水稻内生放线菌OsiRt-1的分离鉴定及对稻瘟病的防治作用

【目的】从水稻中分离、筛选并鉴定出对稻瘟病真菌具有拮抗性能的内生放线菌,对高抗菌株进行稻瘟病生防效果评定,初步探讨其作用机制。【方法】采用4种分离培养基对水稻内生放线菌进行分离,用平板对峙法筛选出对稻瘟病菌拮抗性能最好的菌株,结合其菌落形态、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析进行鉴定;用环境扫描电镜(SEM)观察拮抗菌对稻瘟病菌菌丝形态影响,用菌丝生长速率法对拮抗菌发酵滤液进行抗菌活性评价;大田条件下,喷洒拮抗菌孢子液于水稻,检测其稻瘟病控制效果;同时,对拮抗菌进行产酶和次级代谢产物分析,检测其聚酮合酶基因(PKSⅡ型)和非核糖体多肽合成酶基因(NRPS)。【结果】从1 800个水稻样品中分离出117株内生放线菌,从中筛选出拮抗性能最好的菌株Osi Rt-1,鉴定为米修链霉菌Streptomyces misionensis。该菌株使稻瘟病菌菌丝出现畸形,其无菌滤液对病菌菌丝生长的抑制率为28.06%;大田条件下,Osi Rt-1对水稻苗瘟、穗瘟均有较好防效,其中对苗瘟防效为7.76%,穗瘟防效高达25.65%,损失率降低了17.46%。与之对应,Osi Rt-1处理过的水稻地上部分,Osi Rt-1所占内生放线菌的比例明显高于未处理水稻。该菌株具有可能降解真菌细胞壁的纤维素酶、蛋白酶活性,同时可产生植物生长促进剂铁载体、IAA、ACC脱氨酶。菌株Osi Rt-1呈现PKSⅡ型和NRPS阳性。【结论】菌株Osi Rt-1是一株具生防潜力的内生放线菌,在农业上具有实际研发价值。     

河北九莲城淖尔可培养放线菌多样性及抗菌活性筛选

【目的】勘探干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤放线菌多样性并进行活性筛选,以期发现药用微生物资源,为新抗生素的发现奠定基础。【方法】采用15种分离培养基,以稀释涂布法分离放线菌;根据分离菌株的16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析放线菌多样性;发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取,菌丝体经丙酮浸提,获得提取浓缩物样品;样品通过纸片扩散法进行抗菌活性初筛;抗菌阳性菌株采用PCR技术进行Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(PKS I)KS域、Ⅱ型聚酮合酶(PKS II)KS域和非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)A结构域抗生素生物合成基因的检测。【结果】从11份盐湖土壤样品中分离纯化到251株放线菌,其分布于放线菌纲的10个目15个科31个属,其中优势菌属为链霉菌属和拟诺卡氏菌属;251株放线菌中包括57株耐(嗜)盐放线菌,其优势菌属为拟诺卡氏菌属(22株)和涅斯捷连科氏菌属(15株)。基于16S r RNA基因序列的系统发育分析显示,菌株J11Y309为糖霉菌科潜在新属,菌株J12GA03为分枝杆菌科潜在新种。96株放线菌活性检测结果显示,56株至少对1株检定菌具有抗菌活性,阳性率为58.3%;56株有活性的放线菌中,47株至少含有1种抗生素生物合成基因,其中17株同时具有3种抗生素生物合成基因。【结论】干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤中含有较为丰富的药用放线菌资源,具有从中发现放线菌新物种和新抗生素的潜力。     

蜚蠊肠道放线菌的卤化酶基因检测及初步分析

[目的]对159株蜚蠊肠道内生放线菌的卤化酶等相关基因进行检测和初步分析。[方法]活化蜚蠊肠道内生放线菌,制备各菌株基因组DNA,根据依赖黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FADH2的卤化酶基因保守区设计简并引物,通过PCR扩增卤化酶基因片段,TA克隆后进行测序鉴定。在此基础上,对卤化酶阳性菌株进行聚酮合酶PKSⅠ和非核糖体多肽合成酶NRPS等2个次级代谢产物生物合成主要基因进行检测。[结果]159株蜚蠊肠道放线菌有84株含有卤化酶基因,占比52.83%;卤化酶基因阳性放线菌中71株含有PKSⅠ基因,70株含有NRPS,占比分别为84.52%、83.33%。[结论]蜚蠊肠道含有较丰富的卤化酶基因阳性放线菌,可作为未来分离卤化活性物质的微生物资源。     

