透明颤菌血红蛋白对两种D-氨基酸氧化酶的不同影响及机理研究

D-氨基酸氧化酶是两步酶法制备7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA)这一半合成头孢类抗生素的主要前体的关键酶.它催化的反应是需氧反应,反应体系的溶氧水平是酶活的限制因素之一.我们发现将纯化的透明颤菌血红蛋白(VHb)分别添加到三角酵母来源(TvDAO)和红酵母来源(RgDAO)的D-氨基酸氧化酶的纯酶中,可提高这两种氧化酶的活力35%和48%.细菌双杂交实验证明,透明颤菌血红蛋白与RgDAO有相互作用,而与TvDAO没有关联.这说明透明颤菌血红蛋白对氧化酶活力的促进是由于自身向氧化酶提供游离氧,而且它与氧化酶之间的相互作用可以增强这种效果.我们可以利用透明颤菌血红蛋白的这种性质把它作为氧化酶酶促反应的添加剂,提高酶促反应的效率,如果该氧化酶与之有相互作用,效果会更加显著.     

Oxidation of benzyl alcohol by whole cells of Pichia pastoris and by alcohol oxidase in aqueous and nonaqueous reaction media

The low substrate specificity of alcohol oxidase from Pichia pastoris makes this enzyme system of potential biotechnological interest. Whole cells of Pichia pastoris are able to oxidize benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in aqueous reaction media. The low water solubility of the reactant and product of this bioconversion, combined with the ability of both to strongly inhibit the reaction, favor the use of nonaqueous reaction fluids. Purified alcohol oxidase was shown to function in a number of 2-phase reaction systems of varied aqueous to organic phase ratios (0.01-0.05 v/v). The apparent V(max) and K(m) were 5.26 g/Lh and 7.41 g/L respectively, for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in hexane containing 3% aqueous phase. The volume of the aqueous phase had a strong effect on the reaction, with an aqueous: organic ratio of 3-5% found to be optimum. The enzyme could be firmly immobilized on DEAE-Biogel (Biorad) to enhance stability and biocatalyst recovery.     

On-line monitoring and control of methanol concentration in shake-flask cultures of Pichia pastoris

The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris can be used to express recombinant genes at high levels under the control of the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter. Accurate regulation of the methanol concentration in P. pastoris cultures is necessary to maintain induction, while preventing accumulation of methanol to cytotoxic levels. We developed an inexpensive methanol sensor that uses a gas-permeable silicone rubber tube immersed in the culture medium and an organic solvent vapor detector. The sensor was used to monitor methanol concentration continuously throughout a fed-batch shake-flask culture of a P. pastoris clone producing the N-lobe of human transferrin. The sensor calibration was stable for the duration of the culture and the output signal accurately reflected the methanol concentration determined off-line by HPLC. A closed-loop control system utilizing this sensor was developed and used to maintain a 0.3% (v/v) methanol concentration in the culture. Use of this system resulted in a fivefold increase in volumetric protein productivity over levels obtained using the conventional fed-batch protocol. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 279-286, 1997.     

Production and characterization of recombinant Phanerochaete chrysosporium beta-glucosidase in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

The extracellular beta-glucosidase from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium was expressed heterologously in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. After 7 days' cultivation in an induction medium containing 1% (v/v) methanol, the expression level of the recombinant enzyme was 28,500 U/l, 38 times that of the wild-type enzyme. The specific activity of the crude recombinant enzyme for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside was 52 U/mg, 37 times that of the wild-type enzyme; this difference made the purification of the enzyme simple. On a SDS-PAGE, the molecular mass of the recombinant enzyme was 133 kDa, and that of the wild-type enzyme was 116 kDa, but the difference had no effect on the hydrolysis of cellobiose or p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside. We concluded that the recombinant enzyme produced by Pichia pastoris retains the catalytic properties of the wild-type enzyme from Phanerochaete chrysosporium.     

