Effects of ecological factors on plant communities of Ziwuling Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China

This paper explores the relationships between environmental factors and community patterns. In 60 plots in the Malan Forest Region of the Loess Plateau, 17 variables were used as indicators of spatial position, soil and topography characteristics. Plant community types were analyzed by TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicator Species Analysis). Significant environmental factors were selected by forward selection and Monte Carlo tests. The relationship between communities and environmental factors was identified by DCCA (Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis). Partial CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) partitioned observed compositional variation into components explained by environment, locality and covariation between them. The results showed that: (1) the plant communities can be divided into 13 types including 4 different successional stages. (2) Salt and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen are the significant factors related to plant community distribution at early stage. Elevation and humus thickness are the significant factors in the transitional stage. Elevation, slope, aspect, thickness of forest floor, humus thickness and pH are the significant factors for the sub-climax stage. Elevation, slope, aspect, pH and available phosphorus are the significant factors for the climax stage. (3) The ecological characters and the distribution patterns of plant communities in different successional stages are consistent with environmental gradients. (4) As succession proceeds, the impact of environmental conditions on plant communities increases, while the total influence of spatial location, and the interaction between the spatial location and environmental factors decrease.     

DCCA排序轴分类及其在关帝山八水沟植物群落生态梯度分析中的应用

首次在ＤＣＣＡ排序的基础上使用排序轴分类法（ＯＡＣ）,将其发展为一个新的典范分类方法,并应用这种方法对山西关帝山八水沟的植物群落进行了数量分类,共划分出５类,效果较好。方差分析与多重比较表明,环境与群落结构因子在不同群落之间存在较为显著的差异,表明ＤＣＣＡ排序轴分类法能较好地反映群落与环境的变异。因为ＤＣＣＡ排序轴分类同时结合了植被因子与环境因子,所以它能较好地表达植物群落的环境梯度和结构梯度,反     

陕西子午岭生态因素对植物群落的影响

为探讨生境对植被格局分布的影响,对黄土高原马栏林区60块样地进行植被学调查的基础上,采用17个环境指标刻画植物群落的空间位置、地形和土壤特征;利用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)划分了该区不同演替阶段的植物群落类型;利用前向选择法(forward selection)及Monte Carlo检验对不同演替阶段植物群落物种组成影响显著(p＜0.05)的环境因子进行筛选;利用去势典范对应分析(DCCA)排序方法分析不同演替阶段植物群落分布格局与环境的关系;利用偏典范对应分析(partial CCA)定量分离环境、空间及其交互作用对植被格局总体变异的影响.结果表明:(1)马栏林区的植物群落可划分为13个类型,分别属于4个不同的演替阶段;(2)对演替初期阶段群落影响显著的环境因子是土壤含盐量和碱解氮,对演替过渡阶段群落影响显著的环境因子是海拔和腐殖质厚度,对演替亚顶级阶段群落影响显著的因子是海拔、坡向、枯落物厚度、腐殖质厚度和pH值,而对演替顶级阶段群落分异影响显著的因子是海拔、坡向、pH值和速效磷;(3)不同演替阶段群落的生态学特性和分布规律与环境空间的生态梯度格局吻合较好;(4)随着演替的进行,环境因子单独对植物群落的影响越来越大,而样地位置单独作用和样地位置与环境因子的交互作用之和越来越小.     

Distribution,species diversity and life-form spectra of plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in the northern slopes of Qilianshan Mountains,Gansu, China

We studied the distribution pattern, species diversity and life-formspectra of plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in the mid-sectionofthe northern slopes of Qilianshan Mountains by means of multivariate analyses.Two data sets (167 species × 75 plots, 10 environmental variables ×75 plots), originated from the fieldworks in 1998–1999, were subjected toTWINSPAN and DCCA, resulting in 8 major plant communities: 1)Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus–Halogetonarachnoideus desert grassland on azonal substrates from 1450 to 1600m and 2) zonal Reaumuria soogorica desertgrassland on gravels from 1470 to 1900 m; 3) Stipaprzewalskii–Stipa purpurea montane grassland from 2200 to 2900m; 4) Polygonum viviparum alpine grasslandfrom 2900 to 3700 m; 5) Caraganastenophylla–Ajaniafruticulosa dry-warm shrubland from 2350 to 2800 m; 6)Sabina przewalskii mid-wet warm forest from 2700 to 3300m; 7) Picea crassifolia cold coniferousforestfrom 2450 to 3200 m; 8) Caragana jubatawet-cold alpine shrubland from 3100 to 3700 m. Species diversityand species richness of both grasslands and forests peaked at the intermediateportion of the elevational gradient. Evenness might be strongly influenced byeither biotic or abiotic factors at a local scale, while seems quiteindependentof an elevational gradient at landscape scales. Beta-diversity decreased from1500 to 3700 m, indicating that species turnover declined withincreased elevation. Both richness of life-form and total species richness in agiven altitudinal belt (gamma-diversity) peaked at intermediate elevations,while relative species richness of different life-form varied differently alongthe altitudinal gradient.     