百部内生放线菌的分离、分类及次级代谢潜力

【目的】以对叶百部块根为材料分离内生放线菌,并对分离菌株进行分类、抗菌活性和次级代谢产物合成基因研究。【方法】样品经过严格的表面消毒,选用4种培养基分离百部内生放线菌;分离菌株通过形态观察和16S rRNA序列分析进行分类鉴定;采用琼脂移块法测试分离菌株的抗菌活性;通过PCR检测分离菌株的PKS/NPRS和卤化酶基因;使用HPLC-UV/VIS-ESI-MS/MS分析发酵产物。【结果】从6个样品中获得18株内生放线菌,分属链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)、假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia)和甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)。分离菌株绝大部分具有抗菌活性和次级代谢产物合成基因,其中13株对耐药金黄色葡萄球菌和/或绿脓杆菌有拮抗活性,17株具有PKS/NRPS基因,8株菌具有卤化酶基因,且卤化酶阳性代表菌株的发酵产物具有抗细菌活性和卤代化合物特征。【结论】百部作为一种传统中药,其内生放线菌以链霉菌和小单孢菌为主,在次级代谢产物合成方面具有很好的潜力,可作为一类重要微生物资源进行活性产物开发。     

川楝内生放线菌多样性及抗菌活性筛选

【目的】探究药用植物川楝内生放线菌多样性,从中挖掘出新的放线菌菌株,发现新的潜在农业生防和医药先导化合物。【方法】从四川境内的资阳、遂宁以及重庆万州采集川楝的根、茎、叶、果、皮,采用纯培养方法,用4种培养基共分离获得148株放线菌。通过形态学观察筛选出60株放线菌进行RFLP分析,选出代表菌株进行16S r RNA基因序列分析。以3株细菌和6株病原真菌作为指示菌株,检测初筛出的60株菌株的抗菌活性以及聚酮合酶(PKSⅠ、PKSⅡ)基因、非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)基因和卤化酶(Halo)基因。【结果】基于16S r RNA-RFLP分析,60株放线菌被分成10簇,筛选出25株代表菌株分别属于7个属,包括Streptomyces、Micromonospora、Planotetraspora、Streptosporangium、Nocardiopsis、Prauseria、Microbispora,其中链霉菌占73.3%。供试的川楝内生放线菌对细菌、真菌有不同程度的抗菌活性;其中含有4类化合物合成基因的菌株占10%-55%。【结论】药用植物川楝内生放线菌具有丰富的多样性,且不同地区不同部位川楝组织中放线菌的种群存在差异;分离菌株广谱的抗菌活性证明,川楝内生放线菌在次生代谢产物合成方面具有巨大潜力,这为进一步的药物开发提供了丰富的菌种资源。     

喜树内生放线菌多样性及抗菌活性评价

从采集于云南大学的喜树中分离到了90株内生放线菌,经16SrRNA基因序列分析鉴定,分布于6个科10个属。对所有分离到的菌株进行抗菌活性检测,发现33.4%的菌株有抗菌活性。通过PCR方法,检测了PKSⅠ、PKSⅡ和NRPS基因,阳性检出率分别为31.1%,48.9%和45.6%。     

芍药内生真菌的鉴定及产生活性次生代谢产物的评估

【目的】研究药用植物芍药(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)内生真菌的种群多样性,同时对其可能存在的聚酮合酶(Polyketide synthase,PKS)和非核糖体多肽合成酶(Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase,NRPS)基因多样性进行评估,预测芍药内生真菌产生活性次生代谢产物的潜力。【方法】采用组织分离法获得芍药根部内生真菌菌株,结合形态学特征和ITS序列分析,进行鉴定;利用兼并性引物对内生真菌中存在的聚酮合酶(PKS)基因和非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)基因进行PCR扩增及序列测定分析,构建系统发育树,明确芍药内真菌PKS基因序列和NRPS基因序列的系统进化地位。【结果】从芍药组织块中共分离得到105株内生分离物,去重复后获得52株内生真菌,菌株ITS基因序列信息显示,52株芍药内生真菌隶属于7目、13科、15属,其中小球腔菌属(Leptosphaeria)、土赤壳属(Ilyonectria)和镰孢属(Fusarium)为优势种群;从52株内生真菌中筛选获得13株含PKS基因片段的菌株,8株含NRPS基因片段的菌株,部分菌株功能基因的氨基酸序列与Gen Bank中已知化合物的合成序列具有一定的同源性,预示芍药根部内生真菌具有合成丰富多样的次生代谢产物的潜力。【结论】药用植物芍药根部具有丰富的内生真菌资源,且具有产生活性次生代谢产物的潜力,值得进一步开发研究和应用。     