乙醇酸氧化酶基因在巴斯德毕赤氏酵母中的表达

将菠菜乙醇酸氧化酶基因片段克隆至表达载体pPIC3．5k。提取重组质粒,进行限制性酶切鉴定。重组质粒用Sal I酶切线性化,电导入法转化毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris),在缺乏组氨酸的RDB平板筛选重组子,提取酵母的染色体基因组进行PCR扩增鉴定整合情况,用甲醇诱导表达。结果表明,SDS-PAGE电泳显示表达蛋白的分子量约为39．8kD,与文献报道的乙醇酸氧化酶分子量接近。酶的活力达到了40．8IU／g湿菌体,比不含有目的片断的对照菌酶活提高了17倍,确认了导入的乙醇酸氧化酶基因片段在酵母中高效表达。     

Cloning, sequence analysis, and characterization of the 'lysyl oxidase' from Pichia pastoris

Lysyl oxidase from Pichia pastoris has been successfully overexpressed. EPR and resonance Raman experiments have shown that copper and TPQ are present, respectively. Lysyl oxidase from P. pastoris has a similar substrate specificity to the mammalian enzyme (both have been shown to oxidize peptidyl lysine residues) and is 30% identical to the human kidney diamine oxidase (the highest of any non-mammalian source). This enzyme also has a relatively broad substrate specificity compared to other amine oxidases. Molecular modeling data suggest that the substrate channel in lysyl oxidase from P. pastoris permits greater active site access than observed in structurally-characterized amine oxidases. This larger channel may account for the diversity of substrates that are turned over by this enzyme.     

High-level expression of Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase in Pichia pastoris, and its facile purification and characterization

Bilirubin oxidase (BO) from Myrothecium verrucaria (authentic BO) catalyzing the oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdine was overexpressed in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. The cDNA encoding BO was cloned into the P. pastoris expression vector pPIC9K under the control of the alcohol oxidase 1 promoter and its protein product was secreted using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-mating factor signal sequence. The productivity of recombinant BO (rBO) in P. pastoris was approximately 5000 U/L of culture broth, being about 2.5- and 250-fold higher than rBO expressed in Aspergillus oryzae and S. cerevisiae, respectively. The calculated molecular mass of rBO consisting of 538 amino acids was 60,493 kDa, however, that of SDS-PAGE was 66 kDa because of non-native type N-linked sugar chains. The spectroscopic properties of rBO were typical of multicopper oxidase containing four Cu ions per protein molecule. The specific activity to oxidize bilirubin was 57 U/mg, having a value about twice that of authentic BO and rBO expressed in A. oryzae. Moreover, the thermostability of rBO expressed in P. pastoris was significantly high compared to the authentic BO previously reported. Accordingly, a heterologous expression system of rBO to meet clinical and industrial needs was constructed.     

Serological differences between the multiple amine oxidases of yeasts and comparison of the specificities of the purified enzymes from Candida utilis and Pichia pastoris.

1. Antiserum to purified methylamine oxidase of Candida boidinii formed precipitin lines (with spurs) in double-diffusion tests with crude extracts of methylamine-grown cells of the following yeast species: Candida nagoyaensis, Candida nemodendra, Hansenula minuta, Hansenula polymorpha and Pichia pinus. No cross-reaction was observed with extracts of Candida lipolytica, Candida steatolytica, Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis, Pichia pastoris, Sporobolomyces albo-rubescens, Sporopachydermia cereana or Trigonopsis variabilis. Quantitative enzyme assays enabled the relative titre of antiserum against the various methylamine oxidases to be determined. 2. The amine oxidases from two non-cross-reacting species, C. utilis and P. pastoris, were purified to near homogeneity. 3. The methylamine oxidases, despite their serological non-similarity, showed very similar catalytic properties to methylamine oxidase from C. boidinii. Their heat-stability, pH optima, molecular weights, substrate specificities and sensitivity to inhibitors are reported. 4. The benzylamine oxidases of C. utilis and P. pastoris both oxidized putrescine, and the latter enzyme failed to show any cross-reaction with antibody to C. boidinii methylamine oxidase. Benzylamine oxidase from C. boidinii itself also did not cross-react with antibody to methylamine oxidase. The heat-stability, molecular weights, substrate specificities and sensitivity to inhibitors of the benzylamine/putrescine oxidases are reported. 5. The benzylamine/putrescine oxidase of C. utilis differed only slightly from that of C. boidinii. 6. Benzylamine/putrescine oxidase from P. pastoris differed from the Candida enzymes in heat-stability, subunit molecular weight and substrate specificity. In particular it catalysed the oxidation of the primary amino groups of spermine, spermidine, lysine, ornithine and 1,2-diaminoethane, which are not substrates for either of the Candida benzylamine oxidases that have been purified. 7. Spermine and spermidine were oxidized at both primary amino groups; in the case of spermidine this is a different specificity from that of plasma amine oxidase. 8. Under appropriate conditions, P. pastoris benzylamine/putrescine oxidase (which is very easy to purify) can be a useful analytical tool in measuring polyamines.     

