日粮添加海藻粉和抗菌肽对海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

采用4×2（海藻粉×抗菌肽）完全随机试验设计,研究日粮添加不同水平的海藻粉（0．0％、1．0％、3．0％、5．0％）和抗菌肽（300 mg/kg、600 mg/kg）对蛋鸡不同产蛋期（24～27周龄和28～31周龄）产蛋性能的影响。结果表明：（1）日粮海藻粉的添加水平显著提高了产蛋率和料蛋比（P＜0．05）。（2）抗菌肽添加水平在28～31周龄显著提高了产蛋率（P＜0．05）。（3）海藻粉和抗菌肽互作效应显著提高了产蛋率和料蛋比（P＜0．05）。结果提示,海藻粉和抗菌肽对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响存在互作效应,以海藻粉5％、抗菌肽300 mg/kg水平组合最为理想。     

麦麸替代玉米对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

本试验旨在研究用部分麦麸替代基础日粮中的玉米对蛋鸡生产性能的影响。选取24周龄的海兰褐蛋鸡600只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂麦麸替代基础日粮中玉米的5%,10%,15%,20%的试验日粮,预饲期7 d,正式试验期35 d。结果表明:麦麸替代玉米提高了平均日采食量、平均蛋重、产蛋率、料蛋比、蛋比重和哈夫单位(P<0.05)。试验表明,麦麸替代玉米,可以提高蛋鸡生产性能,改善蛋品质,且替代10%的玉米效果最佳。     

2003年国际生物学奥林匹克竞赛理论试题(3)

行为学35.在什么条件下,巴甫洛夫的条件反射会最优化:A.无条件刺激在条件刺激之前;无条件刺激比条件刺激强B.无条件刺激在条件刺激之前;无条件刺激比条件刺激弱C.无条件刺激在条件刺激之前;条件刺激比无条件刺激强D.无条件刺激在条件刺激之前;条件刺激比无条件刺激弱36.人们深入研究了布谷鸟(Cuculuscanorus)和它的寄主作用一个尚未终结的协同进化,布谷鸟在一种小型雀型目鸟类(Passeriformes)的巢中产蛋寄生。由于协同进化,布谷鸟和它的寄主产生不同的行为。下列句子是真的:1)寄主在下午产蛋2)布谷鸟吃寄主蛋3)寄主攻击布谷鸟4)布谷鸟产…     

室内纱笼条件下不同蛋白饲粮对工蜂生理代谢的影响

本文旨在探究不同蛋白饲粮对蜜蜂生长发育代谢的影响进而指导养蜂生产实践,试验选取刚出房的意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica 270头,分为3组,3个重复,每个重复30头工蜂,分别饲喂3种饲粮。对照组饲粮：蜂蜜∶蔗糖粉=1∶3;试验组A饲粮：花粉∶蜂蜜∶蔗糖粉=5∶1∶6;试验组B饲粮：蜂粮∶蜂蜜∶蔗糖粉=5∶1∶6。在纱笼内进行室内喂养,观察记录蜜蜂7 d内的存活情况;采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)方法检测试验组A与B饲粮对饲喂5日龄蜜蜂的代谢差异,对数据进行模式识别分析,筛选鉴别差异代谢物。结果表明：饲喂试验组B饲粮的蜜蜂比试验组A蜜蜂存活时间显著增长(P<0.05);代谢组数据显示试验组A和B明显分离,共鉴定出15个差异代谢物,包括氨基酸、维生素、糖类等,其中11个差异代谢物下调,4个差异代谢物上调;代谢物通路分析差异显著有甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢通路,精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢通路,赖氨酸降解通路、戊糖磷酸通路(P<0.05)。说明在纱笼等特殊环境中,工蜂饲粮不可直接加入花粉,按照蜂粮∶蜂蜜∶蔗糖粉=5∶1∶6的比例混合制成的人工饲粮更适合蜜...     

