湖泊生态系统健康定量评价方法

提出了湖泊生态系统健康定量评价的一种新方法生态系统健康指数法。该方法首先设计了一个0～100的生态系统健康指数作为定量尺度,然后通过评价指标选择、各指标生态系统健康分指数计算、各指标权重计算、生态系统健康综合指数计算等基本步骤,评价湖泊生态系统健康状态。以实用实例对意大利西西里湖泊群及单个湖泊进行了生态系统健康评价。结果表明,该方法原理简单,计算简便,结果可靠、直观,既可用于同一湖泊又可用于不同湖泊生态系统健康状态的定量评价与比较,是一种值得推广的定量评价方法。     

吉林省长岭羊草草原土壤甲虫的分布

目前国内关于草原土壤动物的研究还很少,仅中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站(内蒙古大学生物系)在1983年开始研究了内蒙古草原土壤动物。我们于1987年6月28日—10月1日对吉林省西部长岭种马场羊草草原土壤动物进行了初步研究。该工作为草原研究工     

农户生态系统结构的优化

一、前言农户是组成宏观农业生态系统的基本子系统。显然,优化农户生态系统结构、强化其功能是我国生态农业研究、建设的重要内容和立足点。近年来,各种模式的生态农户大量涌现,更有必要定量分析和定量优化农户生态系统结构,并进一步提出农户生态系统定量优化的一般原理,探索其优化的基本方法。为此,笔者     

基于Meta分析的中国湖沼湿地生态系统服务价值转移研究

Meta分析价值转移方法作为资源价值评估的一种有效方法,在国外已经有大量的实证研究出现,但是在国内相应的实证研究非常稀少,有关该方法在湖沼湿地生态系统服务价值评估的应用研究还尚未见报道。通过收集有关中国湖沼湿地生态系统服务价值评估的实证研究文献的价值评估结果,建立价值转移数据库,应用Meta分析和多元回归分析方法构建中国湖沼湿地生态系统服务的Meta分析价值转移模型,并对该模型用于样本外价值转移的有效性做出评估,探讨Meta分析价值转移方法在中国湖沼湿地生态系统服务价值评估领域的可应用性及发展前景。研究结果表明:(1)在样本文献中,通常洪水调蓄和水源涵养服务是湖沼湿地提供的经济价值最高的生态系统服务,而水质净化服务的经济价值最低;(2)湖沼湿地面积、生态系统服务受益人口数量、不同生态系统服务之间的价值差异以及不同价值评估方法的使用会影响湖沼湿地生态系统服务价值的变化;(3)Meta分析价值转移模型用于样本外价值转移的有效性检验结果显示,样本外价值转移的转移误差范围在0.09%—234.61%之间,平均转移误差为19.99%,在自然资源价值转移的可接受误差范围内,因此Meta分析价值转移方法是评估湿地生态系统服务价值的一种可行且快速的方法。     

城市生态系统的动力学演化模型研究进展

从系统分析出发,对城市生态系统的动力学演化模型的发展历程、建模的方法和步骤过程、软件开发方法和目前的模型软件等进行了总结。归纳了城市生态系统的动力学演化建模的方法,主要包括模型定义、模拟、实现、验证、分析和应用等六大步骤。目前国内外用于城市生态系统动力学演化模型的主要方法有：基于数理模型的方法、生态控制论和灵敏度模型、系统动力学模型、多目标规划法等。已经开发的用于城市生态系统的动力学模拟的软件可以划分为两类：基于土地利用和交通规划的专业模型和基于系统动力学和灵敏度模型的一般软件。总结了常用的城市演化模型软件,讨论了模型的研究对象和应用范围。分析了城市生态系统的动力学演化模型建模的不确定性的来源,并指出：向宏观和微观两极化发展是城市生态系统动力学演化模型的发展趋势之一,而与人工智能和地理信息系统等新方法的集成是发展的另一趋势。城市生态系统动力学演化模型的开发前景在于对不确定性问题的定性、定量分析,而多模型的耦合和集成是发展的必然趋势。     

可持续景观规划——融合景观可持续性研究与地理设计

人类活动对景观的影响遍及世界各个角落,其广度、强度、频度不断增大。为了改变生态环境在人类社会经济增长压力下的不可持续状态,景观需要科学合理的设计与管理。可持续景观规划是在景观尺度上,在可持续性科学的指导下,平衡生态系统服务的供需关系,将生态、社会、经济活动过程反映到空间优化上,不断提高人类福祉的规划过程。为了能够实践该规划思路,在景观可持续性研究与地理设计融合的概念框架基础上,提出可持续景观规划的八个步骤,在问题诊断与目标设定、多源数据组织与管理、尺度匹配与多尺度分析、景观格局过程分析和可持续性评估、生态系统服务与景观格局关系模拟、情景分析与方案评估、地理设计平台搭建、可视化与人机互动等关键步骤中,融入了强-弱可持续性、多尺度分析、生态系统服务、可持续性指标、大数据应用,以及文化和地方感。研究提出的可持续性景观规划步骤与实现路径体现了多学科交叉、实时评估反馈、信息技术应用、利益相关者参与的特点,可被用于旨在提高人类福祉的多尺度空间优化和可持续景观设计。     