IN VIVO FORMATION AND CATABOLISM OF [14C]HISTAMINE IN MOUSE BRAIN

Abstract— The formation of histamine in brain was studied in mice injected with l -[¹⁴C]-histidine (ring 2-¹⁴C) intravenously (i.v.) or intracerebrally; [¹⁴C]histamine appeared rapidly and exhibited a rapid rate of turnover. Drugs known to block various pathways of histamine catabolism were tested for effects on brain–[¹⁴C]histamine and [¹⁴C]-methyl-histamine in mice given (1) [¹⁴C]histamine i.v., (2) [¹⁴C]histamine intracerebrally, and (3) l -[¹⁴C]histidine i.v. Blood-borne histamine did not enter brain; brain histamine was formed locally by decarboxylation of histidine Methylhistamine did cross the blood-brain barrier. Methylation was the major route of histamine catabolism in mouse brain and some of the methylhistamine formed was destroyed by monoamine oxidase. No evidence for catabolism by the action of diamine oxidase was found.     

High level expression of a recombinant acid phytase gene in Pichia pastoris

AIMS: To achieve high phytase yield with improved enzymatic activity in Pichia pastoris. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 1347-bp phytase gene of Aspergillus niger SK-57 was synthesized using a successive polymerase chain reaction and was altered by deleting intronic sequences, optimizing codon usage and replacing its original signal sequence with a synthetic signal peptide (designated MF4I) that is a codon-modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating factor alpha-prepro-leader sequence. The gene constructs containing wild type or modified phytase gene coding sequences under the control of the highly-inducible alcohol oxidase gene promoter with the MF4I- or wild type alpha-signal sequence were used to transform Pichia pastoris. The P. pastoris strain that expressed the modified phytase gene (phyA-sh) with MF4I sequence produced 6.1 g purified phytase per litre of culture fluid, with the phytase activity of 865 U ml(-1). The expressed phytase varied in size (64, 67, 87, 110 and 120 kDa), but could be deglycosylated to produce a homogeneous 64 kDa protein. The recombinant phytase had two pH optima (pH 2.5 and pH 5.5) and an optimum temperature of 60 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: The P. pastoris strain with the genetically engineered phytase gene produced 6.1 g l(-1) of phytase or 865 U ml(-1) phytase activity, a 14.5-fold increase compared with the P. pastoris strain with the wild type phytase gene. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The P. pastoris strain expressing the modified phytase gene with the MF4I signal peptide showed great potential as a commercial phytase production system.     

