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1.
A number of bacteria belonging to the genera Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas and Erwinia have been tested for their capacity to oxidize l-amino acids to their corresponding α-keto acids. Members of the Proteus and the Providencia genera were active towards various l-amino acids. Immobilized cell preparations of Providencia sp. PCM 1298 were shown to form up to 80 mg α-keto-γ-methiol butyric acid from l-methionine per g of gel preparation (containing 4% w/w cells) per day. The productivity was highly dependent on the size of the beads. Oxygen appeared to be the rate-limiting substrate and oxygen transfer rates of 3–4 μmol cm?2h?1were calculated. The entrapment of activated charcoal to remove H2O2 formed during the oxidation extended the half-life of the immobilized biocatalyst considerably. A decrease in l-amino acid oxidase [l-amino acid: oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating); EC 1.4.3.2] activity during operation could be compensated for by reinoculation of the alginate-entrapped cells in fresh growth medium, allowing use of these preparations of immobilized bacterial cells for more than one month. 相似文献
2.
Incomplete source budgets for methyl halides – compounds that release inorganic chlorine and bromine radicals which, in turn, catalyze atmospheric ozone depletion – limit our ability to predict the fate of the stratospheric ozone layer. We report here the first measured emissions of methyl chloride, methyl bromide, and methyl iodide from ectomycorrhizal fungi. We grew nine fungal isolates on growth media containing halide concentrations similar to those found in soils and plant tissues. The observed range of emissions was 0.003–65 μg methyl chloride, 0.001–3 μg methyl bromide, and 0.02–12 μg methyl iodide g?1 dry weight fungi day?1. Species varied in production rates of methyl chloride vs. methyl bromide vs. methyl iodide. Cenococcum geophilum, a widespread ectomycorrhizal fungus, was further tested to investigate the effects of halide substrate concentration in growth media. Emissions from this species increased linearly with increasing concentrations of both bromide and iodide. In addition, a subset of four fungi was studied with two media concentrations each of chloride, bromide, and iodide (0.2 or 20 mm ). These fungi had similar responses to halide concentration, despite 1000‐fold differences in baseline emission rates between isolates. Finally, high chloride concentrations (20 mm ) in media did not appear to inhibit emissions of methyl bromide or methyl iodide. Overall, ectomycorrhizal fungi might be an important source of methyl halides to the atmosphere, and substrate concentrations and community composition may influence production levels in ecosystems. 相似文献
3.
3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase catalyzes the transfer of sulfur from 3-mercaptopyruvate to several possible acceptor molecules, one of which is cyanide. Because the transsulfuration of cyanide is the primary in vivo mechanism of detoxification, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase may function in the enzymatic detoxification of cyanide in vivo. Three α-keto acids (α-ketobutyrate, α-ketoglutarate, and pyruvate) have previously been demonstrated to be cyanide antidotes in vivo, and it has been suggested that this is due to the nonenzymatic binding of cyanide by the α-keto acid. However, it has also been proposed that α-keto acids may increase the activity of enzymes involved in the transsulfuration of cyanide. Thus, the effect of these three α-keto acids on the enzyme 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase was examined. All three α-keto acids inhibited 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in a concentration-dependent manner and were determined to be uncompetitive inhibitors of MST with respect to 3-mercaptopyruvate. The inhibitor constant Ki was estimated by two methods for each inhibitor and ranged from 4.3 to 6.3 mM. The I50, which is the inhibitor concentration that produces 50% inhibition, was calculated for all three α-keto acids and ranged between 9.5 and 13.7 mM. These observations add further support to the hypothesis that the mechanisms of the α-keto acid antidotes is the nonenzymatic binding of cyanide, not stimulation of enzymes involved in the transsulfuration of cyanide to thiocyanate. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
4.
