间的B ray-Curtis相似性指数最高,原始林和人工林之间相似性指数最低。     

珠海淇澳岛冬季的鸟类群落

在淇澳岛红树林湿地设置7条样带,分别于2005-2007年每年1月对该区冬季鸟类群落特征进行研究.共记录到鸟类63种,隶属12目23科,雀形目种类最丰富;其中留鸟、冬候鸟、夏候鸟分别占66.7%、31.7%和1.6%,水禽和陆禽分别占28.6%和71.4%.鸟类群落总体α多样性指数(H)为3.171,均匀度(J)为0.765;各个样带的H值为0.602～2.853,J值为0.336～0.919,其中滩涂与红树林生境的鸟类群落多样性与均匀度在7种生境中最低.β多样性指数分析表明,滩涂、红树林鱼塘湿地和村落之间的鸟类群落差异较大.根据等级聚类分析的结果,淇澳岛冬季鸟类群落可划分为滩涂水禽、红树林鱼塘湿地鸟类、农田森林鸟类3个群落.     

达赉湖自然保护区冬春季鸟类生物多样性与生境的关系

2004年4月-5月,利用样带法对达赉湖自然保护区5种主要生境类型中冬春季鸟类生物多样性进行了调查,利用Shannon-Wiener指数和Smith相关性系数分析了这5种生境类型中冬春季鸟类的生物多样性、区系、鸟类的群落组成、群落间的相似性和均匀度。结果表明,古北界鸟类是组成达赉湖鸟类群落的主体(约占冬春季鸟类的86%);芦苇湿地的鸟类多样性接近于芦苇甸的2倍:芦苇湿地鸟类群落的物种多样性最高(Shannon-Wiener指数为1.3001),而芦苇甸中鸟类群落的物种多样性最低(Shannon-Wiener指数为0.6629);芦苇湿地和芦苇甸两鸟类群落组成的相关性指数仅为0.038;从具有共同物种的多少考虑,典型草原和芨芨草原鸟类群落之间的关联较大。     

广西山地农业化背景下鸟类多样性比较

随着农业用地需求增加, 生物多样性受到严重威胁并急剧下降。为探讨农业化对鸟类多样性的影响, 本文在2020年10月至2021年10月期间, 对广西大瑶山、大明山、十万大山3个国家级自然保护区以及周边农田区域内鸟类进行了调查。研究选取森林、近地农田(距离森林较近的农田)、远地农田(距离森林较远的农田) 3种生境, 布设样点共计180个, 并在不同季节(春、夏、秋、冬)对鸟类多样性进行了调查。结果如下: (1) 3种生境物种累积曲线呈先快速上升, 后变为渐近线或增速放缓趋势, 各生境实际调查鸟类物种数与预测值比例均大于60%, 表明鸟类调查充分; (2)共记录到鸟类196种, 隶属于14目54科, 其中雀形目鸟类占比最高(71.4%)。不同生境记录到鸟类种数从多到少依次为: 森林(103)、近地(101)、远地(94); (3)相似性分析结果表明, 森林与近地农田和远地农田间鸟类相似性差异都较大, 近地与远地间鸟类群落更为相似; (4) 3种生境鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在不同季节里均表现为: 远地 > 近地 > 森林; (5)广义线性混合模型结果显示, 两种农田生境鸟类多样性显著高于森林, 而近地和远地农田生境间鸟类多样性无显著差异。研究结果表明, 虽然森林鸟类多样性较低, 但对其特有种具有较高的保护作用; 尽管鸟类对农田生境表现出更高的喜好, 但农田内人为干扰较为频繁, 缺乏相关的保护措施, 应加强对农田鸟类的保护。     

陕西省黄河湿地冬季鸟类群落初步研究

1998～2008年,采用直接计数法对陕西省黄河湿地冬季鸟类群落组成、鸟类物种多样性及数量变化进行了调查.在预先设置的5条调查样带中共记录到鸟类14目33科117种.观察结果表明,该地区鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数分别为4.497和0.654.栖息地可分为人工渔塘、芦苇沼泽、滩涂湿地、农田和人工林5种类型.这些生境中鸟类组成及物种多样性差异均较大,其鸟类多样性指数分别为2.826、3.571、3.202、1.205、2.496,以芦苇沼泽中的鸟类多样性指数最高,滩涂湿地中鸟类数量最多,农田中鸟类优势度最高.通过对该地区鸟类群落组成及多样性分析研究以及黄河湿地冬季鸟类栖息地现状评价,为湿地鸟类资源的保护提供科学依据.     

