三江并流区水电站消落带适生草本植物根系固土能力

三江并流区生态脆弱敏感,水电站库周消落带土壤侵蚀严重,为研究消落带适生草本植物的根系固土效应,并为重建植被、控制土壤侵蚀提供依据,以生长期为18个月的风车草(Cyperus alternifolius L.)、美人蕉(Canna indica L.)、花叶芦竹(Arundo donax var. versicolor)和菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)4种草本植物为研究对象,采用自制的原位剪切仪测定根土复合体和素土的抗剪强度;用根系拉力试验机测定根系的抗拉强度,用Wu和Waldron模型(WWM)对根系提高土体抗剪强度进行预测,并评价模型的可靠性。结果表明：①4种适生草本植物根系都能增强土体的抗剪强度,风车草、美人蕉、花叶芦竹和菖蒲根系使土体的抗剪强度分别提高了403.89%、248.32%、388.50%和200.71%;②4种草本植物根系的抗拉强度均与直径呈现负幂函数关系;③根系抗拉强度较大、破坏面上根面积比较高和根系直径(D)<1 mm细根较多的草本植物,固土效应更加显著;④4种草本植物根系对土体强度增量的WWM模型计算值是实测值的9.37-43.85倍,该模型对高含水率土壤中草本植物根系的预测精度较低。风车草、美人蕉、花叶芦竹和菖蒲的根系均有较强的固土能力,尤其是风车草和花叶芦竹,是三江并流区黄登水库消落带植被重建和固土抗蚀的优选物种。     

公路边坡喷播绿化初期根系特征及其对抗剪强度的影响

植物根系对增强土体抗剪强度具有一定作用。为研究公路边坡喷播绿化初期根系特征及其对抗剪强度的影响,通过喷播的方式制备灌草混播试样,人工模拟边坡绿化7种灌草组合,植物生长3个月后进行原位剪切试验。挖取试样内植物根系,测定根系直径、根长密度、总表面积、总体积、根尖数、分叉数、根系密度、倾斜角度等根系特征指标,并通过灰色关联度法分析根系特征对土体抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:不同灌草混播组合根系特征随土层深度的变化存在一定差异;喷播绿化初期,0～2 mm细根占整个根系系统的96%～99%;水平根、侧根及垂直根分别占整个根系系统的7%～16%、44%～57%、33%～47%;不同灌草组合植物根系可增加土体抗剪强度6～17 k Pa,且不同灌草比试样抗剪强度大小依次为灌草比1∶1灌草比1∶4灌草比1∶5灌草比3∶1。灰色关联度分析结果表明,各根系指标对抗剪强度的影响大小依次为侧根数量水平根数量根系分布深度根系密度剪切面上部根长密度根长密度 0～2 mm细根数量剪切面下部根长密度总表面积总体积根尖数垂直根数量分叉数2～10 mm根系数量。该结果可为评价公路边坡喷播绿化初期坡体稳定性、指导边坡植被恢复提供依据。     

浅层滑坡多发区典型灌木根系对边坡土体抗剪强度的影响

生态建设是"一带一路"可持续发展的基础,甘肃省陇南市位于"一带一路"核心区域,地处浅层滑坡多发区,地质灾害频发。通过单根抗拉试验和重塑土直接剪切试验对该区域四种典型灌木杠柳、胡枝子、酸枣和石榴的土壤及根系进行研究,探讨灌木根系对土壤物理性质和浅层滑坡的改善效应。结果表明,灌木根系能显著提高土壤含水率,改善孔隙结构;抗拉强度与根径间存在显著幂函数关系(P0.01),根径1 mm的毛细根抗拉强度最强,单根抗拉强度依次为胡枝子石榴酸枣杠柳;重塑土抗剪强度随土壤含水率升高而降低,土壤粘聚力(C)和内摩擦角(φ)均随含水率增加而减小,在10%的最优含水率下,抗剪强度依次为石榴酸枣杠柳胡枝子;随根系密度增加,杠柳和胡枝子的根-土复合体抗剪强度减小,酸枣和石榴在1.5倍天然根系密度下对土壤抗剪强度增强效果最强。通过评价浅层滑坡多发区不同灌木护土固坡效应,为"一带一路"沿线展开生态修复提供理论依据。     