湖泊-流域生态系统管理的内容与方法

在流域生态系统管理研究综述的基础上,对湖泊一流域生态系统管理的概念进行了界定,对水环境管理、综合流域管理与流域生态系统管理之间的差异进行了对比分析。确定了生态系统生态学、流域生态学、生态系统健康和流域方法为湖泊．流域生态系统管理的理论基础,生态系统方法和流域分析为其方法学基础。在上述分析的基础上,提出了湖泊．流域生态系统管理的6个主要步骤：研究范围界定、基础信息收集与基本生态学问题的分析和评价、管理目标设定、系统综合、生态系统综合评价、适应性管理;识别出湖泊-流域生态系统管理中的3个关键问题：①生态系统管理中的不确定性和障碍分析;②流域土地利用变化对湖泊水质和生态系统的影响;③流域生态子系统与社会子系统的关联。     

情景分析及其在生态系统研究中的应用

生态系统是一种具有多稳态机制、自适应的复杂系统,其未来往往难以准确预测。情景分析方法针对影响系统的关键不确定性,通过对系统发展的几种可能性进行探索而构建一组不同的未来景象,改变现有心理模型,激发广泛参与,提高决策有效性。近年来,情景分析方法在生态系统研究中得到了越来越多的关注。本文阐述了情景及情景分析的概念及其发展,介绍了两种典型的情景分析步骤,分析了情景分析与传统生态预测方法的区别及其优越性,回顾了情景分析在生态系统研究中应用的经典案例,最后对情景分析其方法本身的发展和在生态系统中的应用进行了总结和展望。     

海藻场生态系统及其工程学研究进展

海藻场生态系统是典型近岸生态系统之一,其独特的结构和功能使其生态系统生态学研究及其工程学研究在近年来日益引起国际学术界关注.本文着重介绍了海藻场生态系统的概念、基本结构、生态功能及其生态工程的概念与基本实施步骤等,并以美国、日本为例,介绍了发达国家的海藻场生态工程的研究与实践现状.结合我国现已开展的海藻场生态系统生态学的相关研究,呼吁我国尽快组织开展相关的基础研究,以期尽快发挥海藻场生态工程对我国海洋经济与科技发展的积极作用.     

土壤动物粒径谱研究进展

群落结构如何响应环境变化是生态学研究长期关注的核心问题之一。粒径谱由个体大小和多度构建而来,与营养级转换速率相关、反映生态系统过程动态以及表征生态系统稳定性,可以将其视为一个综合的功能多样性指标用于预测和表征群落的组成以及生态系统功能如何响应环境压力。粒径谱研究最初始于水生生态系统,近年来被引入到土壤动物群落生态学的研究中。简要回顾粒径谱的概念由来及理论基础,分析比较了当前粒径谱研究中的4种易混淆类型,介绍了常用的两类土壤动物粒径谱构建方法及其生态学意义,梳理了土壤动物粒径谱对环境梯度响应与生态化学计量学相结合的研究进展,并指出了应用粒径谱研究土壤动物群落的难点及限制条件。未来,在基础理论研究方面,土壤动物粒径谱应关注个体大小与营养级位置及能量利用关系;在应用方面,土壤动物粒径谱可结合传统的分类方法广泛应用于指示环境污染、生态恢复、保育生物以及土地利用变化等。     

Who parasitizes the endangered Jankowski’s Bunting Emberiza jankowskii?

ABSTRACT

We report nine cases of brood parasitism in the endangered Jankowski’s Bunting Emberiza jankowskii by cuckoos in Inner Mongolia Province, China in 2018 and 2019. DNA-based and morphological evidence suggested that five chicks and four eggs of brood parasites were all Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus, for which the Jankowski’s Bunting is a regular host.     

Surgical treatment of hepato-pancreato-biliary disease in China: the Tongji experience

Hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) tumors are common in China. However, these tumors are often diagnosed at intermediate/ advanced stages because of the lack of a systemic surveillance program in China. This situation creates many technical challenges for surgeons and increases the incidence of postoperative complications. Therefore, Dr. Xiao-Ping Chen has made many important technical improvements, such as Chen’s hepatic portal occlusion method, the anterior approach for liver resection of large HCC tumors, the modified technique of Belghiti’s liver-hanging maneuver, inserting biliary-enteric anastomosis technique, and invaginated pancreaticojujunostomy with transpancreatic U-sutures. These techniques are simple, practical, and easy to learn. Owing to these advantages, complicated surgical procedures can be simplified, and the curative effects are greatly improved. These improved techniques have been widely applied in China and will benefit many additional patients. In this review, we introduce our experience of surgically treating intermediate/advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC), and pancreatic carcinoma, mainly focusing on technical innovations established by Dr. Chen in HPB surgery.     