江苏阜宁不同生境鸟类群落谱系和功能多样性

生境类型对群落多样性的影响是生态学关心的重要问题。本研究对江苏阜宁县域内农田、林地、湿地和城镇等4种生境鸟类进行为期一年的调查,从物种多样性、谱系多样性、功能多样性3个层次探究不同生境对鸟类群落的影响。共记录鸟类115种,隶属15目40科。物种多样性在林地生境最高,然后依次为农田、湿地和城镇生境。谱系多样性和功能多样性与物种多样性变化模式不同,农田生境的谱系和功能多样性较其他3种生境高。比较分析生境间3种多样性指标的季节变化,发现多样性指标在季节间无显著性差异,阜宁县域内鸟类群落多样性受生境影响较大。标准化效应值分析表明,各生境群落谱系和功能多样性均呈现出聚集趋势,生境过滤主导鸟类群落的构建。本研究揭示了阜宁县域范围内鸟类资源现状,环境异质性维持较高的鸟类多样性,生境类型的多样化为保持高的鸟类群落多样性提供有力支持。     

黄淮平原农业景观鸟类多样性及生境差异

农业景观中的鸟类多样性对生态系统功能和服务的形成与维持具有重要作用。黄淮平原区是我国最重要的农业景观区之一,为探讨区域内农业景观中鸟类多样性特征和不同生境间的差异,在研究区农业景观不同生境中布设样点,调查繁殖期鸟类多样性特征。结果显示:(1)共记录到32科、49属、66种的10044只个体,但优势科属明显;(2)物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度均表现出在沟渠、湖泊生境中较高,农田和村庄生境中相对较低,但物种多度呈现出村庄生境中最高,其次是沟渠和农田生境,湖泊生境中最低;(3)在区系分布上,各生境中均以广布种为主,生态类群上,鸣禽在各生境中均占绝对优势,涉禽和游禽主要分布在沟渠和湖泊生境中,从居留型来看,留鸟是各生境中的主导类群,候鸟、旅鸟和迷鸟比例很低;(4)鸟类群落异质性分析显示,各生境间的相似性总体上较高,表明区域内农业景观中鸟类组成具有较高的重叠性。研究显示农业景观中湖泊和沟渠的存在能有效的提高区域鸟类的丰富度和多样性,而沟渠的存在能有效的提高鸟类个体多度,农田和村庄有助于特定类群多度的增加,因此在未来的区域持续农业景观的构建中一方面要重视自然、半自然非农生境的作用,另一方面也不能忽视不同生物类群对景观异质性响应和对生境特征需求的差异。     

Assessing the role of invasive weeds in the impact of successional habitats on the bird assemblage in overgrowing agriculture

Agricultural habitats are assumed to be biodiversity refuges. However, some studies treat agricultural land management as a cause of the biodiversity decline, to which habitat loss and heterogeneity may contribute. Between the crops, the successional habitats appear – ruderal plant communities and bush areas. Their influence on farmland biodiversity is unknown. This research assessed the impact of spatial relationships between agricultural areas, semi-natural meadows and successional habitats on the bird species richness, Shannon diversity index, and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity index. An additional habitat variable was the presence of weeds, i.e., invasive Caucasian hogweeds Heracleum sp., treated as crops in the past. The birds and habitats research was on 74 sites set in pairs (invaded vs control) in south-eastern Poland. Results showed that birds assembling in agricultural and semi-natural areas were more diverse and contained protected farmland species, while birds appearing in overgrown habitats (i.e., successional and invaded) were clumped with their habitat requirements. In the presence of plant invaders, ruderal habitats negatively affected the bird phylogenetic diversity index. In invaded sites, bush areas had no positive effects on the Shannon diversity index and species richness of birds, in contrast with control sites. The presented research suggests the need to re-evaluate the importance of successional non-crop habitats considered positive in agricultural landscapes if those habitats develop in areas with plant invasion.     

