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1.
Eriborus applititus Sheng & Sun (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is a specialist parasitoid of the small carpenter moth Holcocerus insularis Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). Each year damages to trees caused by H. insularis lead to extensive economic and ecological losses. E. applititus is thus a promising candidate for use as a biocontrol agent against H. insularis. To investigate the means by which E. applititus locates and parasitizes H. insularis, we used scanning electron microscopy to determine the morphology and distribution of sensilla on antenna, ovipositor and leg of male and female E. applititus. Eight different sensilla types were found: sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, sensilla placodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla pit basiconica, sensilla campaniformia and Böhm's bristles. The sensilla types were differently distributed in the three organs. In addition, differences between sexes were found in the distribution of sensilla trichodea type 2, sensilla placodea and sensilla chaetica type 4. Putative functions of the sensilla are discussed based on the morphological and location data and on previous research. Chemosensitive sensilla are putatively involved in host detection, pheromone detection and host discrimination processes. Mechanoreceptive sensilla likely function as vibrational sensors and are thought to be critical for accurate ovipositor positioning. 相似文献
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Angélica Herrera‐Sepúlveda Linda K. Medlin Gopal Murugan Arturo P. Sierra‐Beltrán Ariel A. Cruz‐Villacorta Norma Y. Hernández‐Saavedra 《Journal of phycology》2015,51(1):173-188
The taxonomic assignment of Prorocentrum species is based on morphological characteristics; however, morphological variability has been found for several taxa isolated from different geographical regions. In this study, we evaluated species boundaries of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Prorocentrum belizeanum based on morphological and molecular data. A detailed morphological analysis was done, concentrating on the periflagellar architecture. Molecular analyses were performed on partial Small Sub‐Unit (SSU) rDNA, partial Large Sub‐Unit (LSU) rDNA, complete Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions (ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2), and partial cytochrome b (cob) sequences. We concatenated the SSU‐ITS‐LSU fragments and constructed a phylogenetic tree using Bayesian Inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Morphological analyses indicated that the main characters, such as cell size and number of depressions per valve, normally used to distinguish P. hoffmannianum from P. belizeanum, overlapped. No clear differences were found in the periflagellar area architecture. Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and P. belizeanum were a highly supported monophyletic clade separated into three subclades, which broadly corresponded to the sample collection regions. Subtle morphological overlaps found in cell shape, size, and ornamentation lead us to conclude that P. hoffmanianum and P. belizeanum might be considered conspecific. The molecular data analyses did not separate P. hoffmannianum and P. belizeanum into two morphospecies, and thus, we considered them to be the P. hoffmannianum species complex because their clades are separated by their geographic origin. These geographic and genetically distinct clades could be referred to as ribotypes: (A) Belize, (B) Florida‐Cuba, (C1) India, and (C2) Australia. 相似文献
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Microtriches on the scolices and adjacent strobila of seven species of diphyllobothriidean cestodes (Bothridium pithonis, Cephalochlamys namaquensis, Dibothriocephalus latus, Duthiersia expansa, D. fimbriata, Ligula intestinalis, and Schistocephalus solidus) from different hosts (frogs, snakes, lizards, birds, and mammals) and biogeographic areas were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The basic structure of the tegument of the seven species studied does not differ markedly from that found in other cestodes. The main characteristic is the presence of electron‐dense bodies and vesicles in the distal cytoplasm. However, this study has shown differences in the morphology of microtriches even among species of the same family. Two different types of microtriches were found, filitriches and spinitriches, with the latter represented by two forms. Our study reveals that capilliform filitriches are most commonly found in Diphyllobothriidea. They were observed mainly on the strobila and the scolices of all but one studied species; individuals of L. intestinalis bore only coniform spinitriches on their surface. The same type of microtriches was found on the cirrus in D. latus. Gladiate spinitriches covered the scolex in both species of Duthiersia, and gladiate spinitriches interspersed with capilliform filitriches were observed on the anterior part of the strobila in D. fimbriata and the posterior part of the scolex in B. pithonis. Individuals of C. namaquensis were covered only by small acicular filitriches. No obvious pattern in the type and distribution of microtriches was observed among species that belong to different families and parasitize distantly related definitive hosts. 相似文献
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Sophie J. McCoy 《Journal of phycology》2013,49(5):830-837