中药渣发酵物对母猪繁殖性能和血浆指标的影响

为了探讨中药渣发酵物在母猪饲粮中的添加效果,试验选用2~6胎次长白×大白二元妊娠母猪32头,随机分为对照组和试验组,单栏饲养。于妊娠90 d至产后28 d,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加0.5%中药渣发酵物。于分娩当天记录产活仔数、死胎数和木乃伊数,称取仔猪出生窝重;于产后21 d称取仔猪断奶窝重,计算断奶窝增重。分别于母猪妊娠110 d及产后21 d测量母猪的背膘厚,计算背膘损失;于分娩当天和产后21 d耳缘静脉采集母猪血液,肝素抗凝,离心分离血浆,用于血浆生化参数和抗氧化性能指标测定。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组仔猪的断奶窝增重有升高趋势(P=0.068),断奶后1~7 d发情率呈升高趋势(P0.05),分娩当天血浆ALT活性和MDA含量显著降低(P0.05)、UN浓度显著升高(P0.05),产后21 d血浆AST活性显著降低(P0.05)、UN浓度显著升高(P0.05)、SOD活力有升高趋势(P=0.063)。上述结果表明,中药渣发酵物可在一定程度上提高母猪的繁殖性能、增强抗氧化能力,增加仔猪断奶窝增重。     

饲粮中添加杜仲叶对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化力和免疫功能的影响

在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加不同形式的杜仲叶,研究其对仔猪生长性能、腹泻率、抗氧化力及免疫功能的影响,以评估它们在养殖初期替代抗生素的能力。将断奶仔猪(杜×长×大)随机分成对照组、抗生素组(75 mg/kg金霉素)和三个杜仲叶组(杜仲叶提取物、发酵杜仲叶、杜仲叶干粉),每组10头,进行28天养殖试验。结果表明:与对照相比,杜仲叶提取物组仔猪平均日增重(ADG)显著提高并降低料重比(F/G)(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,杜仲叶提取物组和杜仲叶发酵组ADG和F/G均无显著差异(P>0.05);各组之间平均日采食量(ADFI)差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,抗生素组和杜仲叶提取物组仔猪腹泻率显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,抗生素组和三种杜仲叶组均降低仔猪血液丙二醛含量和提高总抗氧化力(P<0.01),而抗生素组、杜仲叶提取物组和杜仲叶发酵组还显著提高血液免疫球蛋白IgM含量(P<0.01),且表现出提高血液IgG含量的趋势(P=0.06)。与其他各组相比,杜仲叶提取物组可显著提高肝脏指数(P<0.05);肝脏重量、脾脏重量和脾脏指数在各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲粮中添加杜仲叶提取物可改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,降低腹泻率,提高仔猪抗氧化力和免疫功能,其效果优于发酵杜仲叶和杜仲叶干粉,并具备一定的抗生素替代潜力。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对蜂群繁殖性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料蛋白质水平对蜜蜂产浆期繁殖性能的影响。选择35群群势、蜂王年龄和质量一致的意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera L.,随机分为7组,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为15%、20%、25%、30%、35%及40%的试验饲粮并以油菜花粉作为对照,测定各组蜂群的繁殖性能。结果表明,试验前期,饲粮蛋白质水平对蜂群群势有显著性影响,然而在试验中后期,则无显著影响(P>0.05);随着饲粮蛋白质水平的增加,蜂王产卵力和工蜂初生重呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