黑曲霉阿魏酸酯酶在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达

【目的】实现黑曲霉来源的阿魏酸酯酶在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris GS115)中的组成型表达。【方法】以黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)基因组为模板,经重叠延伸PCR扩增得到阿魏酸酯酶基因(AnfaeA),将其与载体pGAP9K相连,构建重组表达载体p GAP9KAnfae A,经SalI线性化后电转入毕赤酵母GS115中,得到重组菌株。高效液相色谱法测定发酵液中阿魏酸酯酶活力,并对重组菌进行了发酵优化。【结果】克隆得到783 bp的阿魏酸酯酶编码基因并实现了其在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达。重组菌发酵84 h后,上清液中酶活达5.72±0.10 U/m L。重组酶(reAnfaeA)经分离纯化后比酶活为59.75 U/mg,大小约为40 k D。发酵优化结果为:葡萄糖40.0 g/L,蛋白胨10.0 g/L,酵母膏30.0 g/L,CaCO_3 0.2 g/L,种龄28 h,接种量3%(体积比),装液量50 m L/250 m L。在此条件下发酵培养,酶活达15.60±0.23 U/m L。【结论】阿魏酸酯酶在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达,对研究毕赤酵母组成型表达系统和阿魏酸酯酶的发酵生产具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Secretion of Pem-CMG,a peptide in the CHH/MIH/GIH family of Penaeus monodon,in Pichia pastoris is directed by secretion signal of the alpha-mating factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The CHH/MIH/GIH peptide family of black tiger prawn (Paneaus monodon) is important in shrimp reproduction and growth enhancement. In this study, the cDNA that encodes the complete peptide that is related to the CHH/MIH/GIH family (so-called, Pem-CMG) in the eyestalk of P. monodon was successfully expressed in a methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris under the control of an alcohol oxidase promoter. In order to obtain the secreted Pem-CMG, a secretion signal of either the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor or Pem-CMG was employed. The results demonstrated that alphaPem-CMG, either with (alpha2EACMG) or without (alphaCMG) the Glu-Ala repeats, was secreted into the medium, while Pem-CMG with its own secretion signal failed to be secreted. The total protein amount that was secreted from the transformant that contained either alpha2EACMG or alphaMG was approximately 60 mg/l and 150 mg/l, respectively. The N-terminus of the Pem-CMG peptide of both alpha2EACMG and alphaCMG was correctly processed. This produced the mature Pem-CMG peptide.     

Improved expression of Rhizopus oryzae α-amylase in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

In our previous study, the α-amylase from Rhizopus oryzae (RoAmy) was expressed in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae but the obtained recombinant RoAmy (rRoAmy) yields were too low. The aim of the present research was to obtain high-level expressions of RoAmy in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. To this end, we constructed P. pastoris strains with the capability to express recombinant α-amylase under the control of constitutive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) and methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase 1 promoters. The levels of inducibly expressed rRoAmy were higher than those of constitutively expressed. The maximal inducible rRoAmy expression levels for the Mut(+) strains (41.1mg/l) were approximately eight times higher than those for the Mut(s) strains and 24 times higher than those expressed under the control of the GAP promoter. For both inducible and constitutive expressions, the S. cerevisiae α-prepro sequence and the native signal sequence of RoAmy were used separately to direct the secretion of rRoAmy into the culture medium of P. pastoris. Low levels of intracellular amylase activities that had been detected after shake-flask fermentation indicated that both signal sequences could effectively direct the secretion of rRoAmy under all studied conditions. In addition, the secretion levels of rRoAmy directed with its own signal peptide were 7-10% higher than those directed by the α-prepro sequence.     

Expression of a Rhizopus oryzae lipase in Pichia pastoris under control of the nitrogen source-regulated formaldehyde dehydrogenase promoter

A Rhizopus oryzae lipase gene has been expressed in Pichia pastoris as a reporter using the formaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 promoter (PFLD1) of this organism, which has been reported to be strongly and independently induced by either methanol as sole carbon source or methylamine as sole nitrogen source. Levels of lipase expressed and secreted under the control of the PFLD1 at different induction conditions have been compared to those obtained with the commonly used alcohol oxidase 1 promoter (PAOX1) in small (shake flask) and 1l bioreactor batch cultures. PFLD1-controlled heterologous gene expression was strongly repressed by excess of either glycerol or glucose-but not sorbitol-during growth using methylamine both as sole nitrogen source and inducing substrate. Co-induction of PFLD1 with methanol and methylamine resulted in a synergistic effect on extracellular lipase expression levels. In all tested conditions, the substitution of ammonium for methylamine as carbon source provoked a clear decrease in the specific growth rate and yield of biomass per gram of carbon source. Overall, this study demonstrates that the PFLD1 promoter is at least as efficient as the PAOX1 for extracellular expression of heterologous proteins in P. pastoris bioreactor cultures and provides a first basis for the further design of methanol-free high cell density fed-batch cultivation strategies for controlled overproduction of foreign proteins in P. pastoris.     

Comparison of three signals for secretory expression of recombinant human midkine in Pichia pastoris.

The secretion signals of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha mating factor, human midkine itself, and Pichia pastoris acid phosphatase, were tried for the expression of human midkine under the control of the AOX1 gene promoter in P. pastoris. Approximately 28 mg/l, 1.5 mg/l, and 0.2 mg/l of midkine were secreted by using the a mating factor pre-pro-sequence, the midkine signal sequence, and the phosphatase signal sequence in flask cultures, respectively.     