As the process of ocean acidification alters seawater carbon chemistry, physiological processes such as skeletal accretion are expected to become more difficult for calcifying organisms. The crustose coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) form an important guild of calcifying primary producers in the temperate Northeast Pacific. The morphology of important ecological traits, namely, skeletal density and thallus thickness near the growing edge, was evaluated in Pseudolithophyllum muricatum (Foslie) Steneck & R.T. Paine, the competitively dominant alga within this guild. P. muricatum shows a morphological response to increased ocean acidification in the temperate Northeast Pacific. Comparing historical (1981–1997) and modern (2012) samples from the field, crust thickness near the growing edge was approximately half as thick in modern samples compared with historical samples, while crust calcite density showed no significant change between the two sample groups. Morphological changes at the growing edge have important consequences for mediating competitive interactions within this guild of algae, and may affect the role of crustose coralline algal beds as hosts to infaunal communities and facilitators of recruitment in many invertebrate and macroalgal species. 相似文献
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The ocellate and pseudocellate diatoms in the Eupodiscaceae and Biddulphiaceae (respectively) are common inhabitants of the marine littoral (and plankton zone) with a rich fossil history making them important components of marine stratigraphic studies and good candidates for molecular dating work. These diatoms are important for un‐derstanding the phylogeny of the diatoms as a whole, as molecular phylogenies have blurred the traditional distinction between the pennate and multipolar non‐pennate diatoms. However, the convoluted taxonomic history of these groups has the potential to disrupt both stratigraphic and molecular dating studies. Although efforts have been made to examine frustule morphology of several ocellate and pseudocellate diatoms and develop a morphological scheme to define genera, very little work has been done to determine how these groups are interrelated. In this study, we use nuclear and chloroplast molecular markers to construct a phylogeny of a diverse sampling of Eupodiscaceae and Biddulphiaceae taxa. The ocellus‐bearing taxa (Eupodiscaceae) are monophyletic, and thus the ocellus may be a useful character in delimiting the Eupodiscaceae, the Biddulphiaceae are polyphyletic and scattered across a number of lineages of multipolar non‐pennate diatoms. Hypothesis testing aimed at assessing the likeliness of several morphology based hypotheses against the molecular data highlights uncertainty in both types of data. We present evidence that there are monophyletic genera within both the Biddulphiaceae and Eupodiscaceae, and recommend the taxa within the Odontella mobilensis/sinensis/regia clade be transferred to a new genus: Trieres Ashworth & Theriot. 相似文献
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The tongues of ten seagulls and six common buzzards were examined. In both species, papillae linguales caudales were shaped like a letter “V” between the corpus linguae and the radix linguae. From these papillae, the length of the laterally placed papillae was greater compared with others in both species. Two or three secondary papillae were detected on these papillae in the seagull. In scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations, in the seagull, the apex linguae was composed of multilayered desquamated cells, while in the buzzard, scalelike simple projections on the surface of desquamated cells were observed. In the buzzard, glandula (gll). linguales, and gll. mandibulares caudales were seen, while in the seagull, gll. cricoarytenoideae and gll. mandibulares caudales were present. In the seagull, apex linguae were bifurcated, and there were desquamating multilayered cells, particularly at the apex linguae. The number and location of salivary gland orifices are specific to this species. The common buzzard had similarities to many characteristics of the long‐legged buzzard. An absence of long and curly threadlike projections at the two lateral sides of the corpus linguae and an excessive number of salivary gland orifices at the corpus linguae were the main differences from the long‐legged buzzard. 相似文献
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Peter Lorenz Annerose Heller Marek Bunse Miriam Heinrich Melanie Berger Jürgen Conrad Florian C. Stintzing Dietmar R. Kammerer 《化学与生物多样性》2018,15(5)
Seeds from Hypericum species have recently been identified as an interesting source of xanthone derivatives. Extraction of seeds from H. perforatum with MeOH and subsequent concentration via polyamide adsorption yielded a fraction enriched in tetrahydroxyxanthones (THX), which were further semipurified by silica gel chromatography. Based on tentative structure assignment of the two main THX X1 and X2 by NMR a total synthesis was performed for both compounds (THX 1 and 2 , respectively), starting with an Ullmann ether synthesis. The synthesized 1 and 2 were characterized via 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR methods as well as by LC/HR‐MS analysis and proven to be 1,4,6,7‐THX ( 1 ) and 1,2,6,7‐THX ( 2 ). Final structure assignment of the natural Hypericum THX constituents was accomplished by comparing chromatographic and spectroscopic data (LC/MSn and GC/MS) with those of 1 and 2 which were obtained by synthesis. Beyond, investigations into the seeds of H. perforatum and H. tetrapterum by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided insights of the structure of the testa (seed coat), which is established by two cell layers, with the lignified sclerenchyma presumably being the depository of the xanthones. 相似文献
