应用神经导航系统手术切除颅内肿瘤病人的整体护理临床效应

目的:探讨神经导航系统辅助下颅内微侵袭手术的整体护理临床效应。方法:神经导航系统因其能在术前制定最佳手术路径,术中准确快速地找到病灶,确定肿瘤切除范围,减少周围组织的损伤,术后并发症少,在临床已日渐推广。在临床护理中,为了确保达到预期疗效,对20例采用神经导航系统辅助下颅内肿瘤手术切除的病人从生理、心理、社会等各方面需求做出全面、有效的护理计划,制定出护理措施,进行健康指导。结果:全组无残疾或死亡,无1例术后因护理不当而出现并发症,15例患者4d左右下床活动,1例术前昏迷,术后15d清醒,2例术后出现尿崩症,经处理后恢复正常,1例术后脑水肿,给予脱水剂后症状消失,1例术后癫痫,药物控制后缓解。全组患者于术后平均20d左右痊愈出院。结论:在神经导航系统辅助下加强护理配合,严格操作规程,对提高手术成功率,减少并发症有重要意义。     

高脂血症对直肠癌不同手术方式合并症的影响

目的:探讨高脂血症对直肠癌不同手术方式合并症的影响。方法:回顾分析行开腹或腹腔镜直肠癌根治术治疗的255例患者的临床资料,比较伴或不伴高脂血症患者的围手术期指标,采用卡方检验或t检验进行统计学分析。结果:与非高脂血症组患者相比,高脂血症组术中出血量大(P<0.01),术后恢复进食时间长(P<0.01),术后住院时间增加(P<0.05),拔除引流管时间延长(P<0.01),切口脂肪液化并发症增多(P<0.05)。与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组术中出血量少(P<0.01),手术时间、术后恢复进食时间、术后住院时间、拔除引流管时间均明显缩短(均为P<0.01),切口脂肪液化发生率低(P<0.05)。在腹腔镜手术组,与正常血脂组相比,高脂血症患者术中出血量较大(P<0.01),余指标无明显差异。结论:高脂血症可引起直肠癌手术出血量增加、术后恢复慢、伤口脂肪液化发生率高,腹腔镜手术可加快患者术后恢复。     

法洛四联症合并肺动脉闭锁的手术治疗分析

目的：探讨法洛四联症合并肺动脉闭锁的手术治疗,对其各型手术时机、手术方法进行概述。方法：在我院就诊的21例法洛四联症合并肺动脉闭锁患者,15例患者在全身廓醉中度低温体外循环下实行一期根治术,6例患者实行分期手术。结果：3例发生术后早期死亡,Ⅲ患者2例,Ⅳ型患者1例,死亡原因：低心排血量综合征1例,灌注肺1例,严重感染1例。16例保持长期随访,随访0．6．4年,NYHA心功能都达到Ⅰ或Ⅱ级标准。结论：法洛四联症合并肺动脉闭锁确诊后,根据肺动脉发育情况选择合适的手术方式尽快手术,能提高患者的治愈率,降低病死率。     

Use of ceftriaxone in the prevention of postoperative purulent complications after surgery on the stomach and small intestine]

Ceftriaxone was administered intravenously in a single dose of 1.0 g 15 minutes prior to surgical intervention for peptic ulcer and gastric or duodenum tumor in 31 patients at the age of 33 to 74 years. In all the patients primary adhesion of the surgical wound was recorded. No signs of local or general infection were observed. The indices of the total blood count, urinalysis and blood biochemical analysis came to normal by the 5th or the 7th day of the postoperative period. The levels of ceftriaxone in the blood, urine, stomach wall, small intestine tissues and subcutaneous fat were evaluated. The indices of the cellular and humoral immunity in the pre- and postoperative periods in the patients prophylactically treated with ceftriaxone were analyzed.     