Forest soils demonstrate in a microcosm the difficulties that are faced in quantifying methyl halide budgets. Carbon isotopic analyses have been proposed as a potential tool to address these concerns and in this study we have measured significant enrichment of the methyl chloride 13C/12C isotopic ratio (from ?40.2 ± 0.8‰ to ?33.4 ± 7.4‰) after 9 min chamber emplacement on local Irish forest soils. This enrichment occurred independent of direction of methyl chloride fluxes. Measurements from soil cores in a flow‐through system (FTS) are comparable with chamber‐based isotopic measurements and indicate that methyl chloride produced abiotically from organic soil horizons has an isotopic 13C signature of ?53 ± 49‰, significantly less depleted than previously reported. Average net methyl chloride, methyl bromide and methyl iodide fluxes from soils (77.8 ± 2.1, 1.25 ± 3.63 and 0.35 ± 2.00 μg MeX m?2 day?1, respectively) are in line with previously reported values; however, a better understanding of spatial and temporal variability is needed for budget quantification. Methyl halide fluxes from FTS soil cores demonstrate that, on a per gram basis, most consumption occurs through biologically driven processes in the O horizon, with progressively smaller contributions in deeper horizons. Sporadic biogenic production was observed in shallow soil horizons only. Abiotic production was at most one‐tenth the net biological reaction rate in the O horizon and did not appear to be significantly different from zero in lower horizons. Modelled emissions based upon observed and reported rates for production, consumption and diffusion within the soil atmosphere system are unable to replicate all observed isotopic signatures from chamber fluxes. 相似文献
5.
The various neutral amino acids and aliphatic 2-keto acids exhibit differential effects on insulin secretion. The common denominator for all these effects is the 2-ketoglutarate generation in the pancreatic B-cell mitochondria. The neutral amino acidsl-leucine andl-norvaline and the aliphatic ketomonocarboxylic acids 2-ketoisocaproate, 2-ketocaproate, 2-ketovalerate, and 2-keto-3-methylvalerate all stimulate insulin secretion and increase 2-ketoglutarate generation in pancreatic B-cell mitochondria through activation of glutamate dehydrogenase and transamination withl-glutamate andl-glutamine, respectively. The neutral amino acidsl-valine,l-norleucine, andl-alanine and the aliphatic 2-keto acids 2-ketoisovalerate and pyruvate do not stimulate insulin secretion and do not increase 2-ketoglutarate generation in pancreatic B-cell mitochondria. Inhibition of 2-keto acid induced insulin secretion byl-valine andl-isoleucine is accompanied by reduced 2-ketoglutarate generation in pancreatic B-cell mitochondria. Thus intramitochondrial 2-ketoglutarate generation in pancreatic B-cells may regulate the insulin secretory potency of amino acids and 2-keto acids. 相似文献
6.
One bond methyl 1H-13C and 13Cmethyl–13C scalar and residual dipolar couplings have been measured at sites in an 15N, 13C, 50% 2H labeled sample of the B1 immunoglobulin binding domain of peptostreptococcal protein L to investigate changes in the structure of methyl groups in response to deuterium substitution. Both one bond methyl 1H-13C and 13Cmethyl–13C scalar coupling constants have been found to decrease slightly with increasing deuterium content. Previous studies have shown that 1H-13C couplings in methyl groups are exquisitely sensitive to electronic structure, with decreases in coupling values as a function of deuteration consistent with a slight lengthening of the remaining H-C bonds. Changes in the HmethylCmethylC angle are found to be small, with average differences on the order of 0.3 ± 0.1° and 0.4 ± 0.2° between CH3, CH2D and CH3, CHD2 isotopomers, respectively. Knowledge of methyl geometry is a prerequisite for the extraction of accurate dynamics parameters from spin relaxation studies involving these groups. 相似文献
7.