喀斯特坡地2种地埂篱根-土复合体抗剪和抗冲性能综合评价

分析喀斯特地区不同地埂篱根系的形态和力学特性,量化其根-土复合体抗剪和抗冲性能的强弱,探寻该地区地埂篱根系固土抗蚀性能的评价因子,为喀斯特坡地水土流失治理中植被恢复措施的科学应用提供参考。选取重庆酉阳龙潭槽谷为研究区,分上、中、下坡分别布设拉巴豆和光叶苕子2种地埂篱,采用根系扫描仪和电子万能试验机测定其根系形态和力学参数,应变控制式直剪仪测定复合体抗剪强度,原状土冲刷水槽法测定复合体抗冲指数。结果表明：(1)抗剪复合体中,拉巴豆平均根长密度和根表面积密度分别高出光叶苕子59.32%和16.86%;抗冲复合体中,拉巴豆平均根长密度、根表面积密度和根体积密度较之光叶苕子高出30.48%、57.78%、92.98%;拉巴豆根系极限抗拉力和抗拉强度均显著高于光叶苕子。(2)2种地埂篱根系均能增强土壤的抗剪和抗冲性能,其中拉巴豆和光叶苕子复合体粘聚力较之对照土体分别增强了113.06%—124.37%和51.56%—87.12%,抗冲指数最高达到对照土体的2.81倍和2.45倍。(3)不同坡位,下坡2种植物的根长密度显著高于上、中坡;拉巴豆根系抗拉特性在下坡表现最优,光叶苕子在上坡表现更好;拉巴...     

云南松侧根对浅层土体的水平牵引效应的初步研究

植物的侧根对周围土壤具有机械牵引作用。一般来讲 ,垂直根可以通过增加根际土层的抗剪强度来加固土体 ,斜向侧根则能够在对周围土体进行牵引固持的过程中 ,通过提高土体的水平抗张强度实现对土体的增强加固 ,这一作用即侧根的水平牵引效应。为了检验高山峡谷区云南松林是否也有这种效应 ,并调查其量值 ,我们在金沙江中上游的虎跳峡地区对云南松根际土层进行了直接剪土测试。结果表明 ,在表层土体中 ( 0～ 2 0 cm)松树侧根能在 1 0 0 0 cm2 的垂直横截面上提供 42 1 .1 9～ 561 .0 5N的水平牵引力 ,使土层的抗滑力提高 33.2 %～ 37.58%。受该牵引力的影响 ,侧根把根际土层的抗张强度提高了4.2～ 5.6k Pa。测试结果预示 ,只要云南松垂直根可以把浅层土体锚固到较深层稳定的土体上 ,通过水平牵引效应 ,云南松侧根可在一定程度上与垂直根共同克服林地浅层坡面的不稳定性 ,如浅层滑动和蠕移。     

西南地区松属侧根的强度特征对其防护林固土护坡作用的影响

森林植被固土护坡的机械效应主要源于树干和根系与斜坡土壤间的机械作用 ,具体包括土壤加强作用、锚固作用、斜向支撑作用、坡面负荷作用等。乔木根系的土壤加强作用是植被稳定土壤的最有效的机械途径 ;根系可以加强土壤颗粒对根的粘聚力和根际土层的聚合力 ,在土壤本身内摩擦角度不变的情况下 ,提高土层对滑移的抵抗力。加强作用可分为侧根的斜向加强作用 (或侧根牵引效应 )和垂直根的垂向加强作用[1,2 ] ,前者指侧向伸延的根系以侧根牵引阻力的形式提高根际土层斜向抗张强度从而提高土体抗滑力的作用。通常情况下 ,土壤滑动和蠕移首先在坡…     

