毛尾刺虫无性生殖周期中的形态和形态发生

利用蛋白银染色法研究了毛尾刺虫的形态及无性生殖周期中的形态发生,其过程为：（１）后仔虫口原基出现在左缘棘毛内侧深层,其内的毛基体组装成整齐排列的小膜并分化成新ＡＺＭ１,ＡＺＭ２和口侧膜,（２）前仔虫口原基出现在老仔虫ＡＺＭ２之前方深处,其随后发育成前仔虫的ＡＺＭ２口侧膜及ＡＺＭ１的一部分,并更新老结构的ＡＺＭ１中第７－１１片小膜,（３）额腹横棘毛原基为５列,分别以３：３：２：２：３方式分化最终产出     

利用蛋白表达谱鉴定毛壳属真菌2 个种的子囊果毛形态变异性

【目的】毛壳属真菌的子囊果毛形态曾是重要的分类性状,但因容易发生变异,在现代毛壳属的分类中它们的分类学价值受到质疑。印度毛壳(Chaetomium indicum)和绳生毛壳(Chaetomium funicola)是2个依据子囊果毛形态差异定义的物种,本研究旨在从蛋白表达谱水平认识这2个种的差异及其子囊果毛的变异性,同时探讨蛋白表达谱在真菌分类中的应用价值。【方法】通过形态学观察获得印度毛壳和绳生毛壳典型菌株和子囊果毛形态变异菌株,利用双向电泳技术对典型菌株和变异菌株的蛋白表达谱进行分析和比较。【结果】双向电泳(2DE)图谱特征反映出印度毛壳和绳生毛壳之间的蛋白表达谱差异明显。根据Neighbor-joining(NJ)算法生成的系统发育树进一步显示印度毛壳和绳生毛壳分别聚在2个不同分支,即同一种的典型菌株和变异菌株聚在一起。【结论】依据子囊果毛形态特征和种特异性的蛋白表达谱特征对印度毛壳和绳生毛壳的分类结果是一致的,表明子囊果毛特征仍然是毛壳属真菌分类的重要指标。     

伍氏游仆虫二分裂和接合生殖期间的形态发生

用改进的银浸法和黑色素法研究了伍氏游仆虫在二分裂和接合期间的形态发生。在二分裂期间前仔虫继承亲体的口围带和口侧小膜。新伸缩泡开口起源于两组额腹横棘毛原基中的第5棘毛场。看清了接合期间两次形态发生的细节。在营养期口围带上见到的小膜第三排动体的骤然变换,已被证明起源于接合时第一次形态发生的不完整的口围带后端的保留。讨论了游仆虫与其它腹毛类在形态发生上的同源问题。     

暗尾丝虫的形态与形态发生研究

本工作采用Chatton-Lwoff氏银浸法及Wilbert氏蛋白银染色法研究了淡水纤毛虫暗尾丝虫Uronema nigricans(Muller,1786)的形态、核器、纤毛下器、银线系及详细的形态发生过程。结果显示其口器发生与已知的同属种类海洋尾丝虫具相似的过程及形式。其口器发生及演化的基本模式可表达成: 前仔虫:原口侧膜→口侧膜,盾片; 后仔虫:原口侧膜→口侧膜,第1小膜,第2小膜,盾片; 原盾片→第3小膜。 文中另外列表比较了本属与其它属的形态发生特征,并据此建立了一新科,拟梭虫科。     

魏氏拟尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器的形态及形态发生

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记和抗α-微管蛋白抗体免疫荧光标记显示,魏氏拟尾柱虫(Paraurostyla weissei)腹面皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管、纤毛器基部附属微管等组成。其中口围带基部微管包括小膜托架、小膜附属微管;额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛基部附属微管包括前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,它们由各自的纤毛器基部向皮层细胞质不同方向发射,形成腹皮层表面下微管网。结果表明,魏氏拟尾柱虫的纤毛器骨架、纤毛器附属结构也是一类以微管蛋白为基本成分的微管胞器,其中缘棘毛基部附属微管具有不同于其他纤毛虫(例如棘尾虫)中所观察到的同种微管胞器的建构特征。形态发生中,前仔虫口围带在老结构位置形成,其结构建成与部分老口围带的更新有关;老缘棘毛的结构物质对新的左、右缘棘毛的发生可能具有定位作用及物质贡献,但此后新的左、右缘棘毛列分别在老缘棘毛的右侧形成,而并非是在老缘棘毛位置分化的。在有些细胞中,新的左缘棘毛左侧另有一列棘毛,这可能是形态发生中老的左缘棘毛退化不完全产生的。     

