Specialized Studies. PRIMATE LOCOMOTION AND MANIPULATION

Book reviewed in this article:
Pan troglodytes (Pongidae). Walking on All Fours. Chimpanzee. By P. LEYHAUSEN
Pan troglodytes (Pongidae). Walking Upright. Chimpanzee. By P. LEYHAUSEN
Homo sapiens (Hominidae). Walking I (boy, aged 11 months). By H. F. R. PRECHTL
Homo sapiens (Hominidae). Walking II (girl, aged 12 months). By H. F. R. PRECHTL
Pan troglodytes (Pongidae). Walking on All Fours II. Chimpanzee. By P. LEYHAUSEN
Gorilla gorilla (Pongidae). Walking on All Fours. Gorilla. By P. LEYHAUSEN
Simia satyrus (Pongidae). Walking on All Fours. Orangutan. By P. LEYHAUSEN
Homo sapiens (Hominidae). Creeping I (boy, aged 10 months). By H. F. R. PRECHTL
Homo sapiens (Hominidae). Creeping II (boy, aged 10 months). By H. F. R. PRECHTL
Homo sapiens (Hominidae). Getting up into a Sitting Position (girl, aged 4 months). By H. F. R. PRECHTL
Homo sapiens (Hominidae). Getting up to a Standing Position (boy, aged 11 months). By H. F. R. PRECHTL     

EVOLUTION AND MANIPULATION OF PARASITOID EGG LOAD

In proovigenic parasitoids such as Leptopilina boulardi, the female emerges with a limited egg load and no further eggs are produced during its adult life. A female thus runs the risk of exhausting this limited supply of eggs before the end of her life. Given that the production of an egg is costly, what is the evolutionarily stable egg load at emergence? This question has attracted a lot of attention in the last decade. Here, we analyze a model that allows us to track both the evolution and the population dynamics of a solitary, proovigenic parasitoid. First, we show how host–parasitoid dynamics feedbacks on the evolution of parasitoid egg load. Second, we use this model to consider the situation in which the parasitoid can be infected by a virus that manipulates the oviposition behavior of the females. In particular, we model the effect of the LbFV virus in L. boulardi, a virus that is known to enhance its horizontal transmission by increasing superparasitism (i.e., the laying of eggs in a host already parasitized). Specifically, we model (1) the effect of the virus on parasitoid egg load strategies , and (2) the evolution of egg load manipulation by the virus. This analysis yields two alternative, yet not mutually exclusive, adaptive explanations for the observation that females infected by the virus harbor higher egg loads than uninfected females. Infected females could either respond plastically to the infection status, or be manipulated by the virus. Further experimental work is required to distinguish between these two hypotheses. In a broader context, we present a general theoretical framework that allows us to study the epidemiology, the evolution, the coevolution, and the evolution of manipulation of various reproductive strategies of parasitoids.     

原子力显微镜对纳米生物结构的观察和操纵

原子力显微镜不仅能对纳米生物结构进行观察,而且也能对其进行操纵。对纳米生物结构的观察已深入到生物大分子结构水平。原子力显微镜对生物大分子的操纵包括从染色质中提取DNA用于基因分析、对膜蛋白的结构进行观察、对蛋白构象进行可控操纵等。这些纳米技术的应用将揭示生物系统更多的结构和功能信息。     

球形芽孢杆菌杀蚊毒素蛋白及其 遗传操作研究进展

蚊虫是多种人类传染疾病的主要传播媒介,如疟疾、丝虫病、乙型脑炎、黄热病和登革热等,对人类的健康造成了极大的危害［１］。控制蚊虫被认为是消除这些蚊媒疾病的有效途径。在过去的４５年里,尽管化学杀虫剂和各种抗病药物的使用对降低疟疾和蚊媒疾病的发病率和死亡率...     

花粉原生质体,精子与生殖细胞的实验操作

当前,一个可以称为“植物实验生殖生物学”的分支学科正在形成之中。其主要特点是:由以往实验胚胎学的器官、组织水平的操作发展为细胞、原生质体水平的操作;由传统的比较单一的研究发展为多学科的综合性研究;因而无论在研究的手段与内容方面均进入更高的层次。例如,就雄性系统而言,已由花药培养发展到花粉粒培养,最近又向花粉原生质体、精子和生殖细胞的操作深化。就雌性系统而言,亦由子房、胚珠培养向胚     

STUDIES OF BEHAVIOR AND BEHAVIOR DEVELOPMENT BY LABORATORY MANIPULATION OF CONDITIONS

Book reviewed in this article:
Mother-Love. By H. F. HARLOW
Nature and Development of Affection. By H. R. HARLOW and R. ZIMMERMAN     

激光对生物粒子的操纵

本文介绍了有关激光操纵生物粒子研究进展,包括用单光束梯度力陷阱俘获生物细胞,对细胞内细胞器以及对单个生物大分子进行操纵等的研究,文章最后指出激光陷阱将被作为一种“光学镊子”来自由地操纵和研究单个生物大分子,从而为分子生物学,生物分子工程提供一个崭新的研究手段。     

植物种子中脂肪酸代谢途径的遗传调控与基因工程

本文介绍了植物种子中脂肪酸代谢的基本途径,并从工业用和食用两方面对近年来植物脂肪酸代谢的遗传调控与基因工程研究的进展进行了较为详细的总结。植物种子中的脂肪酸成分可通过人为遗传调控发生改变。阐明利用基因工程技术调控植物种子脂肪酸代谢途径是一个新兴的、具有巨大潜力的研究领域,并将在人们生活的各方面发挥巨大作用。