绿竹根系分布及生物力学性质

为探讨绿竹根系固土力学机制,研究了绿竹根系在土壤中的垂直分布状况,以及绿竹单根抗拉强度和林地土壤抗剪切强度.结果表明:绿竹根系干质量、长度、表面积和体积均随土层深度增加而减小,0~40 cm土层集中了90%以上的根系.径级D≤1 mm根系占全部根系长度的比例最大,为79.6%,占全部根系体积的比例最小,为8.2%;而D≥2 mm根系则相反,D=1~2 mm根系居于二者中间.12%含水率和饱和含水率下,绿竹根系最大抗拉力与直径呈幂函数正相关,而根系抗拉强度与直径呈幂函数负相关;不同径级根系的抗拉强度存在显著差异,D≤1 mm根系抗拉强度最大,而D≥2 mm最小.12%含水率下根系抗拉强度显著高于饱和含水率下根系抗拉强度,含水率对根系抗拉强度的影响随根系径级增大而减小.绿竹林地土壤抗剪切强度和裸地土壤抗剪切强度均随土壤深度增加而增大.绿竹林地土壤抗剪切强度与根系含量呈线性正相关,且显著大于裸地土壤抗剪切强度,其增加值与根系含量呈指数正相关,而与土壤深度关系不大.     

植物功能性状对土壤保持的影响研究述评

植被对土壤保持具有重要的影响,但是从植物功能性状的角度总结评述植被对土壤保持影响的研究并不多见。总结评述了植物地上功能性状、地下功能性状对土壤保持功能的影响以及植物地上、地下功能性状的关系,认为:(1)植被地上部分功能性状对土壤保持的作用主要体现在对溅蚀、面蚀的影响及间接改变土壤理化性质等方面,其功能性状指标主要包括叶面积、叶长、叶宽、枝数、植被高度等;(2)植被地下部分功能性状对土壤保持的作用主要体现在固持土壤、提高土壤抗剪切强度、提高土壤抗侵蚀能力、增强土壤渗透性,植物根系固持土壤与根系抗拉能力密切相关,植物根系土壤的物理和水文性质,与细根比例、根长密度、根表面积等性状密切相关;(3)可以通过植物地上部分功能性状间接反映地下部分功能性状,但是现有研究多为定性认识;(4)在植物功能性状对土壤保持的研究中亟待加强植被地上地下功能性状的长期定位监测,深化植被功能性状尤其是根系特征与土壤保持的作用机理,加强植被地上部分、地下部分功能性状的定量表达,建立植被功能性状与土壤保持功能的定量关系,实现植被功能性状与土壤保持功能特征的动态链接。     

三峡库区陡坡根-土复合体抗冲性能

以三峡库区已种植4a的紫花苜蓿、百喜草、狗牙根和香根草为对象,并以裸地为对照,采用改进的冲刷水槽、WinRHIZO(Pro.2004c)根系分析系统和应变控制式直剪仪,分析测定5个处理根-土复合体抗冲性能以及根系、土壤参数,以期揭示不同草本植物根系对陡坡地紫色土表土抗冲性能的强化效应。研究结果表明:与对照(裸地)相比,4种草本植物根系均能显著增强紫色土表土的抗冲性能,其中香根草根-土复合体的抗冲性能最强(为对照小区的2.75—3.58倍),而紫花苜蓿复合体的抗冲性能最弱(为对照小区1.96—2.60倍);草本植物根长密度(RLD)和根表面积密度(RSAD)是影响陡坡下紫色土表土抗冲性能的主要因子;0.50 mmd≤1.50 mm径级的根系有利于土壤抗冲性能的增强,尤其是1.00 mmd≤1.50 mm径级的根系对根-土复合体的抗冲性能强化效应最大;4种草本植物根系均有利于降低土壤容重、提高土壤有机质含量和增强土壤抗剪性能;土壤粘聚力c是影响根-土复合体抗冲性能的又一主要因子,径级1.00 mmd≤2.00 mm的根系则最有利于提高土壤粘聚力c。     