银缕梅属花形态及其分类学意义

以1995年在江苏宜兴发现的一较大银缕梅居群的花为材料,观察确认金缕梅亚科单种属银缕梅属（ShaniodendronM.B.Deng,H．T．WeietX．QWang）的花序为近头状短稳状花序,由4～7朵花组成,花序内轮4～5朵花,两性;外轮1～2朵花,常为雄花,构成雄全同株。花无柄,无花瓣,花喜常合成浅林状,杯缘及杯背早期簇生长硬毛（hirsute）,花生于初生苞片腋处,初生苞片卵形或阔卵形。雄蕊不定数,5～15枚,花丝长,直立。与其他无花瓣属植物比较表明,银缕梅属与特产里海南岸的Parrotia形态极为相似,主要区别在于本属花萼合生成浅怀状。银缕梅属花形态特征的阐明,对探讨金缕梅亚科无花瓣类群的系统发育具有重要意义。     

休眠期和营养期包囊游仆虫的纤毛器骨架及其微管蛋白

应用光镜和透射电镜术 ,显示了包囊游仆虫休眠细胞中纤毛器骨架的形态 ,并对该纤毛虫休眠细胞和营养细胞的纤毛器及其α、β -微管蛋白进行了免疫荧光定位的比较研究。由免疫荧光显微术显示 ,包囊游仆虫形成休眠包囊后 ,背部毛基体完整地按原有模式保存下来 ;纤毛杆解聚后微管蛋白多集中在细胞皮层 ,小部分均匀散布在细胞质中。据所得结果认为 ,包囊游仆虫形成包囊后 ,微管蛋白主要有 3个去向 ,即 :①处于自噬泡内被逐步消化 ;②以“微管蛋白库”的形式分布于细胞皮层及细胞质中 ;③保留在残留的基体中。此外 ,以往研究中发现的棘毛基部纤维网络未被标记上 ,提示这些纤维体系可能不属于微管系统     

体眠期和营养期包裹游仆虫的纤毛器骨架及其微管蛋白

应用光镜和透射电镜术,显示了包囊游仆虫休眠细胞中纤毛器骨架的形态,并对该纤毛虫休眠细胞和营养细胞的纤毛器及其α,β－微管蛋白进行了免疫荧光定位的比较研究。由免疫荧光显微术显示,包囊游仆虫形成休眠包囊后,背部毛基体完整地按原有模式保存下来;纤毛杆解聚后微管蛋白多集中在细胞皮层,小部分均匀散布在细胞质中,据所得结果认为,包囊游仆虫形成包囊后,微管蛋白主要有3个去向,即：91）处于自噬泡内被逐步消失;（2）以“微管蛋白库”的形式分布于细胞皮层及细胞质中;（3）保留在残留的基体中,此外,以往研究中发现的棘毛基部网络未被标记上,提示这些纤维体系可能不属于微管系统。     

茶银尺蠖雄蛾触角的扫描电镜观察

本文采用扫描电镜对茶银尺蠖Scopula subpunctaria Herrich-Schaeffer雄蛾触角感受器进行了外部形态的观察和研究。结果表明,茶银尺蠖雄蛾的触角感受器主要有毛形感受器、鳞形感受器和刺形感受器3种。描述了各种感受器的形态特征和着生规律,对其主要生理功能进行了分析和讨论。     

华美游仆虫细胞微管胞器的直接荧光和免疫荧光标记

应用直接荧光和免疫荧光标记显示,腹毛目纤毛虫华美游仆虫(Euplotes elegans)细胞微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛、缘棘毛、尾棘毛、背触毛等纤毛器微管以及纤毛器基部附属微管和非纤毛区皮层微管骨架组成.其中,口围带基部含有小膜托架、小膜附属微管,波动膜基部含有波动膜托架,额腹横棘毛基部含有前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束或放射微管柬,左缘棘毛和尾棘毛基部微管束分化不明显,背纤毛基部含有攻瑰花状的基体周围骨架,这些微管结构与细胞背腹面皮层纵微管与横微管网一起组织成该类纤毛虫的主要皮层细胞骨架.结果表明,游仆虫皮层细胞骨架是以微管为主要成分构建而成的,并且其棘毛基部微管的组成具有与其他类纤毛虫不同的特征;游仆虫间期细胞及形态发生时期纤毛基体或纤毛原基中存在中心蛋白,其可能与纤毛基体结构的维持及基体发生过程中微管的组装有关.     

The Structure and Development of the Dorsal Bristle Complex of Oxytricha fallax and Stylonychia pustulata*

SYNOPSIS. Oxytricha fallax and Stylonychia pustulata possess 6 rows of dorsal bristle units. Each dorsal bristle unit consists of a pair of kinetosomes; the anterior kinetosome has a cilium and the posterior kinetosome a ciliary stub. The kinetosome pair, located at the bottom of a cortical pit surrounding the cilium and ciliary stub, is surrounded by an asymmetrical fibrillar mass. Future rows 1-4 are formed from 2 sets of primordia originating within mature dorsal rows 1-3. Rows 5 and 6 originate from the anterior regions of both right marginal cirral primordia. Old dorsal bristle units utilized in formation of primordia are presumably maintained in the new rows of the proter and opisthe; those outside the primordia are resorbed. The morphogenetic pattern of the Oxytrichidae is similar to those of the Urostylidae and Holostichidae, but quite different from that of the Euplotidae.     