The radial forearm flap in intraoral reconstruction: the experience of 60 consecutive cases

Sixty consecutive patients in whom a free radial forearm flap was used to reconstruct an intraoral defect have been reviewed. The ages ranged from 54 to 85 years, the majority of patients presenting with intraoral carcinoma. There were 6 microvascular failures, and the remaining 54 patients (90 percent) healed uneventfully, with no incidence of fistula. Intraoral healing time was reduced to 11 days on average, and hospitalization was similarly reduced to 17.8 days. A slower postoperative recovery did not appear to be related to age or to the site of the defect within the oral cavity but closely paralleled the extent of excisional surgery. The postoperative mortality was less than 2 percent, but the overall prognosis remained poor, with a 21.6 percent mortality at follow-up (minimum 15 months). Thirty-nine patients (72 percent) underwent early postoperative radical radiotherapy without any evidence of intraoral wound breakdown or problems with flap viability. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method of intraoral reconstruction and indicate that such complicated and prolonged surgical techniques do not increase the risks associated with major head and neck surgery.     

High Incidence of Impaired Glucose Regulation in Patients With no Known History of Diabetes Mellitus But With Hyperglycemia After Undergoing a Cardiac Surgical Procedure

ObjectiveTo determine the implications of the presence of hyperglycemia after a cardiac surgical procedure in patients with no history of diabetes mellitus (DM).MethodsWe conducted a prospective study of 50 consecutive patients with no known history of DM who underwent a cardiac surgical procedure and had postoperative hyperglycemia (plasma glucose levels ≥ 110 mg/dL), requiring an insulin drip to achieve tight glucose control. These patients underwent a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 6 weeks postoperatively to determine the percentage of subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or type 2 DM.ResultsOf the 50 patients, 32 (64%) were found to have persistent glucose dysregulation. On the basis of OGTT results, 20% had IFG, 16% had both IFG and IGT, 10% had only IGT, and 18% had type 2 DM. Of the patients with newly diagnosed diabetes, 89% had a 6-week postoperative fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration of < 126 mg/dL. There was a significant correlation between the preoperative FPG levels and the 6-week postoperative 2-hour OGTT glucose levels (P < .01). No correlation was found between the 6-week postoperative FPG levels and the 2-hour OGTT glucose levels (P = .26).ConclusionHyperglycemia after a cardiac surgical procedure implies a high risk of persistent glucose dysregulation. Preoperative FPG levels correlated better with 2-hour OGTT results than did the 6-week postoperative FPG values, but both were insensitive markers for diagnosing type 2 DM in these patients. In our cohort, hemoglobin A1c was not predictive of abnormalities of glucose metabolism. Our data support the need for performing a postoperative OGTT in patients with no known history of DM but the presence of hyperglycemia after a cardiac operation. (Endocr Pract. 2009;15:425-430)     

Postoperative hypoparathyroidism: Direct para-operative period]

Surgical hypoparathyroidism is a severe complication of the operations on thyroid gland. Hundred thirty patients aged between 17 and 77 years have been analysed clinically. Group I involved 45 patients with surgical hypoparathyroidism of transient or partial character, group II involved 85 patients with severe irreversible surgical hypoparathyroidism. Hypocalcemia in postoperative period was significantly higher in group II than that in group I (p < 0.02), and negatively correlated with the maximal dose of vitamin D3 necessary to compensate calcemia (r = -0.42). Follow-up results indicate that the age and sex of patients, preoperative diagnosis, radiotherapy, and type of surgery have no effect on the degree of damage to parathyroid glands, tetany development rate, degree of hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. High degree hypocalcemia diagnosed in the early postoperative period suggests irreversible injury to parathyroid glands. Management of patients with postoperative tetany requires a close cooperation of surgeon and endocrinologist.     