鸡源抑菌性乳酸菌的特性研究与鉴定及饲喂肉仔鸡的效果研究

目的对笼养蛋鸡盲肠中的优良乳酸菌进行筛选、鉴定,并饲喂肉雏鸡,研究同源乳酸菌作为微生态制剂的生物学特性。方法通过生长、产酸曲线,耐酸耐胆盐测定及16SrDNA分子鉴定,对实验乳酸菌进行生物学特性研究和鉴定。采用单因素试验设计,选1日龄健康肉公雏鸡180只,随机分成3组。试验组Ⅰ:饲喂基础饲粮;试验组Ⅱ:基础饲粮+0.01%黄霉素;试验组Ⅲ:基础饲粮+0.2%CCL30菌制剂。饲喂28d,研究乳酸菌制剂对肉仔鸡的促生长特性。结果从鸡盲肠中分离的乳酸菌CCL30生长迅速、产酸能力强、耐酸耐胆盐消化,鉴定为Lactobacillus plantarum(植物乳杆菌)。雏鸡饲养实验结果显示,饲粮中添加乳酸菌制剂可提高肉雏鸡日增重,显著降低饲料转化率,与抗生素组比较差异无统计学意义,且乳酸菌制剂能显著增加盲肠内乳酸菌的数量,有效抑制盲肠内大肠埃希菌的繁殖(P0.05)。结论同源乳酸菌制剂对肉雏鸡的生长具有促进作用,有同于抗生素的抑菌作用,且乳酸菌制剂具有安全优势,可替代抗生素作为鸡用微生态制剂应用。     

柿子渣中多酚的提取工艺及其抗氧化性研究

采用单因素试验设计,研究了料液比、提取温度、乙醇浓度、提取时间4个因素对柿子渣中总多酚提取效果的影响,运用正交试验设计对提取工艺进行了优化,并采用DPPH法检测了柿子渣多酚提取液清除自由基的能力.结果表明:(1)提取温度和提取时间对总多酚含量影响显著,乙醇浓度和料液比对总多酚含量影响不显著;柿子渣总多酚提取的最佳工艺为:料液比20:1(mL·g-1),提取温度90℃,乙醇浓度40%,提取时间4 h.(2)验证试验结果表明,优化条件下总多酚的提取量可达到21.402 mg·g-1,高于正交试验中任何一组.(3)抗氧化活性试验表明,当柿子渣多酚提取液质量浓度为0.24 mg·mL-1时,对DPPH自由基的清除率可达95.4%,与对照Vc抗氧化能力无显著差异,表明在该优化工艺下提取的柿子渣多酚具有较强的抗氧化活性.     

桉叶饲料添加剂的研制和应用

桉树叶及其提取物是近期开发研究的一种新型饲料添加刺。在采用柠檬桉和窿缘桉等树叶作原料,单罐浸提,选择到最适工艺条件为浸提时间60分钟,溶剂浓度60％,料液比1:6—7,浸提次数2次,可取得较好的浸提效果。饲养禽畜试验表明,桉叶饲料添加剂能使猪增重13％左右,饲料报酬提高5—10％,蛋鸡提高产蛋2—3％,死亡率降低1％。肉鸡增重提高3％,饲科报酬提高4—8％,有显著的经济效益。     

Production and egg quality in layers fed organic diets with mussel meal

The first limiting nutrients in typical laying hen diets are the sulphur-containing amino acids and, in particular, methionine. To fulfil the birds' recommended requirement, conventional diets are supplemented with synthetic methionine. As this is not allowed in organic production it becomes very important to have access to alternative high-quality protein feed ingredients. An experiment was performed to evaluate the possibility to compose a diet with 100% organically approved feed ingredients using mussel meal as a major source of methionine. The experiment included 678 Lohman Selected Leghorn (LSL) and 678 Hyline White, W-98, layers during 20 to 72 weeks of age. There were 12 aviary pens with 113 birds in each. The birds were fed one of the two experimental diets containing either 3.5% or 7% dried mussel meat meal or a commercial organic diet from a Swedish feed manufacturer for comparison. Production and mortality were recorded daily per group, and egg weight was recorded once weekly. At 33, 55 and 70 weeks, 10 eggs from each treatment group were collected and analysed for internal egg quality. Diets had no significant effect on laying percentage, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, bird live weight or proportion misplaced, cracked or dirty eggs. Egg quality, that is, shell deformation, shell breaking strength, albumen height, shell percentage and proportion of blood and meat spots were also unaffected. There was a significant difference in egg yolk pigmentation, that is, the egg yolk was more coloured when feeding 7% mussel meal compared with the other diets. Hyline hens had lower feed intake and laying percentage, and higher egg weight, but lower egg mass production than LSL birds. The age of the birds influenced all egg quality traits except for meat and blood spots. The dry matter of the excreta was significantly lower for both genotypes fed the 7% mussel meal diet. These results indicate that mussels may be a high-quality protein source and may replace fishmeal in organic diets for layers.     