洞庭湖洲滩及滨湖区鼠类分布格局及其多样性

为全面了解洞庭湖洲滩及滨湖区鼠类分布格局,统计自2003—2013年该湖区15个调查点5种不同生境的鼠类群落调查数据,并对鼠类群落的物种多样性进行分析。结果表明:2003—2013年洞庭湖区捕获鼠类有10种,主要优势种为黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)和东方田鼠(Microtus fortis);不同生境下的优势种不同,东方田鼠为湖滩生境优势种,黑线姬鼠是滨湖农田和退田还湖洲滩生境优势种,针毛鼠(Niviventer fulvescens)和社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)为滨湖丘岗林地优势种,小家鼠(Mus musculus)及黄胸鼠(Rattus tanzumi)则多出现在农房生境;不同生境的鼠类群落物种多样性不同,滨湖丘岗林地生境受人类活动或洪水干扰程度最低,因此,优势集中性指数最低,而物种多样性Shannon-Wiener指数在干扰较少的滨湖丘岗林地生境物种多样性指数最高。尽管湖滩生境受三峡工程的影响,物种数大量增加,但由于仍受汛期洪涝的干扰,依然具有优势种突出的特征。研究表明,人类社会活动或洪涝等干扰因素降低了鼠类群落物种多样性,致使优势种突出,形成只利于少数几个种群栖息的环境,最终导致种群大暴发。     

Bird communities of highway verges: Influence of adjacent habitat and roadside management

We have investigated the effects of landscape traversed and roadside structure on the use of highway verges by birds. Three contrasted landscapes were chosen in terms of human land use and vegetation structure: an intensive farmland, a pine plantation, and a matoral. The roadside sections varied in vegetation structure, width and profile. We recorded birds present in roadsides and adjacent habitats by transect counts over all seasons. Roadside bird species appeared for a great part similar to those of adjacent habitats. However, diversity and abundance in verges did not depend on that of adjacent habitats. Woody roadsides were comparable to hedges, as trees (and shrubs) in verges enhanced species richness and abundance of birds in the farmland and woodland sites. Width and profile of verges had less influence. In all sites, typical species of the habitat traversed partly avoided roadsides. On the contrary, numerous species associated with ‘rare’ habitats in one site preferred roadsides, provided that verge vegetation contrasted with the dominant habitat. It is concluded that birds responses to highways can vary greatly with landscape traversed and verge vegetation. Highway verges could be favorable to birds, if they constitute a complementary habitat to the dominant habitat within a landscape.     

黄淮平原农业景观不同生境鸟类多样性特征及年际动态

鸟类是地球生物多样性中的重要组成部分,在生态系统功能和服务中发挥着重要作用,是生态环境变化的重要指示物种。农业景观中的食虫鸟类提供了重要的虫害控制服务。当前,农业景观中鸟类多样性丧失加剧,为探讨鸟类多样性在各生境以及年际间的变化,以黄淮平原为研究区,在河流、湖泊、农田、村庄等生境中共设置20个样点。于2016-2019年连续4年在繁殖期采用样线法对鸟类进行多样性调查。调查结果显示：（1）共发现22922只个体,分属14目,38科,53属。从区系分布来看,各生境各年间均以广布种为主;从生态类群来看,鸣禽占绝对优势;从居留型来看,留鸟所占比例最高。（2）在食性组成上,从物种丰富度看,食虫鸟类有57种,约占总物种数的77%;从个体数来看,杂食性鸟类占比超52%。（3）物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数最高值均出现在湖泊或河流生境中。（4）鸟类群落相似性分析显示,各生境间鸟类群落均为中等相似程度;鸟类物种丰富度波动幅度在农田和村庄中呈逐年上升趋势。（5）物种多样性加性拆分分析显示,在生境尺度上,局地的α多样性是生物多样性的最重要组成,而从整个研究区来看,生境间的差异则更为重要。造成鸟类多样性时空差异的原因复杂多样,而生境异质性的增加和水域的存在对提高鸟类多样性是具有积极作用的。调查中超过77%的物种和40%的个体均为食虫鸟类,应当充分重视鸟类为区域农业景观提供的虫害控制服务。本研究可为区域鸟类多样性保护及鸟类提供的生态系统服务的提升管理提供理论基础和科学依据。     

陕西延安北洛河流域蝗虫群落多样性研究

为了寻求有害蝗虫的防治对策,深入研究蝗虫生物多样性,用多样性指数、相似性分析等方法比较分析了延安北洛河流域不同生境中蝗虫群落组成。结果表明:草地中占有的属种数量均最高,灌草丛和农田中蝗虫的科属种都相对较低。不同生境蝗虫多样性指数的排列顺序为草地>河滩>灌草丛>农田,草地的多样性指数最高,农田的多样性指数最低。丰富度指数的变化趋势与多样性指数一致,而优势度指数却恰好与二者的顺序相反。在相似性分析中,草地和河滩相似性系数最大,说明草地和河滩这两种生境蝗虫种类组成的相似性较大,具有更多的共同种,从而可以推知草地和河滩的生境条件有一定的相似性,而农田和草地是两种完全不同的生境。     