根系固土主导力学因素与差异性评价

为了探究影响根系固土的主导力学因素,并为侵蚀区固土抗蚀植物种的筛选提供部分依据。以3—4年生(4年生为主)5种内蒙古干旱、半干旱地区常见的水土保持植物:柠条(Caragana microphylla Lam.)、沙柳(Salix psammophila C.wang et Ch.Y.Yang)、沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris Ant.)、白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.)为研究对象,针对春季土壤干旱和夏季暴雨(土壤湿润)两种自然条件,对影响5种植物根系固土的10项指标进行主成分分析。结果表明,根系抗拉力学特性是影响植物根系固土的主导力学因素,其次为根-土界面摩阻特性,最后是根-土复合体抗剪特性。在此基础上,从根系力学特性的角度出发,运用层次分析法对两个时期5种植物根系固土能力的差异性进行评价。在评价过程中,为了保证评价数据完整性,减小专家主观因素所带来的误差,使评价结果更具科学性,该文将两个时期主成分分析所得3个力学特性的方差贡献率作为权重。评价结果显示,根系固土指数为:春季土壤干旱时期,柠条(0.834)沙柳(0.330)沙地柏(-0.066)白沙蒿(-0.206)沙棘(-0.864);夏季暴雨时期分别为,柠条(0.876)沙地柏(0.218)沙柳(0.065)白沙蒿(-0.404)沙棘(-0.755)。5种植物中,柠条根系的抗拉力学特性显著优于其他植物,可作为干旱、半干旱地区固土抗蚀的重要参考树种。     

The influence of slope on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spartium junceum</Emphasis> root system: morphological,anatomical and biomechanical adaptation

Root systems have a pivotal role in plant anchorage and their mechanical interactions with the soil may contribute to soil reinforcement and stabilization of slide-prone slopes. In order to understand the responses of root system to mechanical stress induced by slope, samples of Spartium junceum L., growing in slope and in plane natural conditions, were compared in their morphology, biomechanical properties and anatomical features. Soils sampled in slope and plane revealed similar characteristics, with the exception of organic matter content and penetrometer resistance, both higher in slope. Slope significantly influenced root morphology and in particular the distribution of lateral roots along the soil depth. Indeed, first-order lateral roots of plants growing on slope condition showed an asymmetric distribution between up- and down-slope. Contrarily, this asymmetric distribution was not observed in plants growing in plane. The tensile strength was higher in lateral roots growing up-slope and in plane conditions than in those growing down-slope. Anatomical investigations revealed that, while roots grown up-slope had higher area covered by xylem fibers, the ratio of xylem and phloem fibers to root diameter did not differ among the three conditions, as also, no differences were found for xylem fiber cell wall thickness. Roots growing up-slope were the main contributors to anchorage properties, which included higher strength and higher number of fibers in the xylematic tissues. Results suggested that a combination of root-specific morphological, anatomical and biomechanical traits, determines anchorage functions in slope conditions.     

Root morphology and effects on soil reinforcement and slope stability of young vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) plants grown in semi-arid climate

Currently used in many countries in the world, vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) applications include soil and water conservation systems in agricultural environment, slope stabilization, mine rehabilitation, contaminated soil and saline land remediation, as well as wastewater treatment. The root system morphology of vetiver was investigated in a small plantation growing on abandoned marl terraces in southern Spain. Root distribution with depth, laterally from the plant, as well as root parameters such as root diameter and tensile strength were also investigated. The profile wall method combined with the block excavation showed that the vetiver grass grows numerous positively gravitropic roots of more or less uniform diameter. These were generally distributed in the uppermost soil horizon closer to the culm base. In situ shear test on blocks of soil permeated with vetiver roots were carried out and showed a greater shear strength resistance than the samples of non vegetated soil. The root reinforcement measured in situ was comparable to the one predicted by the perpendicular root reinforcement model. The stability of a modelled terraced slope planted with vetiver was marginally greater than the one of a non-vegetated slope. A local instability on one terrace can have a detrimental effect on the overall stability of the terraced slope.     