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Juliana P. Guimarães Renata B. Mari Alfredo Le Bas Ii‐Sei Watanabe 《Acta zoologica》2014,95(2):239-247
The Southern‐fur‐seal belongs to the order Carnivora, suborder Pinnipedia, and Otariidae family. This species inhabits aquatic and terrestrial environments, thus presenting important morphophysiological adaptive changes, especially in the cardiac system. For this purpose, Southern‐fur‐seal (Arctocephalus australis) hearts were used from animals that died from natural causes. Gross morphology observations were supported by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The heart was long and flat; it was lined by pericardium and partly covered by lungs. Structurally, atrium and ventricle muscle fibers exhibit typical features of cardiac fibers revealing myofibrils bundles, mitochondria, plate‐shaped junctions, anastomosis between myofibrils bundles, and electron‐dense granule natriuretic around the nucleus and mitochondria of atrium muscle cells. The Southern‐fur‐seal heart was structurally similar to other mammals; however, it presented morphological changes that assist in their adaptation to their environment. 相似文献
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Hua Li Hongqi Zhang Lin Yang Shanshan Lu Junbo Ge 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2014,18(6):975-978
Telocytes (TCs) are a novel type of interstitial cell of whom presence has been recently documented in many tissues and organs. However, whether TCs exists in bone marrow is still not reported. This study aims to find out TCs in mice bone marrow by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). SEM images showed that in mice bone marrow most of TCs have small spherical cell body (usually 4–6 μm diameter) with thin long telopodes (Tps; usually one to three). The longest Tp observed was about 70 μm, with an uneven calibre. Direct intercellular contacts exist between TCs. TEM shows mitochondria within dilations of Tps. Also, by TEM, we show the close spatial relations of Tps with blood vessels. In conclusion, this study provides ultrastructural evidence regarding the existence of TCs in mice bone marrow, in situ. 相似文献
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Pengia Geyer & Corbacho is a Cambrian burlingiid trilobite with fused trunk segments devoid of any articulation in the anamorphic and epimorphic phases of development. The type species is Pengia fusilis (Peng et al.) from the Wanshania wanshanensis Zone of China. Here we describe a second species, Pengia palsgaardia sp. nov., from the Lejopyge laevigata Zone of the Paradoxides forchhammeri Superzone. It comes from a glacial erratic in Denmark which probably originated in the Alum Shale Formation of Västergötland, Sweden. Pengia palsgaardia is a large burlingiid (~10 mm in length), with 14 fused segments in the trunk whose boundaries are marked by ridges. The axis is narrow, with the axial furrows faintly indicated or effaced across the median. Laterally along the axis and the tapering glabella, symmetrical globular lobes are developed that are pinched at their base. During ontogeny the glabellar furrows are pit‐like adaxially but shallow towards the axial furrow as the globular lobes develop. Their pit‐like appearance in Pengia palsgaardia and some other burlingiid species is not considered similar to the condition seen in oryctocephalid trilobites. A median preglabellar ridge resembling that of Schmalenseeia Moberg develops late in ontogeny but in early ontogeny the preglabellar field resembles that of Burlingia Walcott, Alumenella Geyer & Corbacho and Niordilobites Geyer & Corbacho. This gives Pengia a more basal position in the schmalenseeid lineage, outside the derived Schmalenseeia. In mature specimens the facial sutures in P. palsgaardia are fused, but an ocular suture may have been present. During ontogeny Pengia would have gone through the anamorphic and protomeric protaspid segmental conditions, but articulation between either the cephalon and pygidium, or pygidium and thoracic segments of the trunk never developed so it did not progress beyond the protaspid phase. This extreme protomeric development is considered to be a derived feature in Pengia. 相似文献
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The diagnostic features of otolith morphology were provided for the clupeid fishes of the Iranian brackish and marine resources to be used as diagnostic features for the identification of clupeids diversity in these regions. Fish individuals belong to 20 species belong to 13 genera, and four families were collected from the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Makran zone of the Oman Sea. Overall, seven otolith morphotypes were distinguished, that is lanceolated (45%), fusiform (20%), boot-like (15%) and clamp-like, pentagonal, elliptic and rectangular (each 5%, respectively). The univariate analysis showed that all variables except shape index [sulcus area (SS)/otolith area (OS)] and ROx (roundness) were significantly different among the clupeid species. The interspecific relationships of the otoliths were analysed based on the data of otolith morphology and otolith shape indices. Both dendrograms showed somehow an obvious separation among the studied species. However, the interspecific relationships in the dendrogram based on the otolith morphology have a better resolution. These phenotypic relationships based on otolith morphology among the studied clupeids are largely consistent with the previous hypothesis on the systematics of these fishes and emphasized that the morphological and morphometric features of the otolith, which are highlighted in this study, could be adequately used as diagnostic features for the identification of clupeids diversity. 相似文献