黄土丘陵小流域土壤水分时空分异与环境关系的数量分析

采用ＤＣＣＡ排序,研究了流域尺谍上土壤水分的时空分异类型及环境因子的关系。研究结果表明,丰水年土壤水分垂直的分布呈降低型、波动型和增长型３种类型,主要影响因子为土地利用与地形（地貌类型、坡度、坡位与海拔高度）;土壤水分的季节变化表现为三峰型、四峰同步型与四峰滞后型３种类型,主要影响因子为降雨与地形（坡度、海拔高度、坡向与坡位）。分析得出,降低型与波动型的土壤水分利用率较高;从丰水年到欠水年,降低型     

子午岭植被自然恢复过程中植物多样性的变化

黄土高原地区由于强烈的水土流失生态系统处于极度退化的状态,探讨该地区植被自然恢复演替过程中植物多样性的变化规律,对于指导该地区的人工植被建设具有重要的理论价值与实际意义.以时空互代的方法初步研究了黄土高原子午岭弃耕地植被自然恢复演替过程中植物多样性的变化.结果表明,在近150a的植被恢复演替过程中调查样方内共出现高等植物128种,分属于47科113属,累计出现的科、属、种数(y)随着演替时间(t)的延长呈对数函数变化y=aLn(t)+b,而且在植被恢复的前期增加速度较快,有60%的科属种在前30a出现.杠柳(Periploca sepium)与茶条槭(Acer ginnala)是植被恢复演替过程中出现最早而且持续时间最长的木本植物,具有较宽的生态位,建议作为该地区人工造林树种考虑.在植被恢复演替过程中草本层与灌木层物种丰富度指数(Gleason指数与Margalef指数)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)以及Pielou均匀度指数的变化均表现为抛物线函数变化规律y=at2+bt+c.在不同的群落层次植物多样性的变化是不同步的,草本层、灌木层与乔木层植物多样性达到最大的时间依次为70～80a、90～100a与100a以上.森林群落植物多样性在空间上的变化顺序为草本层>灌木层>乔木层.     

Early primary succession on Mount St. Helens,Washington, USA

Abstract. The north slope of Mount St. Helens was sampled with 141 circular 100-m² plots to describe vegetation and environmental patterns 13 yr after the 1980 eruption. At least 114 vascular plant taxa were encountered. We recognized four habitat types: Refugia, Pumice barrens, Pyroclastic surfaces and Drainages. A fifth category, Lupine patches, includes samples on primary surfaces that were rapidly colonized. Refugia provided small enclaves where underground portions of several species survived the eruption. They retained an inconsistent array of forest understory species and contained 86 species (mean = 20.8 per plot). Refugia are dominated by woody species such as Penstemon cardwellii, Rubus spp., Ribes spp. and Alnus sinuata, with herbs such as Agrostis diegoensis, Luzula parviflora and Anaphalis margaritacea. Anaphalis represents a suite of species that invaded Refugia after the eruption. Diversity (N₂ and H′) is significantly greater in Refugia than in any other habitat. No plants survived on primary sites, which remain sparsely vegetated and dominated by readily dispersed taxa. Total richness ranges from 36 species (9.9 per plot) on pyroclastic surfaces, through 42 species (11.2 per plot) in drainages, to 66 (11.7 per plot) on Pumice barrens. H′ and N₂ of the three habitats do not differ significantly. Lupine-dominated vegetation occurs sporadically in Pyroclastic and drainage habitats. Lupine patches are characterized by high Lupinus cover and a suite of invaders. These sites have high cover and 52 species (12.6 per plot). H′ and N₂ scores were significantly lower than any other habitat due to strong lupine dominance. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that site history and slope contributed most to species composition. Geographic effects accounted for 10 25 % of the explained species-environment relationship. Forest understory species have migrated only short distances and have made negligible contributions to vegetation development. A few species common in Refugia, including Agrostis diegoensis and Carex mertensii, have invaded barren surfaces, but most have not. Refugia also have been invaded by open site species abundant on the Pumice Plain. The heterogeneity of plots within habitat types and small statistical linkage of vegetation to environmental and spatial factors suggests that stochastic events have played a leading role in early primary succession.     