早期伤口切开对血循毒蛇咬伤患者预后的影响

目的探讨血循毒类毒蛇咬伤患者早期伤口切开对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析我院2011年3月~2014年3月诊治的血循毒类毒蛇咬伤患者223例的临床资料,总结并比较其临床特点及预后。结果本组患者轻度肿胀97例中,伤后12h内切开21例,未溃疡12例,Ⅰ°溃疡7例,Ⅱ°溃疡2例;晚期切开或未切开76例,未溃疡15例,Ⅰ°溃疡41例,Ⅱ°溃疡16例,Ⅲ°溃疡4例。中度肿胀患者85例中,伤后12h内切开32例,未溃疡8例,Ⅰ°溃疡21例,Ⅱ°溃疡2例,Ⅲ°溃疡1例;晚期切开或未切开53例,未溃疡6例,Ⅰ°溃疡16例,Ⅱ°溃疡24例,Ⅲ°溃疡7例。重度肿胀患者41例中,伤后12h内切开17例,Ⅰ°溃疡11例,Ⅱ°溃疡4例,Ⅲ°溃疡2例;晚期切开或未切开24例,Ⅰ°溃疡2例,Ⅱ°溃疡6例,Ⅲ°溃疡16例。在蛇伤后12h内切开的患者坏死溃疡的形成、肿胀程度的改善均明显优于晚期切开或未切开的患者,差异有显著统计学意义(P0.05)。结论随着患者凝血功能的改善,早期伤口切开对血循毒类毒蛇伤患者局部伤口状况有较好的改善作用。     

Isolated Frontal Sinusitis Treated Using an Anterior-to-Ethmoidal Bulla Surgical Approach

Traditional frontal sinus surgery is associated with a significant trauma. Herein, we have discussed the feasibility, technique, and efficacy of a minimally invasive anterior-to-ethmoidal bulla surgical approach performed under nasal endoscopy to treat isolated frontal sinusitis. Fifteen patients with isolated frontal sinusitis underwent the anterior-to-ethmoidal bulla surgical procedure under general anesthesia. The opening of the frontal sinus was located by frontal mini-trephination in 1 patient. The effects of the operation were evaluated by regular postoperative follow-up. The average postoperative follow-up period was 12.7 months (range 6–24 months). The postoperative symptom of headache was completely resolved in all 15 patients, and 12 patients had good opening of the frontal sinus and complete epithelization was observed by nasal endoscopy. The frontal sinus of 3 patients was not opened, but these patients did not show subjective symptoms. The anterior-to-ethmoidal bulla surgical approach is ideal for isolated frontal sinusitis.     

Criteria of fitness for anaesthesia in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.

Twelve patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease undergoing 15 operations were assessed with preoperative lung function tests and blood gas estimations. Their operative and postoperative course was followed. There were no deaths or serious complications. Patients fell into three groups: those with low respiratory capacity but normal blood gases, who required no special respiratory treatment apart from physiotherapy and antibiotics; those with hypoxaemia but normal arterial carbon dioxide pressure, who needed more prolonged oxygen treatment after operation; and those with hypoxaemia and hypercapnia, who needed postoperative ventilatory support. While forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) is a good screening test in preoperative assessment it should be supplemented by arterial blood gas estimations in patients with an FEV of less than 1 litre.     

Safety and Efficacy of a Peri-Operative Protocol for Patients with Diabetes Treated with Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion who are Admitted for Same-Day Surgery

Objective: The number of people with diabetes using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions (CSII) with an insulin pump has risen dramatically, creating new challenges when these patients are admitted to the hospital for surgical or other procedures. There is limited literature guiding CSII use during surgical procedures.Methods: The study was carried out in a large, urban, tertiary care hospital. We enrolled 49 patients using insulin pump therapy presenting for 57 elective surgeries. We developed a CSII peri-operative glycemic management protocol (PGMP) to standardize insulin pump management in patients admitted to a same-day surgery unit (SDSU). The purpose was evaluate the safety (% capillary blood glucose (CBG) <70 mg/dL and/or pump incidents) and efficacy (first postoperative CBG ≤200 mg/dL) of the CSII PGMP. We determine the contribution of admission CBG, type of anesthesia, surgery length, and peri-operative steroid use on postoperative glycemic control.Results: Overall, 63% of patients treated according to the CSII PGMP had a first postoperative CBG ≤200 mg/dL. There were no episodes of intra- or postoperative hypoglycemia. For patients treated with the CSII PGMP, the mean postoperative CBG was lower in patients with anticipated or actual surgical length ≤120 minutes (158.1 ± 53.9 vs. 216 ± 77.7 mg/dL, P<.01). No differences were observed with admission CBG, type of anesthesia, or steroid use.Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a CSII PGMP is both safe and effective for patients admitted for elective surgical procedures and provides an example of a standardized protocol for use in clinical practice.Abbreviations: A1C = glycated hemoglobin BG = blood glucose CBG = capillary blood glucose CSII = continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion DM = diabetes mellitus EMR = electronic medical record IV = intravenous PGMP = peri-operative glycemic management protocol SDS = same-day surgery SDSU = same-day surgery unit SQ = subcutaneous UC = usual care     