Fatty acid short-chain esters (FASEs) are biodiesels that are renewable, nontoxic, and biodegradable biofuels. A novel approach for the biosynthesis of FASEs has been developed using metabolically-engineered E. coli through combination of the fatty acid and 2-keto acid pathways. Several genetic engineering strategies were also developed to increase fatty acyl-CoA availability to improve FASEs production. Fed-batch cultivation of the engineered E. coli resulted in a titer of 1008 mg/L FASEs. Since the fatty acid and 2-keto acid pathways are native microbial synthesis pathways, this strategy can be implemented in a variety of microorganisms to produce various FASEs from cheap and readily-available, renewable, raw materials such as sugars and cellulose in the future. 相似文献
8.
目的:研究复方α-酮酸对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者营养及脂质代谢的影响。方法:将40例MHD患者随机分为两组:(1)实验组(n=20),予常规蛋白饮食,并服用复方α-酮酸12片/d;(2)对照组(n=20),子常规蛋白饮食,不服用复方α-酮酸。分别于治疗前、治疗后3个月后测定各项血生化指标及人体测量学指标。结果:经3个月治疗后,实验组血白蛋白、前白蛋白较前明显升高(P〈0.01),总胆固醇和甘油三酯明显下降(P〈0.01),血红蛋白无明显变化(P〉0.05);对照组血红蛋白、血白蛋白、前白蛋白及血脂无明显变化;实验组及对照组治疗前后体重指数、肱三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂肌围无明显变化(P〉0.05)。结论:复方α-酮酸可有效改善维持性血液透析患者营养状况以及脂质代谢,但长期使用该疗法的疗效和安全性有待于进一步的研究。 相似文献
9.
Molecular mechanisms underlying Grateloupia imbricata (Rhodophyta) carposporogenesis induced by methyl jasmonate
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Pilar Garcia‐Jimenez Montserrat Montero‐Fernández Rafael R. Robaina 《Journal of phycology》2017,53(6):1340-1344
When applied in vitro, methyl jasmonate is sensed by the red seaweed Grateloupia imbricate, substantially and visually affecting its carposporogenesis. However, although there is some understanding of the morphological changes induced by methyl jasmonate in vitro, little is known about the genes that are involved in red seaweed carposporogenesis and how their protein products act. For the work reported herein, the expression of genes in red seaweed that encode enzymes involved in the synthesis of methyl jasmonate (jasmonic acid carboxyl methyl transferase and a putative methyl transferase) was monitored. Additionally the genes involved in oxidation (cytochrome P450 and WD40), jasmonate synthesis, signal transduction, and regulation of reactive oxygen species (MYB), and reproduction (ornithine decarboxylase) were monitored. To determine when or if the aforementioned genes were expressed during cystocarp development, fertilized and fertile thalli were exposed to methyl jasmonate and gene expression was measured after 24 and 48 h. The results showed that methyl jasmonate promoted differential gene expression in fertilized thalli by 24 h and upregulated expression of the ornithine decarboxylase gene only by 48 h in fertile thalli (0.75 ± 003 copies · μL?1 at 24 h vs. 1.11 ± 0.04 copies · μL?1 at 48 h). We conclude that Ornithine decarboxylase expression involves methyl jasmonate signaling as well as development and maturation of cystocarps. 相似文献
10.
《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(10):2478-2486
For easy measurement of 5-keto D-gluconate (5KGA) and 2-keto D-gluconate (2KGA), two enzymes, 5KGA reductase (5KGR) and 2KGA reductase (2KGR) are useful. The gene for 5KGR has been reported, and a corresponding gene was found in the genome of Gluconobacter oxydans 621H and was identified as GOX2187. On the other hand, the gene for 2KGR was identified in this study as GOX0417 from the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the partially purified enzyme. Several plasmids were constructed to express GOX2187 and GOX0417, and the final constructed plasmids showed good expression of 5KGR and 2KGR in Escherichia coli. From the two E. coli transformants, large amounts of each enzyme were easily prepared after one column chromatography, and the preparation was ready to use for quantification of 5KGA or 2KGA. 相似文献
11.