陕西子午岭森林植物群落种间联结性

用方差比率(VR)和基于2×2联列表,通过x2统计量检验、共同出现百分率(PC)、联结系数(AC)的方法,对地处黄土高原中部的陕西子午岭森林植物群落乔木层12个树种、灌木层20个树种和草本层21种植物的种间联结性进行了研究。结果表明,乔木层、灌木层总体种间关联性表现为显著正关联,草本层为不显著正关联。乔木层主要种群表现出相互独立的特点,但辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)和油松(Pinus tabulaefomis),油松和茶条槭(Acer ginnal),茶条槭和白桦(Betula platyphylla),杜梨(Pyrus betulaefolia)与辽东栎、油松、茶条槭、白桦等7个种对存在一定正关联。正关联的种对数是副关联的2倍。灌木层南蛇藤(Celastrus orbiculatus)和悬钩子(Rubus corchorifolius)、水栒子(Cotoneaster maltiflorus)和红瑞木(Cornus alba)、多花胡枝子(Lespedeza floribund)和华北丁香(Syringa oblate)之间存在极显著的正联结;华北绣线菊(Spiraea fritschiana)和野葡萄(Vitisamurensis)、冻绿(Rhamuns utilis)和栓翅卫矛(Euonymus phellomanes)、南蛇藤和野葡萄、南蛇藤和葱皮忍冬(Lonicera ferdinandii)之间存在显著的正联结。正关联和副关联种对数相当。草本层种间联结表现出较为松散的特征,无关联的种对数多达21个。正副关联的种对数约为3∶2。最好将多个指标配合使用能更好地说明种间联结程度。     

河北省塞罕坝保护区天然植物群落数量分类

运用双向指示种(TWINSPAN)和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)等方法定量分析了河北省塞罕坝保护区天然植物群落分布与环境因子的关系.结果表明: 塞罕坝保护区天然植物群落可划分为8种类型,即地榆+异穗苔草+金莲花群落、地榆+老芒麦+毛蕊老鹳草群落、披针叶苔草+铁丝草群落、柔毛绣线菊-铁杆蒿群落、山杏+柔毛绣线菊-铁杆蒿+披针叶苔草群落、蒙古栎+硕桦-胡枝子+柔毛绣线菊-披针叶苔草群落、白桦+山杨-毛榛+山刺玫-糙苏+披针叶苔草+唐松草群落、云杉+白桦-山刺玫+河北柳-披针叶苔草+节节草群落;DCCA分析表明,坡位和土壤养分是影响塞罕坝保护区天然植物群落空间分布的主要因子.地形、空间和土壤因子解释了物种格局变异的34.02%,其中,土壤因子占15.67%,地形因子占10.05%,空间因子占6.00%.在各类因子间的交互作用(2.30%)中,土壤和地形因子的交互作用最大(0.93%),土壤、地形和空间因子三者的交互作用最小(0.16%).65.98%未能解释的部分,可能归因于未被选取的因子如种间的协同和竞争作用或者人为干扰.     