近亲游仆虫Euplotes affinis Dujardin的毛基体水平的扫描电镜研究

应用生物化学去纤毛、去膜和扫描电镜观察相结合的方法,详细地观察了近亲游仆虫的皮层纤毛器毛基体和非纤电器的结构、模式,揭示和发现了其他游仆虫上尚未明了和未报道过的结构特征。     

The Behavior and Fine Structure of the Dorsal Bristles of Euplotes minuta,E. aediculatus,and Stylonychia mytilus (Ciliata,Hypotrichida)1

ABSTRACT. Studies of the bristle (dorsal) cilia of Euplotes minuta. E. aediculatus, and Stylonychia mytilus by light and electron microscopy indicate that these cilia do not beat metachronously in any of the species. The bristle cilia in Stylonychia may beat actively, but those in Euplotes stand erect or are bent in different directions with the flow of water. The duration and degree of bending appear correlated with the duration and velocity of the water current. The fine structure of the bristle complex is similar in both Euplotes species and like other reports of Euplotes in the literature. The complex consists of paired kinetosomes, the anterior bearing a short cilium containing four to six rows of fibrous balls (lasiosomes) oriented along the anterior surface of the axoneme, the posterior lacking a cilium but with a small cap. Microtubular ribbons are associated with the paired kinetosomes, and a collar with a pronounced alveolar ring underneath the pellicular membrane tightly surrounds the cilium at the opening of the bristle pit. The bristle complex in S. mytilus differs from that of Euplotes and other hypotrichs in that it has a single kinetosome in interphase cells and, attached to the kinetosome, a prominent fibrous structure (parakinetosomal body). Microtubules are attached to the parakinetosomal body. As in Euplotes, the bristle unit is surrounded by mucocyst-like organelles (ampules). Observations of behavior and fine structure suggest that the dorsal bristles may be sensory, perhaps responding to stimuli from water currents, although other functions are possible, too.     

Fine structure of the dorsal bristle complex and pellicle of Euplotes

The fine structure of the dorsal bristle complex and pellicle of non-developing Euplotes eurystomus is described in detail by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The bristle-pit unit is a highly differentiated complex of organelles. The bristle complex is composed of a pair of kinetosomes (basal bodies) joined by a connective. The anterior kinetosome bears the bristle cilium, which contains a polarized network of particles (“lasiosomes”). The posterior kinetosome bears a very short, knob-like “condylocilium,” and has an associated striated fiber. Accessory ribbons of microtubules are also associated with the kinetosome couplets. Parasomal sacs, a septum connecting the bristle cilium to the anterior wall of the pit, core granules of the kinetosomes, and large membranous ampules are described. The organization of the bristle complex bears many similarities to the somatic ciliature of other ciliates. The pellicle of Euplotes is composed of a continucus outer cell membrane subtended by membranous alveoli, which contain a “fibrous mat.” Two sheets of subpellicular microtubules (longitudinal and transverse) are located just beneath the alveoli. The “epiplasm” seen in some other ciliates is apparently absent in Euplotes. The texture of the cell surface is a pattern of folds or rugae composed of the outer cell membrane and the upper membrane of the alveolus. The pattern of rugae probably defines the “silverline-system” of light microscopy.     

Cortical Morphogenesis during Excystment in Histriculus similis (Hypotrichida: Oxytrichidae)1

ABSTRACT Cortical morphogenesis during excystment in Histriculus similis has been studied by light microscopy of preparations impregnated with silver proteinate (protargol). This morphogenesis shows clear differences from cortical morphogenesis during division. The oral, paroral, and fronto-ventro-transverse primordia originate from an extensive field of kinetosomes. The marginal cirral primordia and the dorsal bristle primordia appear at an early stage of morphogenesis. The left marginal cirral primordium originates from the oral primordium.     

Cortical Pattern in Non-dividers, Dividers and Reorganizers of an Austrian Population of Paraurostyla weissei (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida): A Comparative Morphological and Biometrical Study

The morphology and the regulation of cortical pattern associated with the cell size, division, and reorganization of Paraurostyla weissei (Stein, 1859) were investigated. The ranges of variation of the Austrian, Polish, and American strains were compared by biometrical analyses. The Austrian population most frequently shows 4 frontal cirri in the anteriormost and 2 in the posterior row, 4 ventral rows, 8 transverse cirri, and 7 dorsal kineties. The oral primordium originates next to the postoral ventral row. The undulating membrane field and 3 frontal-ventral-transverse(FVT)-streaks for the opisthe develop as a result of the dispersion of the basal bodies of 1 or 2 cirri of the 1st ventral row. The farthest-right ventral row is of composite origin from 2 FVT-streaks. Three short dorsal bristle rows originating beside the right marginal row are a constant feature. In reorganizers the oral primordium characteristically possesses a group of kinetosomes extending toward the anterior right, fusing with the undulating membrane field. The development of dorsal primordia always starts in the 3rd dorsal kinety. These results provide important criteria for future species discrimination, if the examination of non-morphological characters supplies evidence that P. weissei is a complex of sibling species.     