钦州湾越冬鸻鹬类对不同生境利用分析

2008年12月至2009年1月及2011年12月至2012年1月先后两次对钦州湾的越冬鸻鹬类进行了调查,对越冬鸻鹬类退潮后在各类型生境的分布情况和原因进行了分析,以期为制定有效保护越冬鸟类及其生境的措施提供科学依据。结果表明,在不同的天气情况下退潮后各生境内记录到的鸻鹬类物种数和种群数量均不同,钦州湾不同生境鸻鹬类结构特征随天气变化改变。相似性比较显示,晴天各生境中鸻鹬类相似性指数最高的是盐田-养殖塘生境和农田生境,相似性指数为0.96;鸻鹬类相似性指数最低的是红树林滩涂生境和光滩生境,相似性指数为0.49。阴冷天气各生境中鸻鹬类相似性指数最高的是光滩生境和盐田-养殖塘生境,相似性指数为0.79;最低是红树林滩涂生境和光滩生境,相似性指数为0.52。分析表明人类活动的干扰对越冬鸻鹬类生境选择的影响较大。     

Large-scale patterns of summer and winter bird distribution in relation to farmland type in England and Wales

Over the last 30 yr, the loss of traditional crop rotations and the polarisation of pastoral and arable farming have led to a marked reduction in mixed agriculture in Britain at both the individual farm and the landscape scale. We assess the potential impact of this change on lowland farmland birds by examining the extent to which distributions (as shown by national atlases of summer and winter birds) of different species are associated with arable, pastoral or mixed‐farming landscape types. Relatively few species appeared as either widespread generalists, equally associated across the three broad farmland types, or specialists associated only with one landscape type. Most were associated with two farmland types but distributions showed seasonal differences. During the breeding season there was an approximate ratio of 2:2:1 of species associated with arable, mixed and pastoral landscapes. However, in winter, most species were at highest abundance in mixed farming landscapes. This coincided with a reduction in the number of species associated with pastoral landscapes relative to the breeding season, whereas the number of species associated with arable landscapes remained relatively stable. These patterns are likely to be related to foraging requirements; granivorous birds tended to be associated with arable habitats, which tend to be more seed‐rich, and invertebrate‐feeding species tended to be associated with mixed or pastoral ones, which may be more invertebrate‐rich. The relative importance of mixed landscapes in winter was attributed to seasonal changes in the distribution of some invertebrate feeders, particularly small insectivores (pipits, chats and wagtails), and some of those species considered to be widespread in summer. The results have two important implications for future research. First, most research on farmland birds has, to date, focused on species associated with arable farming during the breeding season. More research is required on species associated with agricultural grasslands, reflecting its importance for farmland birds in Britain, and on the winter ecology of farmland birds in general. These results also emphasise the importance of mixed habitats for farmland birds, particularly in winter, and suggest that further changes in agricultural practices causing reduction in habitat diversity will be detrimental for the farmland bird community. However, widespread benefits may be derived from small scale measures that increase habitat diversity within farmland, for example field margin management options within agri‐environment schemes and support for traditional farming practices in some Environmentally Sensitive Areas.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

DNA复合条形码在太白山土壤动物多样性研究中的应用

DNA复合条形码技术(metabarcoding)将DNA条形码与高通量测序技术相结合,快速便捷地鉴定群落混合样本中的物种,成为监测群落中物种组成和丰富度的可靠方法。采用这一方法分析了秦岭太白山5种不同生境的中小型土壤动物多样性,共得到土壤动物3门9纲28目199科。群落组成分析显示生境的变化对土壤动物群落组成有一定的影响。α多样性分析显示土壤动物群落丰富度指数最高的生境为针叶林,最低的为农田;土壤动物群落多样性指数最高的生境为针叶林,最低的为落叶小叶林。群落相似性分析显示高山草甸、针叶林和农田3种生境的土壤动物群落组成相似性较高,落叶小叶林和落叶阔叶林的土壤动物群落组成与这3种生境的差异较大,落叶小叶林与落叶阔叶林的土壤动物群落组成差异也较大。