察汗淖放线菌资源探查及抗菌活性筛选

【背景】细菌耐药形势严峻,寻找新型抗生素迫在眉睫。放线菌是生产抗生素的重要药物资源。盐湖是一种高盐度的内陆水体,既往研究表明其中的放线菌物种多样、新资源丰富、生物活性广泛,极具开发潜力。【目的】探究察汗淖盐湖土壤中放线菌菌种的组成,并筛选抗菌活性菌株,为发现新颖的抗菌化合物储备菌种资源。【方法】采用19种选择培养基,以涂布平板法分离放线菌。基于16S r RNA基因的相似度鉴定菌株,并分析其多样性和新颖性。根据菌属类别及其新颖性,选择代表菌株进行Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型聚酮合酶(polyketide synthases,PKS)和非核糖体肽合成酶(non-ribosomal polypeptide synthases,NRPS)抗生素生物合成基因的PCR扩增;代表菌株的发酵液上清和菌体分别经乙酸乙酯和丙酮提取后,采用纸片扩散法进行抗菌活性检测。【结果】从9个土壤样品中分离获得250株放线菌,隶属于放线菌纲的9个目16个科28个属,链霉菌属(88株,占比35.2%)和拟诺卡氏菌属(68株,占比27.2%)为优势菌属。15株链霉菌与近缘菌株16S r RNA基因的最高相似度低于98.65%,推测其归属于...     

大香格里拉土壤放线菌组成分析及生物活性测定

【目的】探究大香格里拉地区的土壤放线菌组成及其抑菌和酶活性,为放线菌新药物先导化合物和高活性酶的筛选提供资源。【方法】从大香格里拉地区不同海拔高度采集220份土样,用4种培养基,分别进行了常温放线菌和低温放线菌的分离。从常温放线菌中选择25株代表菌株进行了初步分类鉴定。采用琼脂扩散法,检测了其对4株细菌和7株农作物致病真菌的抑菌活性;利用特异性引物扩增法,筛选了其聚酮合酶(PKSⅠ、PKSⅡ)基因、非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)基因和多烯类化合物合成酶(CYP)基因。同时,检测了低温菌的多种酶活性。【结果】25株常温代表菌的系统发育分析显示它们分属于放线菌目的6个亚目、12个科、15个属。其中14株菌的NRPS及11株的CYP基因筛选呈阳性。低温条件下分离到的111株放线菌,88%属于耐冷菌,12%是嗜冷菌,它们中的大部分能利用明胶、纤维素,甲壳素等。【结论】研究结果显示,大香格里拉森林土壤蕴涵着种类和活性丰富的放线菌,为放线菌资源的开发利用和保护提供了新依据。     

塔里木盆地5个生态小区稀有放线菌分离及合成抗生素基因分布

为调查塔里木盆地5个代表性生态小区的稀有放线菌分布,并评估它们产生抗生素类活性物质的潜力。采集塔里木盆地5个生态小区混合土样5份,采用7种培养基分离样品中的稀有放线菌。通过检测分析I型PKS、Ⅱ型PKS、NRPS、APH、HMG-CoA五种抗生素合成相关基因的分布,评估该地区稀有放线菌产生抗生素的潜力。结果表明:(1)基于分子鉴定,经合并重复,共分离得到18种稀有放线菌,属于放线菌的10个属。(2)塔里木河河岸林生态小区土样稀有放线菌分离种类最多(10种),为8个属,塔克拉玛干沙漠塔里木河东部生态小区最少(4种),为4个属。(3)18株稀有放线菌中有9株含有I型PKS基因、4株菌含有Ⅱ型PKS基因、4株菌含有APH基因、3株菌含有NRPS基因,有一株链孢囊菌同时含有I型PKS、Ⅱ型PKS、NRPS、APH 4种基因。5个生态小区稀有放线菌种类较多,并含有较为丰富的与抗生素合成相关的基因。     

淀粉合酶的酶学与分子生物学研究进展

淀粉合酶作为淀粉合成的关键酶之一,一直是淀粉研究的重要内容,这些研究多集中在对其同工型的研究,淀粉合酶的两类主要同工型分别为淀粉粒结合的淀粉合酶和可溶性淀粉合酶,这两类同工型的作用极为复杂,本文介绍了淀粉合酶同工型的酶学和分子生物学近年来的研究进展,同时也讨论了这些同工型的分类,相互关系及其在淀粉合成过程中的生理功能等内容。     

Enzymatic formation of an aromatic dodecaketide by engineered plant polyketide synthase