43例术后疑似急性肺栓塞分析

目的:探讨影响术后急性肺栓塞(Acute Pulmonary Embolism,APE)的发生和预后的相关因素,以提高对术后肺栓塞的认识和诊疗水平。方法:收集2009.01-2014.12期间南方医院术后疑似急性肺栓塞患者的临床资料,总结其临床特征,分析其诱发因素、临床表现、治疗和预后,探讨其发病的高危因素。结果:共收集术后疑似肺栓塞43例,平均年龄56.09±14.08岁(17~80岁),明确诊断为肺栓塞15例(34.9%),共死亡20例(死亡率46.5%)。其临床表现和体征均具有非特异性,呼吸困难、心悸和晕厥是主要的临床表现。不仅可以发生于下肢、胸腹部(包括妇产科)、颅内等大手术后,也可能发生在介入栓塞术后。相关危险因素很多,包括性别、年龄、恶性肿瘤、全身麻醉、手术时间长等。具有高危因素的患者并具有可疑肺栓塞的临床表现时,结合D-二聚体、动脉血气分析、心电图、胸部X线、超声心动图、下肢彩超可检查协助APE的诊断,而胸部增强CT作为检查手段有利于明确诊断。结论:肺栓塞是手术后致命的并发症之一,早期诊断、早期治疗,能降低术后肺栓塞患者的死亡率。     

Selection of operation in patients with bleeding esophageal varices.

The results of surgical treatment of bleeding esophageal varices over an 8-year period in 155 patients are reviewed. Primary treatment of bleeding was conservative, with intravenous administration of vasopressin and balloon tamponade. Emergency operations were carried out after 48 hours in persons with persistent bleeding who were surgical candidates. Operative mortality was higher in this group (40%) than in those undergoing elective or urgent operations (each 10%). Postoperative encephalopathy occurred in 35% of patients and was correlated closely to late death after establishment of a shunt. The mesocaval shunt is no better than the portacaval but appears to be a good alternative in an emergency. In a controlled trial the distal splenorenal shunt was found to be associated with a lower rate of postoperative encephalopathy than the portacaval shunt, but thus far the long-term survival rates have not differed.     

双吻合器在全直肠系膜切除低位直肠癌保肛手术中应用的探讨

目的探讨双吻合器在全直肠系膜切除低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用方法、并发症及临床效果。方法回顾性分析在全直肠系膜切除的基础上,应用双器械吻合技术,对48例中低位直肠癌行低位或超低位吻合的保肛手术方法,观察其术后并发症,以及术后排便功能,局部复发率。结果随访1～4年,低位吻合44例,超低位吻合4例。15例6个月内大便次数每天多于5次,6个月后大便次数均在每天3次以下,无大便失禁。吻合口漏1例,吻合口狭窄1例,吻合口出血3例,吻合口复发1例,全组无手术死亡。结论双吻合器能简化手术操作,维持正常排便功能,提高了生活质量。     

Surgical reconstruction of pediatric pressure sores: long-term outcome.

The long-term outcome after the surgical repair of pressure sores in the adult population has been well studied. Recurrence rates from 25 to 80 percent have been reported, despite improvements in surgical repair and mechanical support devices. Such high recurrence rates have led many investigators to question the rationale for the surgical closure of pressure sores. There are no published long-term data that document pressure sore recurrence after surgical treatment in the pediatric population. A retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent surgical reconstruction of grade III and IV pressure sores at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from 1987 to 1999 was performed. During this 12-year period, 19 consecutive patients with a mean age of 16.2 years were operated on for 25 pressure sores. Follow-up was obtained for 15 patients (79 percent), who underwent repair for 20 pressure sores. Mean postoperative follow-up was 5.3 years (range, 11 months to 11 years). Mean age at the time of surgery was 16.5 years. The overall pressure sore recurrence rate was 5 percent (1 of 20 sores). Overall patient recurrence (previous patient who developed a new sore) was 20 percent (3 of 15 patients). In contrast to the recurrence rates reported for the surgical repair of pressure sores in the adult population, the recurrence rate of 5 percent in the pediatric population is significantly lower. This demonstrates that the surgical reconstruction of pressure sores in the pediatric patient can be successful and provide long-term skin integrity.     