A DNA-based method for identification of krill species and its application to analysing the diet of marine vertebrate predators

Accurate identification of species that are consumed by vertebrate predators is necessary for understanding marine food webs. Morphological methods for identifying prey components after consumption often fail to make accurate identifications of invertebrates because prey morphology becomes damaged during capture, ingestion and digestion. Another disadvantage of morphological methods for prey identification is that they often involve sampling procedures that are disruptive for the predator, such as stomach flushing or lethal collection. We have developed a DNA-based method for identifying species of krill (Crustacea: Malacostraca), an enormously abundant group of invertebrates that are directly consumed by many groups of marine vertebrates. The DNA-based approach allows identification of krill species present in samples of vertebrate stomach contents, vomit, and, more importantly, faeces. Utilizing samples of faeces from vertebrate predators minimizes the impact of dietary studies on the subject animals. We demonstrate our method first on samples of Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) stomach contents, where DNA-based species identification can be confirmed by prey morphology. We then apply the method to faeces of Adelie penguins and to faeces of the endangered pygmy blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda). In each of these cases, krill species consumed by the predators could be identified from their DNA present in faeces or stomach contents.     

Biomonitoring 2.0: a new paradigm in ecosystem assessment made possible by next-generation DNA sequencing

Biological monitoring has failed to develop from simple binary assessment outcomes of the impacted/unimpacted type, towards more diagnostic frameworks, despite significant scientific effort over the past fifty years. It is our assertion that this is largely because of the limited information content of biological samples processed by traditional morphology-based taxonomy, which is a slow, imprecise process, focused on restricted groups of organisms. We envision a new paradigm in ecosystem assessment, which we refer to as ‘Biomonitoring 2.0’. This new schema employs DNA-based identification of taxa, coupled with high-throughput DNA sequencing on next-generation sequencing platforms. We discuss the transformational nature of DNA-based approaches in biodiversity discovery and ecosystem assessment and outline a path forward for their future widespread application.     

Development of a simple coarse-grained DNA model for analysis of oligonucleotide complex formation

In this paper, we develop a coarse-grained nucleotide model for the purpose of simulating large-scale aptamer-based hydrogel network formation in future research. In the model, each nucleotide is represented by a single interaction site containing sugar, phosphate and base. Discontinuous molecular dynamics (DMD) simulations are performed to simulate formation and denaturation of oligonucleotide duplexes as a function of temperature. The simulated melting temperatures of oligonucleotide duplexes are calculated in simulations of systems with different sequences, lengths and concentrations of oligonucleotides, and compared to data from the OligoAnalyzer tool. The denaturation of oligonucleotide triplexes containing a hybridised structure of three different oligonucleotides is analysed using both simulations and experiments. The nucleotide model is found to be a good predictor of the oligonucleotide’s hybridised state for both duplexes and triplexes. This coarse-grained model has wide ranging applications in the development or optimisation of DNA-based technologies including DNA origami, DNA-enabled hydrogels and DNA-based biosensors.     

合成生物学生物安全风险评价与管理

合成生物学(synthetic biology)已迅速发展为生命科学最具发展潜力的分支学科之一,但它同时也会给生态环境和人类健康带来潜在的风险。结合国内外合成生物学发展现状,本文综述了基因回路(DNA-based biocircuits)、最小基因组(minimal genome)、原型细胞(protocells)、化学合成生物学(chemical synthetic biology)等涉及的风险评价、合成生物学与生物安全工程(biosafety engineering)、合成生物学对社会伦理道德法律的影响以及当前热点议题,如生物朋(黑)客(biopunk(or biohackery))、家置生物学(garage biology)、DIY生物学(do-it-yourselfbiology)、生物恐怖主义(bioterrorism)等方面的新进展。分析讨论了世界各国合成生物学以自律监管或技术为主的安全管理原则和基于5个不同政策干预点的5P管理策略的合理性与潜在不足。同时结合我国合成生物学当前研究进展以及现有的安全管理规范,提出了建立以安全评价为核心的法规体系、生物学生物安全规范以及加强研发单位内部管理和生物安全科普宣传等我国合成生物学安全管理制度与措施等建议。     

The reflective peephole method: Ruralism and awkwardness in the ethnography of rural China

