小鼠四倍体早期胚胎基因组甲基化模式

利用小鼠抗5-甲基胞嘧啶(5MeC)单克隆抗体检测了体外培养小鼠四倍体早期胚胎的基因组甲基化模式。结果表明: 利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程, 在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样, 呈现高度甲基化状态; 在细胞核开始融合的时候, 甲基化水平急速下降, 在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点; 随着胚胎继续分裂, 胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加, 在桑葚胚期甲基化水平最高; 但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别, 这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。因此, 小鼠体外培养四倍体胚胎的甲基化模式是不正常的, 这可能是四倍体小鼠难以发育到妊娠足月的原因之一。这是对小鼠四倍体早期胚胎基因组甲基化模式的首次报道。     

牛体外受精胚胎的基因组甲基化模式

利用抗5-甲基胞嘧啶(5MeC)抗体免疫荧光法检测了体外成熟(IVM)、体外受精(IVF)和体外培养(IVC)的牛合子及早期胚胎的基因组甲基化模式. 实验结果表明: 有61.5%的合子发生了雄原核去甲基化, 而34.6%的合子没有发生去甲基化; 当胚胎发育到8-细胞时, 甲基化水平明显下降, 且一直到桑椹胚期仍维持低甲基化状态, 但同一枚胚胎的不同卵裂球之间甲基化水平不同; 在囊胚期, 内细胞团细胞的甲基化水平很低, 而滋养层细胞的甲基化水平却很高. 本研究结果至少部分地提示, IVM/IVF/IVC可能对牛合子及早期胚胎的甲基化模式有一定影响.     

运用PCR对小鼠植入前胚胎进行性别诊断

根据C57BL6小鼠Y染色体重复序列145C5的碱基顺序,设计并合成一对引物,运用PCR扩增昆明白小鼠入前胚胎卵裂球DNA,以确定其性别,共对108枚活检胚胎的相应卵裂球进行了性别诊断,获雄性胚46枚,雌性胚62枚,移植后分别获雄性仔鼠4只,准确率100％（4／4）,雌性仔鼠9只,准确率70％（9／13）,本研究结果表明小鼠Y染色体重复序列145C5的碱基顺序在C57BL6小鼠和昆明白小鼠中基本一致,为农牧业动物进行性别选择和运用PCR进行单基因病植入前遗传学诊断提供了方法学基础。     

小鼠电激活孤雌胚胎早期体内外发育能力的比较

目的探讨小鼠电激活孤雌胚胎的早期体内、外发育能力。方法 利用不同电脉冲参数和激活液对小鼠卵母细胞进行活化,观察激活后的小鼠孤雌胚体外发育状况和移植后的发育能力。结果非电解质激活液优于电解质液,脉冲强度、脉冲宽度和脉冲次数3个参数各自处于某一范围内时,他们之间存在某种相关性,降低其中1个参数可通过升高另外2个参数得到补偿,经筛选较适宜的电脉冲参数为：1.0 kV/cm、40μs、2 p,或者1.5kV/cm、30/μs、2 p,分别为74.65%和71.19%,体外囊胚发育率分别为43.40%和47.62%。电激活孤雌胚体外发育时序比正常胚胎慢,但囊胚细胞数与对照组差异不显著。它们经胚胎移植后,其中的一部分能够着床,但着床率仅为3.6%,极显著低于对照组（67%,P〈0.01）。结论电刺激能够较好地模拟正常受精过程激活小鼠卵母细胞,但激活后的多数小鼠孤雌胚胎着床能力较低,不能够顺利着床。     

小鼠单个植入前胚胎cDNA文库的构建及应用

哺乳动物合子基因组激活和植入前胚胎阶段特异性表达基因的研究一直是发育生物学研究的重点。发现和克隆植入前胚胎阶段特异性表达的基因需要有效的方法,阶段特异性cDNA文库的构建和筛选是一种较好的方法。用小鼠单个成熟卵细胞、受精卵、2细胞、4细胞和8细胞胚胎分别构建了cDNA文库。滴度分别为:62×105、83×105、104×106、151×106和162×106。随机挑选了29个克隆并进行了序列分析,结果表明,和已知表达序列标签(ESTs)同源的序列为6552%(1929),未知序列为1379%(429),并发现了2个重复序列。用特异性引物,分别对小鼠持家基因(βactin)和发育特异基因(OCT4)进行PCR扩增,结果表明,所建立的cDNA文库可以反映小鼠胚胎在不同发育阶段整个基因群体的转录活性,为阶段特异性基因的筛选和小鼠早期阶段基因表达模式的研究提供了一种有价值的资源库 。     