长白山地表藓类分布格局与环境因子的关系

对长白山自然保护区41个样地中的42种主要地表藓类分布与6种重要环境因子间的关系进行了定量研究。应用双向指标种分析法（TWINSPAN）发现调查的41个样地可分成4个样地组,42种地面藓 类可分成4种藓类群,应用除趋势典范对应分析（DCCA）的研究结果表明,海拨高度、土壤含砂量、土壤酸度、林冠层郁闭度、土壤含水量是5个影响42种地表藓类分布格局的主要环境因子,在DCCA排序图上,显示出藓类群与样地类型良好的对应性,藓类群1－4分别在落叶松（Larix olgensis）沼泽地、高山苔原、暗针叶林、亚高山岳松（Betula ernanni）林和岳松－落叶松林中占优势。     

Distribution Patterns of Ground Moss Species and Its Relationships with Environmental Factors in Changbai Mountain,Northeast China

The relationships of 42 species of ground moss with six environmental factors in 41 sites on Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve were analyzed. Four site groups and four groups of ground moss ecological species were identified using the method of Two-way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). The results of Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis (DCCA) showed that altitude, soil sand content, soil acidity, forest canopy coverage and soil water content are the five major environmental factors influencing the distributional patterns of the moss species. The four groups of ecological species, which correspond well with the four site groups, are projected on the species-environment biplot of DCCA. Group 1 dominated in the bogs of Larix olgensis forest, group 2 in the alpine tundra, group 3 in the dense conifer forest, and group 4 mainly in the Betula ermanii community and the Betula ermanii-Larix olgensis forest in sub-alpine respectively.     

土壤肥力及地形因子对桂西南喀斯特山地木本植物群落的影响

基于对桂西南喀斯特山地植被的典型群落抽样调查,运用聚类分析和除趋势对应分析(DCA)对样方内胸径≥1.0 cm的木本植物进行数量分类和排序,运用除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)探讨了土壤肥力及地形因子对木本植物群落空间分布的影响。结果表明:1)聚类分析将森林群落划分为4个类型。2)DCCA第一排序轴突出反映了土壤全氮、碱解氮含量及坡度的变化趋势,第二排序轴主要反映了海拔和全钾的变化趋势,各植物群落类型沿第一排序轴呈有规律的分布。3)在影响植物群落空间格局的因素中,土壤肥力因子对群落格局的解释能力为32.82%,地形因子的解释部分占22.54%,8.98%是土壤与地形因子耦合作用的结果,两者未能解释的部分占53.62%。群落物种多度分布主要受生物之间的相互作用和人为干扰等随机因素所影响。     

河北坝上草原东沟植物群落生态梯度的数量分析

运用DCCA排序轴分类,将河北坝上草原东沟的植物群落划分为8类,效果较好．排序图表达了植物群落的环境梯度、结构梯度和人为干扰．第1轴反映了群落在海拔和坡度方面的空间梯度,第2轴反映了群落的坡向分异格局,两轴综合反映了群落沿水分梯度的空间分异．群落的层片构成和各层片物种组成也表现出相应的空间分布格局．白桦局限在阴坡高海拔陡峭处．阴坡灌木与草本层片优势种分别为金露梅与细叶苔草,阳坡则为蒿类和冰草．阳坡群落各层片优势种还存在海拔和坡度分布格局．另外,放牧、耕作和伐树等人为干扰对群落时空分布也有显著影响．一般来说,生境条件较好的群落,人为干扰较严重．     

黄土高原子午岭森林群落演替与结构特征演化

森林群落演替机制的研究对于加速黄土高原地区的生态环境建设,特别是人工植被建设具有重要的理论意义。采用时空互代的方法研究了黄土高原子午岭林区不同演替阶段3种演替森林群落山杨(Populus davidiana)林、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林与辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林的群落结构特征,结果表明,(1)子午岭林区群落自然进展演替过程中,群落物种丰富度、植物多样性以及个体密度均呈降低趋势。该区森林群落以地面芽植物占绝对优势,而高位芽植物比例较低。各演替阶段群落的空间成层现象明显,并发育有一定数量的层间植物。群落各层主要优势种的水平分布均表现为均匀连续分布状态,而多数非优势种则为零星分布特征。(3)茶条械在该地区具有较宽的生态位,建议作为人工造林树种考虑。     

Effects of prescribed fire on the composition of woody plant communities in southeastern Texas