Octaketide synthase (OKS) from Aloe arborescens is a plant-specific type III polyketide synthase (PKS) that catalyzes iterative condensations of eight molecules of malonyl-CoA to produce the C₁₆ aromatic octaketides SEK4 and SEK4b. On the basis of the crystal structures of OKS, the F66L/N222G double mutant was constructed and shown to produce an unnatural dodecaketide TW95a by sequential condensations of 12 molecules of malonyl-CoA. The C₂₄ naphthophenone TW95a is a product of the minimal type II PKS (whiE from Streptomyces coelicolor), and is structurally related to the C₂₀ decaketide benzophenone SEK15, the product of the OKS N222G point mutant. The C₂₄ dodecaketide naphthophenone TW95a is the first and the longest polyketide scaffold generated by a structurally simple type III PKS. A homology model predicted that the active-site cavity volume of the F66L/N222G mutant is increased to 748 Å³, from 652 Å³ of the wild-type OKS. The structure-based engineering thus greatly expanded the catalytic repertoire of the simple type III PKS to further produce larger and more complex polyketide molecules.     

Possible structure and active site residues of starch,glycogen, and sucrose synthases

A group of enzymes that include muscle glycogen phosphorylase and sugar transferases involved in, for example, the glucosylation of DNA and the synthesis of peptidoglycan are known to possess the same basic three-dimensional fold. Here the possibility is examined that other monosaccharide transferases, those that catalyze synthesis of starch, glycogen, and the disaccharide sucrose, resemble the phosphorylase-type enzymes in structure. In particular, a clear relationship is shown, for the first time, between mammalian glycogen synthases and the phosphorylase structural group of proteins. Domain architecture and secondary structure are discussed, and the possible role of several conserved amino acids at the active site is explored.     

植物中棉子糖系列寡糖代谢及其调控关键酶研究进展

棉子糖系列寡糖代谢与植物生长发育、逆境胁迫、种子耐贮性及脱水耐性等关系密切.棉子糖系列寡糖的合成从棉子糖的合成开始,由半乳糖苷肌醇上的半乳糖基的转移依次生成棉子糖、水苏糖、毛蕊花糖等.寡糖代谢是一个复杂的调控体系,其中肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶、肌醇半乳糖苷合成酶、蔗糖合成酶、棉子糖合成酶、水苏糖合成酶和毛蕊花糖合成酶等参与了棉子糖系列寡糖的生物合成过程.本文对植物中棉子糖系列寡糖的代谢及其重要调控酶的特性、功能及分子生物学研究进展进行综述.     

Structural classification and properties of ketoacyl synthases

Ketoacyl synthases (KSs) catalyze condensing reactions combining acyl-CoA or acyl-acyl carrier protein (acyl-ACP) with malonyl-CoA to form 3-ketoacyl-CoA or with malonyl-ACP to form 3-ketoacyl-ACP. In each case, the resulting acyl chain is two carbon atoms longer than before, and CO2 and either CoA or ACP are formed. KSs also join other activated molecules in the polyketide synthesis cycle. Our classification of KSs by their primary and tertiary structures instead of by their substrates and the reactions that they catalyze enhances insights into this enzyme group. KSs fall into five families separated by their characteristic primary structures, each having members with the same catalytic residues, mechanisms, and tertiary structures. KS1 members, overwhelmingly named 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III or its variants, are produced predominantly by bacteria. Members of KS2 are mainly produced by plants, and they are usually long-chain fatty acid elongases/condensing enzymes and 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. KS3, a very large family, is composed of bacterial and eukaryotic 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthases I and II, often found in multidomain fatty acid and polyketide synthases. Most of the chalcone synthases, stilbene synthases, and naringenin-chalcone synthases in KS4 are from eukaryota. KS5 members are all from eukaryota, most are produced by animals, and they are mainly fatty acid elongases. All families except KS3 are split into subfamilies whose members have statistically significant differences in their primary structures. KS1 through KS4 appear to be part of the same clan. KS sequences, tertiary structures, and family classifications are available on the continuously updated ThYme (Thioester-active enzYme) database.     

Purification and molecular properties of ferredoxin-glutamate synthase from Chlamydomonas reinhardii