小鼠单个植入前胚胎SSH方法的可行性

为建立一种能够一次性分离任意两个植入前胚胎之间全部的差别表达的基因的方法 ,在已有的单胚胎操作技术的基础之上 ,对单个植入前胚胎抑制性消减杂交 (singlepreimplantationembryosuppressionsubtractivehybridization ,SPE SSH)方法进行了初步的探索 ,分离到OM2和MⅡ d 2的基因片段 ,经GenBank和文献检索发现 ,这两个基因具有在MⅡ期和 2细胞期特异性表达的特点 .利用cDNA阵列所进行的鉴定也获得了同样的结果 ,而且所使用的材料极少 ,说明SPE SSH是一种强有力的分离和识别早期发育相关基因片段的实验技术 .若与单个卵裂球分离技术相结合 ,还可用于分离和识别人类早期分子诊断的标记性基因     

小鼠植入前胚胎GCN5和HDAC1表达模式及体外培养对其表达的影响

为探讨小鼠植入前胚胎组蛋白乙酰化酶GCN5（general control of nucleotide synthesis,GCN5）和组蛋白去乙酰化酶1（histone deacetylasel,HDAC1）的表达模式及常规体外培养对它们表达的影响,应用荧光免疫细胞化学技术,检测了体内和体外培养的小鼠2、4、8细胞期卵裂胚胎、桑葚胚和囊胚GCN5和HDAC1的表达。结果显示,GCN5在体内组各细胞期卵裂胚胎和桑葚胚的细胞浆内均呈高表达,细胞核内未见明显表达,而囊胚细胞的细胞浆和细胞核内均无表达：HDACl在体内组小鼠2细胞期胚胎中以细胞浆内表达为主,在其他各期胚胎均以细胞核内表达为主。囊胚期内细胞团部分细胞的细胞核内未见HDAC1表达。GCN5在体外组小鼠植入前各期胚胎均不表达。而HDAC1的表达强度明显低于体内组的。提示体外培养抑制小鼠植入前胚胎GCN5和明显降低HDAC1的表达,影响胚胎基因的正确性表达。     

小鼠植入前胚胎及几种组织中IFRG15的差异表达研究

为进一步研究干扰素α应答基因IFRG15（Interferon responsive gene 15）在小鼠整个发育过程中的表达规律,从植入前胚胎及2、5、16周龄的雌、雄昆明小白鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肌肉、卵巢或睾丸等组织中提取总RNA,以HPRT1（Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1）为内参基因,利用RT-PCR的方法进行目的片段的扩增及差异性分析。结果表明,IFRG15在植入前胚胎8-细胞期,桑葚胚期开始显著高表达于受精卵、2-细胞期、4-细胞期（p〈0.05）,在囊胚期表达量达到最高,且显著高于其他各期（p〈0.05）;在雌雄小鼠几个组织体外发育过程中均检测到表达,但表达量有所不同,在雄性小鼠各组织中的表达无显著规律性差异;在5周龄雌性小鼠组织中达到最高（p〈0.05）,卵巢组织尤为明显,推测该基因对卵巢的成熟有重要的促进作用;本实验成功获得IFRG15在小鼠植入前各期胚胎及体外发育过程中的表达模式,为进一步探究该基因在小鼠克隆胚发育过程中的作用奠定基础。     

小鼠植入前胚胎GCN5和HDAC1表达模式及体外培养对其表达的影响

为探讨小鼠植入前胚胎组蛋白乙酰化酶GCN5(general control of nucleotide synthesis,GCN5) 和组蛋白去乙酰化酶1(histone deacetyluse1,HDAC1)的表达模式及常规体外培养对它们表达的影响,应用荧光免疫细胞化学技术,检测了体内和体外培养的小鼠2、4、8细胞期卵裂胚胎、桑葚胚和囊胚GCN5和HDAC1的表达。结果显示,GCN5在体内组各细胞期卵裂胚胎和桑葚胚的细胞浆内均呈高表达,细胞核内未见明显表达,而囊胚细胞的细胞浆和细胞核内均无表达:HDAC1在体内组小鼠2细胞期胚胎中以细胞浆内表达为主,在其他各期胚胎均以细胞核内表达为主．囊胚期内细胞团部分细胞的细胞核内未见HDAC1表达。GCN5在体外组小鼠植入前各期胚胎均不表达,而 HDAC1的表达强度明显低于体内组的。提示体外培养抑制小鼠植入前胚胎GCN5和明显降低 HDAC1的表达,影响胚胎基因的正确性表达。     