Abstract. The response to prescribed burning of plant communities ranging from dry to wet habitats was monitored using permanent plots sampled from 1989 to 1993. Temporal controls for fire effects were provided by matched sets of plots protected from fire by newly constructed fire breaks. Changes in species composition were studied by ordination of strata of trees (> 5 cm DBH), small trees (2–5 cm DBH), large saplings (1–2 cm DBH), and small saplings and seedlings (50–140 cm tall). Results show that changes occurred largely in the small tree stratum, in which xeric species increased in importance. Although there were changes in sapling and seedling strata, no clear direction of change was recognized. Fire had little effect on the tree stratum. Of the seven community types under study, three types, sandhill, upland pine, and upperslope pine-oak, were most strongly affected, as indicated by post-fire change in positions of samples representing these communities in ordination space and reduction in understory species abundance. Samples representing the other four mesic and wet communities showed little or no change in their positions. These short-term results indicate that changes in vegetation resulting from fire were small and were mostly restricted to the dry types in which possible compositional change is expected to occur. This differential effect of fire suggests that the influence of fire is secondary to that of topographical and soil gradients in determining vegetation pattern under current fire regimes. Fire seems to reinforce an overall vegetation gradient controlled by soil in southeastern Texas.     

荒漠啮齿动物群落与植物群落的对应分析

动物与其生存环境变量之间的关系一直是生态学家们广泛关注的问题.啮齿动物作为荒漠生态系统中重要的功能群,其数量大小和生态功能对生态系统的平衡和稳定具有重要意义.生境中的植被为啮齿动物提供赖以生存的食物资源和栖息地,了解啮齿动物群落与植被特征之间的关系对于理解动物群落变动规律具有重要意义.不同植被条件下啮齿动物群落的结构不同,Hernández等(2005)研究发现北美Chihuahuan荒漠的灌木生境中啮齿动物密度高于草地生境.     

外来物种刺槐对黄土丘陵区植物群落功能结构的影响

在黄土丘陵区草原带、森林草原带和森林带3个植被带选取成对的刺槐群落和乡土植物群落功能性状值,研究不同植被带刺槐群落、乡土植物群落功能结构的变化,以及同一植被带下刺槐的引入对群落功能结构的影响.结果表明: 刺槐群落和乡土植物群落的叶碳、叶氮、叶磷、比叶面积、叶组织密度等功能性状随植被带的变化规律一致.刺槐群落叶碳、叶氮、比叶面积显著高于乡土植物群落,且2种群落功能多样性指数(FR_ic、FE_ve、FD_iv、FD_is、Rao)随植被带的变化趋势并不完全一致,在森林带刺槐的引入提高了植物群落功能多样性,在草原带降低了植物群落功能多样性.     

Effects of species partition on explanatory variables in direct gradient analysis - a case study from Senegal

Abstract. Species-environment data from Senegal, West Africa, are used to study the effects of partition of a large species data set into subsets corresponding to rare and common species respectively. The original data set contains 129 woody plant species from 909 plots and 60 explanatory variables. By applying Canonical Correspondence Analysis to data subsets, marked differences in the forward-selected variables were detected. The highest resemblance was found between the complete species set and the common species subset. Only one of eight selected variables was common to all species and the rare species groups. These findings were tested with partial ordination, applying the selected variables from the original species group (Vb), as variables and covariables to the analyses of common and rare species. For the common species this application resulted in a constrained ordination with higher eigenvalues as compared to the set of variables selected with reference to the common species group. Using the rare species group, the application of Vb gave a much lower sum of eigenvalues than did the ordination with selected variables based on the rare species group only. Evidently, the set of variables selected on the basis of the rare species data were more significant. Hence, the resulting gradients depend on the frequency of the species. Gradient analysis is apparently only valid for groups of species with closely resembling characteristics. This implies that different functional types of species, with different distributions and abundances, respond individually to environmental variation. Extrapolating deduced gradients from one species group to another maybe risky, particularly when used in vegetation modelling.     

北京百花山自然保护区地面生苔藓植物与生态环境的关系

运用典范对应分析法,定量分析了北京百花山自然保护区37个森林植被样地中33种主要地面生苔藓植物与生态环境之间的关系,结果表明：该区森林植被样地与环境因子的关系呈现多元化特点：相同植被聚为一组、环境因子相似的植被聚为一组、植被相同环境因子不同归为不同组和生境特殊的植被自成一组。得出该区多数地面生苔藓植物的分布与乔木郁闭度的相关性最大且与人为干扰程度密切相关,少数种类与草本层盖度和灌木盖度呈正相关。此外凋落物盖度、海拔、苔藓植物的生长基质也直接影响苔藓植物的分布。