The biological effects of polybrominated biphenyls in avian species.

Polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), structurally similar to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), affects feed intake, egg production, and hatchability of fertile eggs in chickens and quail. Subcutaneous edema of the neck and shoulder are common abnormalities of hatched chicks from PBB-fed dams. No characteristic teratogenicity is evident. Offspring hatched are less viable during their first 3 weeks of life. PBB does not produce thinner egg shells or lower egg weights. The ratio of PBB egg content to dietary level is 1.3-1.5:1.0. The biological half-life of PBB in eggs is calculated to be 17 days. Tissue residues are higher in males than females because egg production is a major excretory route for PBB. Polybrominated biphenyl feeding causes tissue changes in size, structure and/or function in the liver, thyroid, testes, comb, heart, spleen, bursa of Fabricus, and blood. Liver enlargement, porphyria and microsomal enzyme induction results from PBB administration. The spleen, bursa and comb are reduced in size, whereas the thyroid increases after PBB feeding. A characteristic of PBB and PCB toxicity is hydropericardium and general edema.     

Furnished cages for laying hens: study of the effects of group size and litter provision on laying location, zootechnical performance and egg quality

The furnished cage is a new housing system for layers. A current trend in furnished cage design is to increase group size and replace the litter box with a mat provided with litter. An experiment was set up to determine the effects of group size and litter provision on laying performance and egg quality of beak-trimmed ISA Brown hens housed in large furnished cages with more than 12 hens. Six treatments, each of 18 furnished cages (768 cm(2)/hen including nest and litter area) were compared in a 3 × 2 experimental trial: three group sizes (S20 (20 hens per cage), S40 (40) and S60 (60)), with or without feed as litter distributed on the mat of the litter area. The provision of facilities per hen was equal in all treatments. Mortality, laying rate, mean egg weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were unaffected by group size over the 53-week laying period, and performance exceeded the ISA production standards. The overall percentage of eggs laid in the nest exceeded 95% except that it was slightly lower in group S20 (92.0% ± 6.4% v. S40: 96.0% ± 3.3% and S60: 96.2% ± 2.7%) leading to a higher proportion of dirty eggs (S20: 1.6% ± 2.2%, S40: 1.4% ± 1.5%, S60: 1.0% ± 1.0%). At 66 to 70 weeks, eggs laid outside the nest had a slightly higher count of mesophilic bacteria on the eggshell (5.0 log CFU/egg ± 0.4) than those laid in the nest (4.8 log CFU/egg ± 0.5) but no difference in contamination was observed between group sizes. Litter provision had no effect on mortality, egg weight or egg quality traits except for a higher proportion of broken eggs in cages with litter (5.3% ± 6.2% v. 4.6% ± 5.7%). Providing hens with feed for litter was associated with a higher laying rate (97.3% ± 3.2% v. 94.8% ± 4.4% at 23 weeks) and an apparent improvement in feed efficiency at the beginning of the laying period (feed conversion ratio based on feed consumption at the trough: 2.18 ± 0.06 with litter v. 2.28 ± 0.09 without litter at 25 weeks). The results of this study showed that a high level of productivity and good egg quality could be obtained in large furnished cages. Further research is needed to assess the impact on hens' welfare and performance of using more economically competitive substrates than feed for litter.     

蔷薇三节叶蜂的生物学及防治

在重庆为害月季的蔷薇三节叶蜂Arge przhevalskii Guss.一年发生7代;幼虫雌性6龄,雄性5龄,老熟后入浅层土中结茧,有预蛹期;温度和湿度是影响卵孵化及幼虫生长发育的重要因子;主要进行孤雌生殖;几十粒卵集中产于枝条上部的茎杆组织,排成两列,产卵的方位总是以枝条顶部为起点;初卵幼虫向顶爬行,1—3龄群集在枝条顶部的叶片为害,渐向下转移,4龄开始分散.20%速效菊酯通油35000～45000倍,25%多杀菊酯乳油4000—8000倍,80%敌敌畏乳油对3—4龄幼虫均有良好的防治效果.     