半量睫状体光凝术对青光眼患者生活质量及血清Endothelin-1水平的影响

摘要 目的：探究半量睫状体光凝术对青光眼患者生活质量及血清内皮素（ET-1）水平的影响。方法：选择2018年4月至2021年4月于我院接受治疗的80例（80眼）青光眼患者为研究对象,将其按照接受术式的差异区分为研究组（n=40,接受半量睫状体光凝术治疗）与对照组（n=40,接受小梁切除术）,观察记录两组患者术后前房反应及角膜水肿情况,分析两组患者术前术后眼压、视力以及血清ET-1水平变化,记录两组患者手术成功率和术后并发症发生情况并实施组间差异性比较。结果：（1）术后1 d和术后7 d两个时间点上,研究组与对照组患者的前房反应以及角膜内皮水肿情况组间比较无差异（P>0.05）;（2）研究组患者手术完全成功20例,相对成功19例,手术总成功率为97.50 %,对照组患者手术完全成功15例,相对成功22例,手术总成功率为87.50 %,两组患者手术成功率方面组间比较无差异（P>0.05）;（3）术后7 d、术后1个月及术后3个月时,研究组患者的眼压均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）;（4）术后1个月时两组患者的ET-1水平组间比较无差异（P>0.05）,但研究组患者的生活质量高于对照组（P<0.05）;（5）两组患者在并发症发生率方面组间无差异（P>0.05）。结论：半量睫状体光凝术对青光眼具有较好的治疗效果,患者手术成功率相比小梁切除术更高,同时患者术后眼压降低明显,且手术安全性值得肯定。     

Effect of Resection of Lung Tumours on the Steroid Abnormalities in Patients with Lung Cancer

The urinary excretion of androsterone, aetiocholanolone, total 17-oxosteroids, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) was measured in 40 patients with lung cancer three days before resection and again 10-15 days after resection of their lung tumours. There was a significant postoperative increase in the excretion of 17-OHCS but a significant decrease in the excretion of androsterone and aetiocholanolone, resulting in an increase of the preoperative abnormalities in steroid excretion in these patients. Since there was no change in steroid excretion towards normal after resection of the lung tumours, it seems that the steroid abnormalities found in lung cancer are not the effect of the presence of the lung tumours. As the excretions of 17-OHCS and 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids change in opposite directions after resection, it is suggested that a dissociation of factors that control the excretion of these two groups of steroids takes place as a response to surgical stress in patients with lung cancer.     

Application of wound dressing Molndal technique in clean and potentially contamined postoperative wounds--initial comparative study

Because of a possible delayed wound healing, critical colonization and infection of wounds present a problem for surgeons, particularly in patients with compromised immune system or in case where the wound is heavy contaminated or poorly perfused. Molndal technique of wound dressing has proven to be effective in prevention of infection. In our study we wanted to describe the benefits of the application of Molndal technique wound dressing compared to traditional wound dressing technique at potentially contaminated and clean postoperative wounds. We examined postoperative wound after radical excision of pilonidal sinus and after implantation of partial endoprosthesis in hip fracture. Molndal technique consisted of wound dressing with Aquacel Ag - Hydrofiber. Traditional technique was performed using gauze compresses and hypoallergic adhesives. We analyzed the results of 50 patients after radical excision of pilonidal sinus. 25 patients were treated by Molndal technique and 25 patients by the traditional technique of wound dressing. In the group treated by Molndal technique only 1 (4%) patient has revealed a wound infection, proven by positive microbiological examination and suppuration. In the traditional technique group 4 (16%) patients developed wound infection as inflammation and secretion as a sign of superficial infection. In the other group we analyzed the results of 50 patients after implantation of partial endoprosthesis after hip fracture. 20 patients were treated by Molndal technique and 30 patients by the traditional technique of wound dressing. In the group treated by Molndal technique no patient has revealed a wound infection (0%). In the traditional technique group 4 (13%) patients developed wound infection. All complication in both group were superficial incisional surgical infection (according to HPSC). There was no deep incisional surgical site infection or organ/space surgical site infection. Our results are clearly showing that Molndal technique is effective in preventing the postoperative wound infection.     