Ferredoxin-glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.7.1) from Chlamydomonas reinhardii has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, with a specific activity of 10.4 units mg^-1 protein, by a method which included chromatography on diethylaminoethyl sephacel and hydroxylapatite, and ferredoxin-sepharose affinity treatment. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain of M _r 146000 dalton which shows an absorption spectrum with maxima at 278, 377 and 437 nm, and an A₂₇₆/A₄₃₇ absorptivity ratio of 7.0. The anaerobic addition of dithionite results in the loss of the absorption peak at 437 nm, which is restored upon reoxidation of the enzyme with an excess of 2-oxoglutarate, alone or in the presence of glutamine. This indicates the presence in the enzyme of a flavin prosthetic group, which is functional during the catalysis. The ferredoxin-glutamate synthase can be assayed with methyl viologen, chemically reduced with dithionite, but it is unable to use reduced pyridine nucleotide. Azaserine, 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine, bromocresol green and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate are potent inhibitors of this activity, which, on the other hand, is stable upon heating at 45°C for 10 min.Abbreviations DEAE-sephacel diethylaminoethyl sephacel - Fd ferredoxin - GOGAT glutaniate synthase (glutamine: -ketoglutarate aminotransferase) - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate     

Determination of the extent of phosphopantetheinylation of polyketide synthases expressed in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A sensitive fluorescent assay was developed to measure the extent of phosphopantetheinylation of polyketide synthase (PKS) acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains in polyketide production strains. The in vitro assay measures PKS fluorescence after transfer of fluorescently labeled phosphopantetheine from coenzyme A to PKS ACP domains in crude protein extracts. The assay was used to determine the extent of phosphopantetheinylation of ACP domains of the erythromycin precursor polyketide synthase, 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS), expressed in a heterologous Escherichia coli polyketide production strain. The data showed that greater than 99.9% of DEBS is phosphopantetheinylated. The assay was also used to interrogate the extent of phosphopantetheinylation of the lovastatin nonaketide synthase (LNKS) heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The data showed that LNKS was efficiently phosphopantetheinylated in S. cerevisiae and that lack of production of the lovastatin precursor polyketide was not due to insufficient phosphopantetheinylation of the expressed synthase.     

Expression and characterization of the type III polyketide synthase 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene synthase from<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Streptomyces coelicolor</Emphasis> A3(2)

Sequence analysis of the metabolically rich 8.7-Mbp genome of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) revealed three genes encoding predicted type III polyketide synthases (PKSs). We report the inactivation, expression, and characterization of the type III PKS homologous SCO1206 gene product as 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene synthase (THNS). Incubation of recombinant THNS with malonyl-CoA showed THN production, as demonstrated by UV and HPLC analyses. The K_m value for malonyl-CoA and the k_cat value for THN synthesis were determined spectrophotometrically to be 3.58±0.85 µM and 0.48±0.03 min^–1, respectively. The C-terminal region of S. coelicolor THNS, which is longer than most other bacterial and plant type III PKSs, was shortened by 25 amino acid residues and the resulting mutant was shown to be slightly more active (K_m=1.97±0.19 µM, k_cat=0.75±0.04 min^–1) than the wild-type enzyme.     

Crystal structure and enzymatic characterization of thymidylate synthase X from Helicobacter pylori strain SS1

Thymidylate synthase X (ThyX) catalyzes the methylation of dUMP to form dTMP in bacterial life cycle and is regarded as a promising target for antibiotics discovery. Helicobacter pylori is a human pathogen associated with a number of human diseases. Here, we cloned and purified the ThyX enzyme from H. pylori SS1 strain (HpThyX). The recombinant HpThyX was discovered to exhibit the maximum activity at pH 8.5, and K_m values of the two substrates dUMP and CH₂H₄folate were determined to be 15.3 ± 1.25 μM and 0.35 ± 0.18 mM, respectively. The analyzed crystal structure of HpThyX with the cofactor FAD and the substrate dUMP (at 2.31 Å) revealed that the enzyme was a tetramer bound to four dUMP and four FAD molecules. Different from the catalytic feature of the classical thymidylate synthase (ThyA), N5 atom of the FAD functioned as a nucleophile in the catalytic reaction instead of Ser84 and Ser85 residues. Our current work is expected to help better understand the structural and enzymatic features of HpThyX thus further providing valuable information for anti‐H. pylori inhibitor discovery.     

植物类型III聚酮合酶超家族晶体结构与功能

植物类型Ⅲ聚酮化合物合酶(PKS)催化合成多种植物次生代谢产物的基本分子骨架,参与植物体许多重要生物学功能的行使,一直是研究蛋白结构与功能关系、基于结构进行分子改造的重要模式分子家族。目前在蛋白质数据库(PDB)中有超过80个不同种属来源的类型Ⅲ PKS的三维结构被报道,其中包括了研究最为透彻的查尔酮合酶在内的7种酶的晶体结构,这些结构的发表对于阐明该类酶复杂多变的底物专一性、链延伸和不同的环化反应机制奠定了结构基础。三维空间结构解析以及基于定点突变的结构功能分析是进行酶工程、基因工程的基础。以下系统综述了植物类型Ⅲ PKS超家族晶体结构和功能的研究进展。