Starting with Arthur Smith’s metaphor of the ‘peephole method’, this article explores the issues of ruralism and awkwardness which underlie much ethnographic fieldwork in rural China. In the first part, the continuing influence of ruralism—the idea that the Chinese countryside represents the ‘real’ China—is discussed. This idea is based on a radical conceptual separation of the countryside and the city, which denies modern everydayness to the countryside. If we accept that the modern everyday is now present in rural China and that ordinary people are aware of ruralism and its opposites (urbanism and modernity), we need to find research methods suitable to address the entanglement and the social uses of ruralist and modernist representations in everyday life. In the second part of the article, I argue that the ‘reflective peephole method’ could be such a method. Starting from the awkwardness I felt in my own fieldwork in south‐western Hubei Province, I argue that the dilemmas of the ‘peephole method’ might be a good starting point for reflecting on the intensified ambiguity of moral discourse and action in contemporary rural China.     

Unravelling below-ground plant distributions: a real-time polymerase chain reaction method for quantifying species proportions in mixed root samples

Knowledge on below-ground plant distributions is almost lacking to date, despite the fact that such information would be very valuable in understanding below-ground competition and species-specific interactions, processes that are expected to shape community structure. Methods available so far for below-ground species determination have drawbacks that we tried to challenge. Some methods make use of differences in the chemical composition between species, but this is highly variable upon environmental factors. DNA-based techniques - far less dependent on chemical composition - such as polymerase chain reaction on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers can so far only determine presence-absence of a species in a mixed root sample. Here, we present a quantitative DNA-based technique that allows investigation of relative species abundances in experimental mixed root samples. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on species-specific markers obtained from intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) analyses in root samples. This molecular technique is novel in the field of root ecology and its development overcame three challenges: (i) determination of species-specific DNA fragments, (ii) development and optimization of the real time PCR protocol, (iii) designing a data treatment method based on a modified delta-delta-cycle threshold (CT) analysis. The method gained robustness from using relative DNA abundances in species mixtures rather than absolute concentration readings. This requires accurate multispecies reference series as a calibration. Test samples with different known biomass ratios of all species showed proof of concept of this method. The pro's and contra's of this method are discussed in the light of its contribution to advancing ecological research on below-ground plant-plant interactions.     

Etiologic diagnosis of lower respiratory tract bacterial infections using sputum samples and quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification

Etiologic diagnoses of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) have been relying primarily on bacterial cultures that often fail to return useful results in time. Although DNA-based assays are more sensitive than bacterial cultures in detecting pathogens, the molecular results are often inconsistent and challenged by doubts on false positives, such as those due to system- and environment-derived contaminations. Here we report a nationwide cohort study on 2986 suspected LRTI patients across P. R. China. We compared the performance of a DNA-based assay qLAMP (quantitative Loop-mediated isothermal AMPlification) with that of standard bacterial cultures in detecting a panel of eight common respiratory bacterial pathogens from sputum samples. Our qLAMP assay detects the panel of pathogens in 1047(69.28%) patients from 1533 qualified patients at the end. We found that the bacterial titer quantified based on qLAMP is a predictor of probability that the bacterium in the sample can be detected in culture assay. The relatedness of the two assays fits a logistic regression curve. We used a piecewise linear function to define breakpoints where latent pathogen abruptly change its competitive relationship with others in the panel. These breakpoints, where pathogens start to propagate abnormally, are used as cutoffs to eliminate the influence of contaminations from normal flora. With help of the cutoffs derived from statistical analysis, we are able to identify causative pathogens in 750 (48.92%) patients from qualified patients. In conclusion, qLAMP is a reliable method in quantifying bacterial titer. Despite the fact that there are always latent bacteria contaminated in sputum samples, we can identify causative pathogens based on cutoffs derived from statistical analysis of competitive relationship. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00567827.     

地理信息系统在动物考古学研究中的应用： 以贵州马鞍山遗址出土的动物遗存为例

目前,地理信息系统（GIS）在多学科领域的融合方面已经发挥了极为明显的作用。但是,在动物考古学研究中,尤其是在东亚地区,这一手段的使用还明显有所欠缺。本文尝试将这一技术手段应用于贵州马鞍山遗址(距今约43~16 kaBP)出土动物遗存的研究之中。在上千件石制品与数十件骨制品之外,马鞍山遗址还出土有大量的动物化石,从而使其成为检验与实践地理信息系统的一个良好媒介。本文以ArcGIS软件包中的空间分析工具为技术依托,重点对遗址出土的大型动物（包括Bubalus sp 和 Megatapirus augustus) 的骨骼单元分布模式进行了更为准确的统计与分析。本项研究表明,相对于传统方法而言,GIS系统在大型动物遗存的量化统计方面具有独特而重要的价值;此外,这一技术手段还有望在第四纪其他学科的研究中得到发挥与应用。