Species Traits as Practical Tools for Ecological Restoration of Marly Eroded Lands

Plant functional traits are increasingly used in restoration ecology because they have the potential to guide restoration practices at a broad scale. This article presents a trait‐based multi‐criteria framework to evaluate and predict the performance of 17 plant seedlings to improve ecological restoration of marly eroded areas in the French Southern Alps. The suitability of these species to limit soil erosion was assessed by studying both their response to erosive forces and their effect on erosion dynamics. We assumed that species efficiency could be explained and predicted from plant traits and we looked for trait‐performance relationships. Our results showed that root slenderness ratio, the percentage of fine roots and root system topology, were the three root morphology traits best describing anchorage strength. Root system characterized by a long and thin tap root and many fine lateral ramifications would be the best to resist concentrated runoff. Species response to burial mainly depended on growth form and morphological flexibility. The abilities of species in reinforcing the soil and reducing erosion rates were negatively correlated to root diameter and positively to the percentage of fine roots. Moreover, root system density and root tensile strength also influenced root reinforcement. Finally, the ability to trap sediment was positively correlated to leaf area and canopy density. Species were then scored and classified in four clusters according to their global performance. This method allows identifying species that possess both response and effect traits related to the goal of preventing erosion during ecological restoration.     

Influence of root diameter on the penetration of seminal roots into a compacted subsoil

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of root diameter on the ability of roots of eight plant species to penetrate a compacted subsoil below a tilled layer. The soil was a fine sandy loam red-brown earth with a soil strength of about 3.0 MPa (at water content of 0.13 kg kg^-1, corresponding to 0.81 plastic limit) at the base of a tilled layer. Relative root diameter (RRD), which was calculated as the ratio of the mean diameters of roots of plants grown in compacted soil to the mean diameters of those from uncompacted soil, was used to compare the sensitivity of roots to thicken under mechanical stress.Diameters of root tips of plants grown in soil with a compacted layer were consistently larger than those from uncompacted soil. Tap-rooted species generally had bigger diameters and RRDs than fibrous-rooted species. A higher proportion of thicker roots penetrated the strong layer at the interface than thinner roots. There were differences between plant species in the extent to which root diameter increased in response to the compaction. The roots which had larger RRD also tended to have higher penetration percentage.The results suggest that the size of a root has a significant influence on its ability to penetrate strong soil layers. It is suggested that this could be related to the effects which root diameter may have on root growth pressure and on the mode of soil deformation during penetration.     

Functional traits and root morphology of alpine plants

Background and Aims

Vegetation has long been recognized to protect the soil from erosion. Understanding species differences in root morphology and functional traits is an important step to assess which species and species mixtures may provide erosion control. Furthermore, extending classification of plant functional types towards root traits may be a useful procedure in understanding important root functions.

Methods

In this study, pioneer data on traits of alpine plant species, i.e. plant height and shoot biomass, root depth, horizontal root spreading, root length, diameter, tensile strength, plant age and root biomass, from a disturbed site in the Swiss Alps are presented. The applicability of three classifications of plant functional types (PFTs), i.e. life form, growth form and root type, was examined for above- and below-ground plant traits.

Key Results

Plant traits differed considerably among species even of the same life form, e.g. in the case of total root length by more than two orders of magnitude. Within the same root diameter, species differed significantly in tensile strength: some species (Geum reptans and Luzula spicata) had roots more than twice as strong as those of other species. Species of different life forms provided different root functions (e.g. root depth and horizontal root spreading) that may be important for soil physical processes. All classifications of PFTs were helpful to categorize plant traits; however, the PFTs according to root type explained total root length far better than the other PFTs.

Conclusions

The results of the study illustrate the remarkable differences between root traits of alpine plants, some of which cannot be assessed from simple morphological inspection, e.g. tensile strength. PFT classification based on root traits seems useful to categorize plant traits, even though some patterns are better explained at the individual species level.     