小鼠休眠胚胎与正常胚胎冻融后体内外发育潜力的比较

目的检验小鼠休眠胚胎冻融后的质量及体内外发育潜力,为胚胎休眠技术的生产应用提供必要的参考。方法采用常规冷冻方法将正常孵化期胚胎和休眠胚胎进行冷冻,之后分别进行体外复苏培养实验和胚胎移植实验。随后利用双重荧光染色的方法分别对冻融前后的小鼠休眠胚胎与正常孵化期胚胎进行细胞计数,观察两种胚胎冻融前后的质量变化。结果休眠胚胎的冷冻解冻回收率、发育率均极显著高于孵化期胚胎(72.1%vs 50.2%,P<0.01;94.2%vs 73.9%,P<0.01)。休眠胚胎的移植妊娠率显著高于孵化期胚胎(40.8%vs 30.1%,P<0.05)。休眠胚胎的内细胞团细胞数显著高于孵化期胚胎(27.83 vs 19.53,P<0.05),滋养层细胞数差异不显著。冻融培养后休眠胚胎的内细胞团数,滋养层细胞数均显著高于孵化期胚胎(25.18 vs 14.68,P<0.05;114.09 vs 73.88,P<0.05)。结论小鼠休眠胚胎冻融后胚胎质量及体内外发育潜力均优于小鼠正常孵化期胚胎。     

Dynamics of DNA-demethylation in early mouse and rat embryos developed in vivo and in vitro

Virtually all mammalian species including mouse, rat, pig, cow, and human, but not sheep and rabbit, undergo genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming by demethylation of the male pronucleus in early preimplantation development. In this study, we have investigated and compared the dynamics of DNA demethylation in preimplantation mouse and rat embryos by immunofluorescence staining with an antibody against 5-methylcytosine. We performed for the first time a detailed analysis of demethylation kinetics of early rat preimplantation embryos and have shown that active demethylation of the male pronucleus in rat zygotes proceeds with a slower kinetic than that in mouse embryos. Using dated mating we found that equally methylated male and female pronuclei were observed at 3 hr after copulation for mouse and 6 hr for rat embryos. However, a difference in methylation levels between male and female pronuclei could be observed already at 8 hr after copulation in mouse and 10 hr in rat. At 10 hr after copulation, mouse male pronuclei were completely demethylated, whereas rat zygotes at 16 hr after copulation still exhibited detectable methylation of the male pronucleus. In addition in both species, a higher DNA methylation level was found in embryos developed in vitro compared to in vivo, which may be one of the possible reasons for the described aberrations in embryonic gene expression after in vitro embryo manipulation and culture.     

Genomic DNA methylation patterns in bovine preim-plantation embryos derived from in vitro fertilization

By using the approach of immunofluorescence staining with an antibody against 5-methylcytosine (5MeC), the present study detected the DNA methylation patterns of bovine zygotes and preimplantation embryos derived from oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo in vitro culture (IVC). The results showed that: a) paternal-specific demethylation occurred in 61.5% of the examined zygotes, while 34.6% of them showed no demethylation; b) decreased methylation level was observed after the 8-cell stage and persisted through the morula stage, however methylation levels were different between blastomeres within the same embryos; c) at the blastocyst stage, the methylation level was very low in inner cell mass, but high in trophectoderm cells. The present study suggests, at least partly, that IVM/IVF/IVC may have effects on DNA methylation reprogramming of bovine zygotes and early embryos. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30270956) and High-Tech Research & Development Program of China (Grant No. 2002AA206311)     

异源Oct-4基因启动子在猪、兔和小鼠早期胚胎中的时空表达活性

Oct-4是一种哺乳动物早期胚胎中特异表达的转录因子,它与细胞多能性的维持有关．异源Oct-4基因在早期胚胎中的表达模式尚不明确．构建了一个以完整的牛Oct-4调控区指导GFP表达的转基因结构pOct-4(p)-GFP,通过单精子注射的方法将其导入猪、兔和小鼠的受精卵中,分析其在胚胎发育过程中的表达情况．结果显示：牛Oct-4启动子驱动的GFP基因在3个物种的2-细胞胚胎就已经开始表达,在囊胚期表达加强且只特异表达于内细胞团中,而不表达于滋养层．研究表明：牛的Oct-4启动子在其他物种中也具有表达活性,异源性Oct-4启动子在不同物种的早期胚胎中具有相似的表达模式．     

Genomic DNA methylation patterns in bovine preimplantation embryos derived from <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> fertilization

By using the approach of immunofluorescence staining with an antibody against 5-methylcytosine (5MeC), the present study detected the DNA methylation patterns of bovine zygotes and preimplantation embryos derived from oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo in vitro culture (IVC). The results showed that: a) paternal-specific demethylation occurred in 61.5% of the examined zygotes, while 34.6% of them showed no demethylation; b) decreased methylation level was observed after the 8-cell stage and persisted through the morula stage, however methylation levels were different between blastomeres within the same embryos; c) at the blastocyst stage, the methylation level was very low in inner cell mass, but high in trophectoderm cells. The present study suggests, at least partly, that IVM/IVF/IVC may have effects on DNA methylation reprogramming of bovine zygotes and early embryos.     