一种游仆虫无性分裂生殖的研究Ⅱ.无性分裂过程中皮层结构的形态发生

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,观察到在一种游仆虫无性生殖周期中,新口围带发育时老口围带的更新、新波动膜原基的发生、棘毛原基发生的最早形态和背触毛发生等在其他种游仆虫中未见报道的现象。     

Structure of the flagellar apparatus of heterotrophic flagellate Klosteria bodomorphis Nikolaev et al., 2003 (Kinetoplastea Excavata)

The structure of the flagellar apparatus of excavate flagellate Klosteria bodomorphis was considered. Two naked heterodynamic flagella covered with a dense layer of glycocalyx emerge from a single flagellar pocket. The kinetosomes are parallel or at an acute angle to each other. The dorsal and ventral rootlets run from the kinetosomes and produce dorsal and ventral bands which are not connected to each other. The MTR band begins in the wall of the flagellar pocket. The long cytopharynx is reinforced with an MTR band and additional microtubules. A small fibril and a horseshoe-shaped structure lie in the anterior part of the cytopharynx. The vesicular nucleus and Golgi apparatus have the typical structure. The mitochondrion has discoid cristae. The kinetoplast as a compact formation was not found. The similarity between K. bodomorphis and other free-living kinetoplastids is discussed.     

Morphology and cell division of the oxytrichids Architricha indica nov. gen., nov. sp., and Histriculus histrio (Müller, 1773), Corliss, 1960 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida)

The oxytrichid ciliate Architricha indica nov. gen., nov. sp., isolated from the river Yamuna, Delhi, shows a new combination of characters. It possesses a flexible body, 18 frontal-ventral-transverse (FVT) cirri, 3 right and 2 left marginal cirral rows, 6 dorsal bristle rows and 3 caudal cirri (CC). The FVT cirri arise from 6 primordia, which utilize 6 parental cirri in their origin as is typical of Oxytricha species. Multiple marginal rows (MMR) develop through 5 independent marginal primordia arising "within-row", 1 in each parental marginal row. All the 5 marginal rows are thus morphogenetically active. Such a mode of formation of MMR has not been recorded among oxytrichids and has necessitated separation of A. indica at the generic level. Histriculus, on the other hand, has well-known characteristics, viz. rigid body, confluent marginal rows and absence of CC. The morphogenesis of Histriculus histrio has been described by Berger and Foissner [1997. Cladistic relationships and generic characterization of oxytrichid hypotrichs (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Arch. Protistenkd. 148, 125-155]. Reinvestigation of very early stages of development revealed that (i) the FVT cirral primordia utilize kinetosomes from 5 parental FVT cirri, (ii) the primordium II of the proter is of a composite origin: kinetosomes from the oral primordium merge with the primordium II that originates from the buccal cirrus II/2 and (iii) the FVT primordia V and VI for the 2 daughter cells arise sequentially from the parental cirrus V/4. Thus, the genus Histriculus exhibits a new combination of characters with respect to the origin of FVT cirri, an additional pattern to be added to the known 6 patterns of FVT development in oxytrichids [Berger and Foissner, 1997; Berger, H., 1999. Monograph of the Oxytrichidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London].     

Structure of the flagellar apparatus in the bacteriotrophic flagellate Parabodo nitrophilus Skuja, 1948 (Kinetoplastea Excavata)

The structure of the flagellar apparatus in the excavate flagellate Parabodo nitrophilus Skuja has been studied. Two smooth heterodynamic flagella emerge from the bottom of the flagellar apparatus. The kinetosomes connected by their proximal ends lie under an acute angle to each other and bear against the plate on the anteior wall of kinetoplast. The dorsal and ventral rootlets emerge from the kinetosomes and are transformed into dorsal and ventral bands. The latter accompanies the posterior flagellum. The MTR band begins inside the wall of the flagellar pocket. The upper part of the cytopharynx is armored by MTR and FAS bands, cross-banded fibril and structure, and additional microtubules. The MTR band and three additional microtubules surround the bottom part of cytopharynx. The mitochondrium contains compact kinetoplast and discoid cristae. The resemblance of Parabodo nitrophilus with other free-living kinetoplastids is discussed.