采用混合策略提高葡萄糖氧化酶在毕赤酵母中的表达水平

为了提高葡萄糖氧化酶 (GOD) 在毕赤酵母中的表达水平,提出了甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导和共表达分子伴侣二硫键异构酶 (PDI) 和透明颤菌血红蛋白 (VHb) 两种策略。利用对照菌株X33/pPIC9k–GOD 在5 L发酵罐放大培养时,采用甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导,GOD最终酶活为456 U/mL,比只采用甲醇作为单一碳源诱导时GOD最终酶活提高了20%。利用整合伴侣蛋白菌株X33/pPIC9k-GOD/pPICZ-PDI-VHb在5 L发酵罐进行高密度发酵,采用甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导,GOD最终酶活达到716 U/mL,蛋白浓度为7.4 g/L。研究结果对提高外源蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达有重要参考价值。     

Cloning and optimized expression of a GH-11 xylanase from Fusarium oxysporum in Pichia pastoris

The endo-1,4-β-xylanase gene xyn11a from Fusarium oxysporum, member of the fungal glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 11, was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The mature xylanase gene, which generates after the excision of one intron and the secreting signal peptide, was placed under the control of an alcohol oxidase promoter (AOX1) in the plasmid pPICZαC. The final construction was integrated into the genome of the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris X33 and the ability to produce xylanase activity was evaluated in flask cultures. Recombinant P. pastoris efficiently secreted xylanase into the medium and produced high level of enzymatic activity (110 U/ml) after 216 hours of growth, under methanol induction. To achieve higher enzyme production, the influence of initial pH, methanol concentration, agitation and flask design was evaluated. Under optimum culture conditions, production of the recombinant xylanase increased by 50%, reaching a final yield of 170 U/ml, underpinning aeration as the most important factor in improving enzyme production.     

Optimization of the production of Chondrus crispus hexose oxidase in Pichia pastoris.

Hexose oxidase (D-hexose:O(2)-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.5, HOX) normally found in the red alga Chondrus crispus was produced heterologously in different host systems. Full-length HOX polypeptide was produced in Escherichia coli, but no HOX activity could be detected. In contrast, active HOX could be produced in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Several growth physiological and genetic approaches for optimization of hexose oxidase production in P. pastoris were investigated. Our results indicate that specific growth conditions are essential in order to produce active HOX with the correct conformation. Furthermore, HOX seems to be activated by proteolytic cleavage of the full-length polypeptide chain into two fragments, which remain physically associated. Attempts to direct HOX to the extracellular compartment using the widely used secretion signals from Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase or alpha-mating factor failed. However, we show in this study that HOX is transported out of P. pastoris via a hitherto unknown mechanism and that it is possible to enhance this secretion by mutagenesis from below the detection limit to at least 250 mg extracellular enzyme per liter.     

Expression of the alpha3/beta1 isoform of human Na,K-ATPase in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

Na,K-ATPase is a crucial enzyme for ion homeostasis in human tissues. Different isozymes are produced by assembly of four alpha- and three beta-subunits. The expression of the alpha3/beta1 isozyme is confined to brain and heart. Its heterologous production has so far never been attempted in a lower eukaryote. In this work we explored whether the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is capable of expressing the alpha3/beta1 isoform of human Na,K-ATPase. cDNAs encoding the alpha(3) and the beta(1)-subunits were cloned under the control of the inducible promoter of Pichia pastoris alcohol oxidase 1. Pichia pastoris could express the single alpha3- and beta1-subunits and even coexpress them after methanol induction. beta1-subunit was produced as a major 44-kDa glycosylated polypeptide and alpha3 as a 110-kDa unglycosylated polypeptide. Expression at the plasma membrane was limited in shaking flask cultures but by cultivating P. pastoris cells in a fermenter there was a 10-fold increase of the number of ouabain binding sites per cell. The exported enzyme was estimated to be about 0.230 mg L(-1) at the end of a bioreactor run. Na,K-ATPase proved active and the dissociation constant of the recombinant enzyme-ouabain interaction was determined.