Alexander H. Cocolas Eden L. Parks Andrew J. Ressler Mia H. Havasi Navindra P. Seeram Geneive E. Henry 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2019,29(19):126636
Sixteen β-keto sulfide derivatives of carvacrol (4–19) incorporating phenyl or N, O and S heterocyclic moieties were synthesized in three steps. The relationships between heterocyclic structure and cupric, Cu(II), ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) were examined. Nine of the compounds (8–9 and 13–19) showed better CUPRAC activity than trolox at neutral pH, with trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) coefficients ranging between 1.20 and 1.75. Two derivatives (11–12) showed comparable reducing capacity to trolox, with TEAC values of 0.95 for 11 and 1.02 for 12. Compounds 8–9 and 11–19 were more effective at reducing the Cu(II) ion than ascorbic acid and the parent compound, carvacrol. The most effective antioxidants were those containing an oxadiazole, thiadiazole or triazole moiety. In particular, the methyl thiadiazole derivative (15) had the highest Cu(II) ion reducing capacity, with a TEAC coefficient of 1.73. 相似文献
12.
A rapid and convenient method is described for methylating prostanoids and other arachidonic acid metabolites. With 3H-methyl iodide of high specific activity, tracers for radioimmunoassay can be produced at a cost which is only a fraction of that of labeled compounds currently available. In radioimmunoassays for PGE2, TXB2 and 6-keto -PGF1α, labeled methyl esters gave results which were comparable to those obtained with the use of tritiated free acids as radioligands. 相似文献
13.
An understanding of side chain motions in protein is of great interest since side chains often play an important role in protein folding and intermolecular interactions. A novel method for measuring the dynamics of methyl groups in uniformly 13C-, 15N-labeled proteins has been developed by our group. The method relies on the difference in peak intensities of 13C quartet components of methyl groups, in a spectrum recording the free evolution of 13C under proton coupling in a constant-time period. Cross-correlated relaxation rates between 13C-1H dipoles can be easily measured from the intensities of the multiplet components. The degree of the methyl restrictions (S 2) can be estimated from the cross-correlated relaxation rate. The method is demonstrated on a sample of human fatty acid binding protein in the absence of fatty acid. We obtained relaxation data for 33 out of 46 residues having methyl groups in apo-IFABP. It has been found that the magnitude of the CSA tensor of spin 13C in a methyl group could be estimated from the intensities of the 13C multiplet components. 相似文献
14.
Simple pulse schemes are presented for the measurement of methyl 13C and 1H CSA values from 1H–13C dipole/13C CSA and 1H–13C dipole/1H CSA cross-correlated relaxation. The methodology is applied to protein L and malate synthase G. Average 13C CSA values are considerably smaller for Ile than Leu/Val (17 vs 25 ppm) and are in good agreement with previous solid state NMR studies of powders of amino acids and dipeptides and in reasonable agreement with quantum-chemical DFT calculations of methyl carbon CSA values in peptide fragments. Small averaged 1H CSA values on the order of 1 ppm are measured, consistent with a solid state NMR determination of the methyl group 1H CSA in dimethylmalonic acid. 相似文献
15.
Margaret F. Roberts 《Phytochemistry》1974,13(9):1841-1845
Studies with [methyl-14C]-l-methionine have established that the methyl carbon of l-methionine can act as a precursor of the N-methyl group of methyl coniine in Conium maculatum. 相似文献
16.