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Watchara Arthan Paweena Traiperm Stephan W. Gale Monthon Norsaengsri Lalita Kethirun 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2016,181(2):224-245
Hackelochloa is a pantropical genus of plant in the Poaceae, in which only two species have been included, H. granularis and H. porifera. Despite several morphological differences, notably the more prominent sculpturing of the lower glume and the larger dimensions of several quantitative traits, H. porifera has been reduced to the synonymy of H. granularis. Moreover, the status of the genus itself has been questioned, with a regional revision of the genus proposing inclusion of its members in the genus Mnesithea. In the present study, we investigated a range of morphological and anatomical attributes to assess critically the generic delimitation between Hackelochloa and Mnesithea. In clustering analysis, H. granularis, H. porifera and Mnesithea species were clearly resolved as three distinct groups with an R‐value of 0.98114. Likewise, three clusters representing these taxonomic units were revealed using principal component analysis (PCA), with the first two principal components highlighting key qualitative and quantitative characters. Scanning electron microscopy was used to reveal different patterns of sculpturing on the lower glumes in the two putative species and the ecological significance of these differences is inferred. The outline of leaf transverse sections, presence of parenchymatous tissue in the midrib region, number of adjacent bundles and number of chlorenchyma layers in the culm were also found to be diagnostic anatomical characters. This study supports the recognition of H. porifera as distinct from H. granularis and provides evidence that the genus Hackelochloa should be maintained. 相似文献
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We compared the mating systems and genital morphology of three Orius species dominant in Japan: Orius sauteri (Poppius), Orius minutus (L.), and Orius strigicollis (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). In all three species, the males were polygamous and could inseminate at least three females at a rate of one female per day. Compared to the other two species, the O. minutus males had a lower rate of success in three consecutive mating orders. The mated females laid the same number of eggs irrespective of mating sequence. Orius minutus and O. strigicollis females were found to be monandrous, and they re‐mated with another male only when the 1st mating failed. In contrast, O. sauteri females were polyandrous and accepted a 2nd male even when the 1st mating was successful. Multiple mating with a single male did not increase their fecundity, and it decreased the hatching success of eggs. Mating with multiple males did not affect the fecundity or hatching success. Our scanning electron microscopy observation suggested that the genitalia of O. minutus and O. strigicollis were more similar in shape. The similarities in mating system and morphology between O. minutus and O. strigicollis support a close phylogenetic relationship. 相似文献
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Hua Zhang Zhen Wu Jingyi Cen Yang Li Hualong Wang Songhui Lu 《Phycological Research》2016,64(4):259-273
Species of the marine benthic dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus are the principal cause of Ciguatera fish poisoning. This genus has been recorded from tropical to temperate oceans, although Gambierdiscus species have rarely been found in Chinese waters. Our work revealed the morphological and genetic characteristics of three potentially toxic Gambierdiscus species observed in the temperate to subtropical waters of China. The fine thecal morphology was determined based on light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses, and these species were also characterized by sequencing the D1–D3 and D8–D10 regions of the LSU rDNA. The morphological and genetic data indicated that these three Gambierdiscus species were G. pacificus, G. australes and G. caribaeus. This work provides the first report of these species in Chinese waters, which increases the known species distribution of this genus. 相似文献
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GuoQing Li FeiFei Liu JieQiong Li QianLi Liu ShuaiFei Chen 《Journal of Phytopathology》2016,164(5):348-353
China is the largest walnut producer in the world, and walnut trees, especially English walnut, are widely distributed in the country. Species of Botryosphaeriaceae include important plant pathogens that can cause diseases on many tree crops including English walnut. Recently, disease symptoms caused by Botryosphaeriaceae were observed on English walnut branches or kernels from Beijing, Henan and Sichuan provinces in China. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS rDNA sequences and translation elongation factor 1‐alpha (TEF‐1α) gene regions, Botryosphaeria dothidea and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae were identified. Pathogenicity tests showed that both species are virulent to English walnut. To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. pseudotheobromae infecting English walnut in the world. 相似文献