Effect of dietary supplementation of Ligustrum lucidum on performance,egg quality and blood biochemical parameters of Hy-Line Brown hens during the late laying period

The fruit of Ligustrum lucidum (FLL, Nuzhenzi in Chinese) is an important traditional medicine, and have attracted significant research attention because of their various biological activities. However, there are few research reports available on the use of FLL as a feed additive in livestock nutrition, particularly in layers. This study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementation of the diet of laying hens with FLL on laying performance, egg quality and blood metabolites. A total of 360 72-week-old hens were allocated to three dietary treatments (eight replications of 15 hens/treatment group) and were fed either a control diet or a diet supplemented with an inclusion level of 0.25% or 0.50% of FLL powder in the final feed, until 78 weeks of age. Hens were housed in a three-tier cage system. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Blood samples and eggs were collected at the end of the experiment. The results showed that dietary supplementation with FLL did not affect egg weight, feed conversion ratio, eggshell thickness, albumen height, egg yolk color, eggshell breaking strength or egg shape index. However, FLL supplementation significantly decreased (P<0.001) mortality, cracked-egg rate and blood serum levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and alanine aminotransferase, and increased (P<0.001) blood serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. No differences in serum levels of total protein, albumin, glucose, calcium, aspartate aminotransferase or alkaline phosphatase were observed in hens fed FLL compared with the control group. It can be concluded that FLL, at a supplementation level of 0.25% final feed, can be used as an effective feed additive to improve the performance of laying hens during the late laying period.     

The impacts of fermented feed on laying performance,egg quality,immune function,intestinal morphology and microbiota of laying hens in the late laying cycle

Fermented feed has the potential to improve poultry gastrointestinal microecological environment, health condition and production performance. Thus, the present study was undertaken to explore the effects of fermented feed on the laying performance, egg quality, immune function, intestinal morphology and microbiota of laying hens in the late laying cycle. A total of 360 healthy Hy-Line Brown laying hens aged 80 weeks were used to conduct a 56-day study. All hens were randomly separated into two treatment groups, with five replicates of 36 hens each as follows: basal diet containing 0.0% fermented feed (CON) and 20% fermented feed (FF). Subsequent analyses revealed that fermented feed supplementation was associated with significant increases in laying rates together with reduced broken egg rates and feed conversion ratio for hens in FF group (P < 0.05). There were additionally significant increases in both albumen height and Haugh unit values in hens following fermented feed supplementation (P < 0.05). Fermented feed was also associated with increases in duodenal, jejunal and ileac villus height (P < 0.05). Laying hens fed fermented feed had higher immune globulin (Ig)A, IgG, IgM levels (P < 0.01,) and higher interleukin 2, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor α and interferon γ (P < 0.05) concentrations than CON. Analysis of the microbiota in these laying hens revealed the alpha diversity was not significantly affected by fermented feed supplementation. Firmicutes abundance was reduced in caecal samples from FF hens relative to those from CON hens (30.61 vs 35.12%, P < 0.05). At the genus level, fermented feed was associated with improvements in relative Lactobacillus, Megasphaera and Peptococcus abundance and decreased Campylobacter abundance in laying hens. These results suggest that fermented feed supplementation may be beneficial to the laying performance, egg quality, immunological function, intestinal villus growth and caecal microecological environment of laying hens at the end of the laying cycle.     