Electro-olfactograms were used to determine sensitivity and specificity of olfactory organs of female sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) to four bile acids: 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate and 3-keto allocholic acid from spermiating males and petromyzonol sulfate and allocholic acid from larvae. Spermiating male bile acids are thought to function as a mating pheromone and larval bile acids as a migratory pheromone. The response threshold was 10–12 mol l–1 for 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate and 10–10 mol l–1 for the other bile acids. At concentrations above 10–9 mol l–1, the sulfated bile acids showed almost identical potency, as did the non-sulfated bile acids. The two sulfated bile acids were more potent than the two non-sulfated ones. In addition, 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate and water conditioned with spermiating males induced similar concentration-response curves and response thresholds. Cross-adaptation experiments demonstrated that the sulfated and non-sulfated bile acids represent different odors to the olfactory epithelium of females. Further exploration revealed that 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate represents a different odor than petromyzonol sulfate, while 3-keto allocholic acid and allocholic acid represent the same odor. Results indicate that male-specific bile acids are potent and specific stimulants to the female olfactory organ, supporting the previous hypothesis that these bile acids function as a pheromone.Abbreviations 3kACA
3-keto allocholic acid
- 3kPZS
3-keto petromyzonol sulfate
- ACA
allocholic acid
- ANOVA
analysis of variance
- ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EOG
electro-olfactogram
- PIR
percent initial response
- PZS
petromyzonol sulfate
- SMW
spermiating male washings 相似文献
17.
The eight geometrically isomeric methyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoates were prepared by using the Wittig reaction to couple cis- or trans-3-hexyenyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and methyl 12-oxo-cis- or trans-9-dodecenoate. Pairs of geometric triene isomers formed were separated by partial silver resin chromatography. Physical constants including melting points, percent trans by infrared, equivalent chain lengths (ECL), and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemcial shifts are tabulated for the individual isomers. 相似文献
18.
A simple spectral editing procedure is described that generates separate subspectra for the methyl 13C-1H3 multiplet components of 1H-13C HSQC spectra. The editing procedure relies on co-addition of in-phase and antiphase spectra and yields 1H-coupled constant-time HSQC subspectra for the methyl region that have the simplicity of the regular decoupled CT-HSQC spectrum. Resulting spectra permit rapid and reliable measurement of 1H-13C J and dipolar couplings. The editing procedure is illustrated for a Ca2+-calmodulin sample in isotropic and liquid crystalline phases. 相似文献
19.
Sensitivity to azoxystrobin and kresoxim‐methyl of 80 single‐spore isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae was determined. The EC50 values for azoxystrobin and kresoxim‐methyl in inhibiting mycelial growth of the 80 M. oryzae isolates were 0.006–0.056 and 0.024–0.287 µg mL?1, respectively. The EC50 values for azoxystrobin and kresoxim‐methyl in inhibiting conidial germination of the M. oryzae populations were 0.004–0.051 and 0.012–0.105 µg mL?1, respectively. There was significant difference in sensitivity to azoxystrobin or kresoxim‐methyl between the tested isolates representing differential sensitivity to carbendazim (MBC) and kitazin P (IBP); however, there was no correlation between this difference in sensitivity to azoxystrobin or kresoxim‐methyl and sensitivity to MBC or IBP, indicating that there was no cross‐resistance between azoxystrobin or kresoxim‐methyl and MBC or IBP. In the protective and curative experiments, kresoxim‐methyl exhibited higher protective and curative activity than azoxystrobin when applied at 150 and 250 µg mL?1 accordingly, while azoxystrobin exhibited stronger inhibitory activity against M. oryzae isolates than that of kresoxim‐methyl in the in vitro test. The results of field experiments also suggested that both azoxystrobin and kresoxim‐methyl at 187.5 g.a.i. ha?1 gave over 73% control efficacy in both sites, exhibiting excellent activity against rice blast. Taken together, azoxystrobin and kresoxim‐methyl could be a good substitute for MBC or IBP for controlling rice blast in China, but should be carefully used as they were both at‐risk. 相似文献
20.
We have studied the role of sodium ions in methyl β-thiogalactoside (TMG) transport via the melibiose permease (TMG II) in SalmonellaTMG uptake via TMG Il in anaerobic, starved and metabolically poisoned cells is dependent on an inward-directed Na+ gradient.Cells which have been partially depleted of endogenous substrates show H+ extrusion upon sodium-stimulated TMG influx.Measurements of the electrochemical H+ gradient in cells, starved in different ways for endogenous substrates, suggest that this proton extrusion is probably not linked to the actual translocation mechanism but is the result of metabolism induced by TMG plus Na+ uptake. 相似文献