不同品系小鼠的体外受精、胚胎冷冻及移植的比较研究

目的　探讨不同品系小鼠的体外受精、胚胎和精子的低温保存效果。方法　本实验分别在中国科学院上海实验动物中心 (SLAC)和日本熊本大学动物资源开发中心 (CARD)对 13个品系小鼠 (C57BL 6J、BALB c、C3H HeJ、ICR、KM、FVB、MRL、NOD、CBA、DBA 2、CD 1、BDF1、B6C3F1)的体外受精 (IVF)率、胚胎培养及移植成绩进行了比较研究。结果　各品系小鼠新鲜精子的IVF率 15 1%～ 87 9% ,冻融精子的IVF率 8%～ 80 % ;冷冻胚胎的复苏率4 2 6 %～ 83 9% ;冻融胚胎移植后的产仔率在 17 8%～ 5 1 8%。结论　遗传背景不同的小鼠体外受精率、冷冻胚胎复苏率和胚胎移植的产仔率差异有显著性。但同一品系两个实验室间的新鲜精子的IVF率、冷冻胚胎的复苏率及移植产仔率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;冻融精子的体外受精率CARD明显高于SLAC(P <0 0 1)。     

Activation of Mouse Oocytes, Fertilization and Development of Mouse Embryos in Vitro after Staining with Trypan Blue or Fluorescein Diacetate

The influence of vital staining with trypan blue or fluorescein diacetate on the fertilization of mouse oocytes and the developmental potential of mouse embryos was assessed. Neither stain induced spontaneous activation in mouse oocytes, nor did they impair the in vitro development and implantation of mouse zygotes, two-cell embryos, stressed morulae or blastocysts. However, fertilization and subsequent development of mouse oocytes have been shown to be reduced by vital staining.     

筛选代表小鼠植入前胚胎紧密化相关基因的EST

分别收集181及241枚昆明白小鼠8细胞早期胚胎及8细胞紧密化胚胎,采用SMART PCR方法直接合成胚胎双链cDNA.进而运用抑制消减杂交技术(SSH)对8细胞早期胚胎及8细胞紧密化胚胎的基因表达进行研究,并将所获得的差异表达产物按片段大小分段分离纯化后克隆入pUCm-T载体中,经PCR鉴定后挑选阳性克隆进行测序,筛选出27个代表8细胞早期胚胎和紧密化8细胞胚胎差别表达基因的cDNA片段;经与GenBank中收录的序列进行同源性匹配分析,证实其中17个eDNA片段为新的EST,提交GenBank后被接受并给予了新序列编号.这1 7个片段均可能为与紧密化密切相关的新基因的表达片段,为今后进一步克隆新的紧密化相关基因的全长cDNA及后续新基因的结构和功能研究打下基础.通过采用不同长度大小片段分别克隆的方法,可获得较长片段的EST,避免差异表达大片段的丢失.     

小鼠和大鼠的胚胎培养基及若干相关问题

哺乳动物早期胚胎体外培养所用各种化学成份明确的培养基是研究生命科学中一项重要技术。它已被常规用于研究胚胎早期发育,多种动物及人类辅助生殖技术,转基因动物,动物克隆等领域。介绍了用于移植前胚胎培养基的研究和发展历史,当前所用化学成份明确胚胎培养基的主要组成,特别是针对小鼠和大鼠移植前胚胎所用各种培养基及其成份,讨论了这类培养基发展前景和研究方向。     

In vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes in protein-free culture system

We studied the possibility of fertilization of bovine oocyte-cumulus complexes, matured in vitro in a protein-free medium, in a protein-free culture system without preliminary capacitation of spermatozoa. The development of embryos to the morula-blastocyst and blastocyst stage was considered as a criterion of successful fertilization. It was shown that replacement of bovine serum albumin for polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone in Tyrode medium for fertilization did not affect significantly the development to the morula-blastocyst stage and the number of cells in blastocysts. It was also found that replacement bovine serum albumin for polyvinyl alcohol in all used media, Tyrode medium for washing of oocytes, medium for sperm preparation to fertilization, and Tyrode medium for fertilization, did not affect significantly the development to the morula-blastocyst and blastocyst stages, as well as on the number of cells in blastocysts. The results obtained suggest that in vitro fertilization of bovine oocyte-cumulus complexes is possible in a protein-free culture system without significant reduction in the capacity for in vitro development of the obtained embryos and number of cells in blastocysts.