Residual effects of imidacloprid on Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) oviposition, egg hatch, and larval viability in turfgrass

Preventive control of turf-infesting scarabaeid grubs by neonicotinoid insecticides is presumed to mainly result from residues killing first instars in the soil. The extent to which sublethal behavioral effects or intoxication of other life stages contribute to such control is poorly known. We tested whether Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, females lay fewer eggs in turf treated with imidacloprid (Merit 75 WP) or an imidacloprid-bifenthrin combination (Allectus GC SC), and whether exposure to those residues in thatch and soil reduces their survival and subsequent ability to feed or take flight. Effects of imidacloprid residues on egg hatch and viability of successive larval instars also were studied. In two sets of choice tests, 68 and 82% fewer eggs were laid in Kentucky bluegrass with Allectus residues than in controls. When females were confined in treated turf, however, neither insecticide consistently reduced their fecundity or affected depth at which eggs were laid, although exposure to fresh Allectus residues reduced the beetles' subsequent viability. Imidacloprid residues up to 2 ppm in soil did not affect egg viability or days to hatch, but they killed neonates soon after eclosion. Imidacloprid curatively applied at label rate (0.34 kg active ingredient/ha) reduced weight gain, burrowing capability, frass production, and survival of second and third instars in turfgrass cores, with high mortality within 30 d. Intoxication and behavioral impairment of third instars also occurred in autumn field trials. Our data suggest that imidacloprid has greater activity against late instars than is generally appreciated.     

Trait association of a genetic marker near the IGF-I gene in egg-laying chickens

The insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene was screened for genetic variants associated with trait means and trait correlations. Analysis of an unselected randomly mated White Leghorn population revealed a PstI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the 5' region of the gene which segregated at a frequency of 0.83 for the PstI(+) allele (presence of a PstI restriction site). A comparison of the three genotypic classes revealed that the PstI(-/-) genotype was associated with a significantly lower egg weight measured in three different time periods, while the PstI(+/-) genotype was significantly associated with a higher eggshell weight estimated from the egg weight and egg specific gravity. For eggshell weight, the effect was age dependent and significant only for the last two periods of egg laying. No genotype associations were found for body weight, feed consumption, and egg laying rates. Significant dominance effects of the IGF-I genotype were observed for two of the egg weight measurements and three of the eggshell weight estimates. Partial correlation analyses in the two most frequent genotypic classes, PstI(+/+) and PstI(+/-), revealed the presence of a regulatory loop between feed consumption, body weight, egg weight, and the rate of egg laying. Several aspects of this regulatory loop were different between the two genotypic classes. In particular, for the PstI(+/+) genotype, feed consumption was positively associated with egg weight, while there was no significant association for the PstI(+/-) genotype. Further, the degree of association of body weight with egg weight decreased with age in the genotypic class PstI(+/-), while it was constant for the PstI(+/+) genotype. The results indicated that the marker in the IGF-I gene was not only associated with changes in some trait means, but also with changes in the stability of the coordination between feed intake, body weight, and egg production traits.     

Effect of alfalfa meal in diets of laying quails on performance, egg quality and some serum parameters

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing levels of alfalfa meal in the diet of laying quails on egg production, feed consumption, feed efficiency, egg quality, egg yolk cholesterol and selected serum parameters. In this study, 192, 10-week old quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were evenly distributed to four groups with four replicates of 12 quails each. The control group was fed a basal diet containing 0% alfalfa meal and the remaining groups received 3, 6 or 9% alfalfa meal for 12 weeks. Live weight, feed consumption, and egg production were recorded and feed efficiency were calculated. Eggs were examined for interior and exterior quality and egg yolk cholesterol content. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and sera were analysed for serum Ca, inorganic P (P(i)), Mg, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Any level of alfalfa meal had no effect on live weight, egg production, feed consumption, feed efficiency, egg weight, and egg yolk index. Six percent and 9% alfalfa meal increased specific gravity of whole egg and eggshell thickness as well as serum P(i) levels. Nine percent alfalfa meal reduced serum triglycerides, total cholesterol levels and egg yolk cholesterol content. The results of this experiment indicated that addition of 9% alfalfa meal into the laying quail diet may improve eggshell quality and reduced serum triglycerides and serum and egg yolk cholesterol without any adverse effect on performance.