Factor XI deficiency: implications for management of patients undergoing aesthetic surgery.

We report our experience in patients with an abnormal partial thromboplastin time elevation due to factor XI deficiency (Rosenthal syndrome) who presented for aesthetic surgery consideration. Preoperative evaluation included a thorough history, physical examination, coagulation profile, and hematological consultation. Nine of 10 patients underwent 12 elective aesthetic procedures without undue intraoperative or postoperative bleeding. Based on these findings, we stratified patients as low risk or high risk. Low-risk patients were those with greater than 15 percent factor XI levels, or those with 5 to 14 percent factor XI levels but a history of multiple major surgical procedures without bleeding complications. High-risk patients were those with factor XI levels less than 15 percent, history of bleeding either spontaneously or with surgery, and a family history of bleeding diathesis from factor XI deficiency. Low-risk patients had fresh frozen plasma available for the procedure, whereas high-risk patients received fresh frozen plasma 2 hours before surgery. We conclude that (1) in these patients with abnormally high partial thromboplastin time values and no prior known bleeding disorder, we have identified factor XI deficiency as the prevalent coagulopathy; (2) partial thromboplastin time does not necessarily correlate with factor XI levels; (3) patients can be classified as high or low risk for elective surgery based on factor XI levels and prior surgical or family history; (4) recommendations for perioperative management can be made based on this risk profile; and (5) aesthetic surgery can be performed successfully and safely on patients with factor XI deficiency on a case-by-case basis when appropriate guidelines are enforced.     

Reconstruction of large composite oromandibulomaxillary defects with free vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps

Large composite oromandibulomaxillary defects resulting from oncologic resection can be challenging to reconstruct with a single flap, and functional outcomes remain anecdotal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the authors' surgical experience and scientifically analyze and describe the functional outcomes associated with the use of the vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for reconstruction of these defects. The records of seven patients (mean age, 62 years) who underwent composite resection including hemimandibulectomy, partial maxillectomy, partial pharyngectomy, and floor-of-mouth resection followed by immediate free vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap reconstruction at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (1998 to 2002) were retrospectively reviewed. The tumor type was squamous cell carcinoma in all seven cases; four patients had T4 primary lesions and three had local recurrences. Radiotherapy was used preoperatively in each of the three recurrent cases (mean dose, 70.6 Gy) and postoperatively in three of the four patients with primary tumors (mean dose, 63.0 Gy). The mean length of hospitalization was 8.7 days. There were no major flap complications, fistulas, or donor-site complications. Partial flap necrosis (4 percent of flap area) occurred in one patient and dehiscence of the neck incision occurred in another. Both cases were managed with surgical débridement and closure. A third patient developed a 0.75-cm superficial suture line abscess that healed with dressing changes. The mean postoperative follow-up was 15 months. Six of the seven patients remained tube dependent for their nutrition despite some swallowing improvement; one patient returned to full oral intake. The most common swallowing deficit was impaired laryngeal excursion, which occurred in all six patients evaluated with videofluoroscopic examination and resulted in risk for aspiration in patients and frank aspiration in 83 percent. Speech was intelligible on routine follow-up visits in all patients except one. Four patients died as a result of their cancer, one was alive with metastatic disease, and two were alive with no evidence of disease at last follow-up. The goal for patients undergoing extensive composite oromandibulomaxillary resection for advanced cancer is to restore structure, minimize postoperative morbidity, and optimize the quality of remaining life. Reconstruction with the free vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap achieves early wound healing, allows timely delivery of adjuvant therapy, and can be accomplished with predictable success and minimal morbidity. To our knowledge, this study represents the first to scientifically analyze and quantify swallowing function following free vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap reconstruction for large oromandibulomaxillary defects. Understanding of the specific physiologic swallowing deficits that typically occur after such reconstructions will provide clinicians with important surgical and reconstructive information to enable future improvements in functional success in a population for whom the prognosis is poor and treatment options are limited.