隔沟交替灌溉条件下玉米根系形态性状及结构分布

为揭示根系对土壤环境的适应机制,研究了隔沟交替灌溉条件下玉米根系形态性状及结构分布。以垄位和坡位的玉米根系为研究对象,利用Minirhizotrons法研究了根系（活/死根）的长度、直径、体积、表面积、根尖数和径级变化及其与土壤水分、土温和水分利用效率（WUE）的相关关系。结果表明,对于活根,在坡位非灌水区域复水后根系平均直径减小,而根系日均生长速率、单位面积土壤根系体积密度、根尖数和表面积均增大,并随灌水区域土壤水分的消退逐渐减小;对于死根,在坡位非灌水区域复水后根系日均死亡速率、根系体积密度、根尖数和表面积变化均减小,其中根系死亡速率和死根直径随土壤水分的消退逐渐降低,而死根体积密度、根尖数和表面积分布随土壤水分降低呈增大趋势;在垄位,根系形态分布趋势与坡位一致,除根系直径与与坡位比较接近外,其他根系形态值均小于坡位。将根系分成4个径级区间分析根系的形态特征,结果表明在根系长度和体积密度分布中以2.5－4.5 mm径级的根系所占比例最大,在根尖数和根系表面积分布中以0.0－2.5 mm径级的根系为主。通过显著性相关分析,死根直径、体积密度、活根表面积等根系形态与土壤含水率、土壤温度和WUE间均存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,部分根系形态指标（如根系的生长速率、活根体积密度）只与坡位土壤含水量、土壤温度具有明显的相关性,表明隔沟交替灌溉对坡位根系形态的调控作用比垄位显著。     

Root tensile strength and root distribution of typical Mediterranean plant species and their contribution to soil shear strength

In Mediterranean environments, gully erosion is responsible for large soil losses. It has since long been recognized that slopes under vegetation are much more resistant to soil erosion processes compared to bare soils and improve slope stability. Planting or preserving vegetation in areas vulnerable to erosion is therefore considered to be a very effective soil erosion control measure. Re-vegetation strategies for erosion control rely in most cases on the effects of the above-ground biomass in reducing water erosion rates, whereas the role of the below-ground biomass is often neglected or underestimated. While the above-ground biomass can temporally disappear in semi-arid environments, roots may still be present underground and play an important role in protecting the topsoil from being eroded. In order to evaluate the potential of plant species growing in Mediterranean environments to prevent shallow mass movements on gully or terrace walls, the root reinforcement effect of 25 typical Mediterranean matorral species (i.e. shrubs, grasses herbs, small trees) was assessed, using the simple perpendicular model of Wu et al. (Can Geotech J 16:19–33, 1979). As little information is available on Mediterranean plant root characteristics, root distribution data were collected in SE-Spain and root tensile strength tests were conducted in the laboratory. The power root tensile strength–root diameter relationships depend on plant species. The results show that the shrubs Salsola genistoides Juss. Ex Poir. and Atriplex halimus L. have the strongest roots, followed by the grass Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) Beauv. The shrubs Nerium oleander L. and the grass Avenula bromoides (Gouan) H. Scholz have the weakest roots in tension. Root area ratio for the 0–0.1 m topsoil ranges from 0.08% for the grass Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss to 0.8% for the tree Tamarix canariensis Willd. The rush Juncus acutus L. provides the maximum soil reinforcement to the topsoil by its roots (i.e. 304 kPa). Grasses also increase soil shear strength significantly (up to 244 kPa in the 0–0.1 m topsoil for Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) Beauv.). The shrubs Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss. and Anthyllis cytisoides L. are increasing soil shear strength to a large extent as well (up to 134 and 160 kPa respectively in the 0–0.10 m topsoil). Whereas grasses and the rush Juncus acutus L. increase soil shear strength in the topsoil (0–0.10 m) to a large extent, the shrubs Anthyllis cytisoides (L.), Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss., Salsola genistoides Juss. Ex Poir. and Atriplex halimus L. strongly reinforce the soil to a greater depth (0–0.5 m). As other studies reported that Wu’s model overestimates root cohesion values, reported root cohesion values in this study are maximum values. Nevertheless, the calculated cohesion values are used to rank species according to their potential to reinforce the soil.