6种寄主果实对南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇产卵选择及其子代发育的影响

为探讨南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇对不同寄主的产卵选择性及其与子代生长发育的关联度,采用生态测定方法,研究2种实蝇对南瓜、黄瓜、姜柄瓜、西葫芦、丝瓜和苦瓜6种寄主果实的产卵选择以及幼虫取食6种寄主后对其生长发育的影响。在产卵选择性试验中,2种实蝇对6种寄主的产卵选择性较为一致,均偏向于在丝瓜和黄瓜上产卵。在非产卵选择性试验中,南瓜实蝇在黄瓜和姜柄瓜上的产卵量较多;瓜实蝇在丝瓜和姜柄瓜上的产卵量较多;2种实蝇都对姜柄瓜有一定的偏好。在气味诱导的产卵选择性试验中,南瓜实蝇在姜柄瓜和黄瓜上的产卵量较多;瓜实蝇在黄瓜和丝瓜上的产卵量较多;2种实蝇都对黄瓜气味有一定的偏好;且南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇都不偏好在苦瓜上产卵。南瓜实蝇分别取食黄瓜、苦瓜时,其幼虫期、蛹期较短;取食姜柄瓜时,蛹重最大;分别取食南瓜和黄瓜时的化蛹率、羽化率最高。瓜实蝇取食西葫芦时,幼虫期较短;取食丝瓜时,蛹期较短,且蛹重最大;分别取食黄瓜和南瓜时的化蛹率、羽化率最高。南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇对不同寄主果实的产卵选择性均存在明显差异,寄主外部物理性状对实蝇的产卵选择有显著影响,2种实蝇对6种寄主果实产卵选择性和幼虫生长发育适应性的相关性不显著。     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

橘小实蝇幼虫液体人工饲料中pH值对其生长发育的影响

本文主要研究了橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料中不同酸度对橘小实蝇生长发育的影响。继代饲养3代的结果表明：饲料酸度对橘小实蝇化蛹率和后代卵孵化率没有影响;对橘小实蝇蛹重、成虫羽化率和产卵量有显著影响。橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料的pH值调节至3.6时仍可以获得质量较高的橘小实蝇。     

食料对南亚果实蝇解毒酶活力的影响

昆虫解毒酶是一类异质酶系, 对分解大量的内源或外源有毒物质、维持正常生理代谢起着重要作用。本文采用生物化学的方法测定了5种寄主果实对南亚果实蝇Bactrocera tau Walker 3个虫态体内总蛋白含量和5种解毒酶的活力。双因子方差分析显示, 南亚果实蝇种群取食黄瓜Cucumis sativus L.、南瓜Cucurbita moschala L.、丝瓜Luffa cylindrical L.、冬瓜Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Coqn.和苦瓜Momordica charantia L.后, 体内蛋白含量和解毒酶活性均存在显著差异。以丝瓜为食料时, 南亚果实蝇体内蛋白含量较高; 而以黄瓜和冬瓜为食料时蛋白含量则相对较低。在以上5种寄主果实间, 南亚果实蝇的羧酸酯酶（CarE）活性在黄瓜和南瓜上较高, 细胞色素P450 O-脱甲基和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）活性在苦瓜上较高, 酸性磷酸酯酶（ACP）和碱性磷酸酯酶（ALP）活性却分别在黄瓜和南瓜上较低。在幼虫、蛹和成虫3个虫态间, 解毒酶活性亦存在显著差异, 成虫具有较高的CarE活性;幼虫具有较高的细胞色素P450 O-脱甲基, GST和ALP活性,但具有较低的ACP活性;除ACP外,蛹期解毒酶活性均较低。据以上结果可以推测,南亚果实蝇解毒酶活力受寄主果实种类以及该种群本身发育阶段的影响。     

Cytological evidence for a complex of species within the taxon Bactrocera tau (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand

Analysis of mitotic karyotypes of wild specimens of larvae of the Bactrocera tea-like fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand has revealed seven distinct chromosome forms, based on the amount and distribution of heterochromatin in sex chromosomes and autosomes. Such cytological differences are perfecdy correlated with morphological observations and molecular genetics data. These findings clearly suggest that B. tau is a cluster of at least seven closely related species temporarily designated as species A (= B. tau) , B, C, D, E, F and G. On die basis of the gross quantity of heterochromatin accumulation in the genome, three groups of mitotic karyotypes can be recognized. Group 1 comprises species A and E. Species E specifically occurs only in fruits of Strychnos thorelii while species A attacks many kinds of host plants. Group 2 contains species B, F and G. Species B has been found only in Siphonodon celastrineus fruit, whereas species F and G attack die same host species, the medically important plant, Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus , albeit in different localities. Group 3 includes species C and D, each of which comprises larger amounts of pericentric heterochromatin in all chromosomes than die other two groups. Hence, diese two species are cytologically remote from those of groups 1 and 2. Species C and D occur allopatrically but they attack the same host plant species, Momordica cochinchinensis. Thus, genetic differentiation at the chromosomal level to specific host plant species and geographic isolation seem to play an important role in speciation of members of the B. tau complex.     

基于mtDNA Cytb 的六种果实蝇的分子鉴定

本研究首次对果实蝇属的桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis、瓜实蝇B. cucurbitae、南瓜实蝇B. tau、番石榴实蝇B. correcta、具条实蝇B. scutellata、黑漆实蝇B. scutellaris等6种实蝇mtDNA Cytb基因进行了测序。对这6种实蝇72个个体mtDNA Cytb基因中段420 bp的碱基序列进行分析,得到38种单倍型,发现了116个变异位点,其中30个位点较为稳定。对这6种实蝇与其各自鉴别位点的对应关系研究表明,mtDNA Cytb基因可以作为这6种实蝇种类鉴别的分子标记。     

Phenetic structure of two Bactrocera tau cryptic species (Diptera: Tephritidae) infesting Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) in Thailand and Laos

Morphometric variation with respect to wing venation patterns was explored for 777 specimens of the Bactrocera tau complex collected in Thailand (nine provinces) and Laos (one locality). Cryptic species B. tau A and C were identified based on their wing shape similarity to published reference images. In Thailand, the B. tau A species was identified in four provinces and the B. tau C species in seven provinces, and both species in one locality of Laos. The objective of the study was to explain the geographic variation of size and shape in two cryptic species collected from the same host (Momordica cochinchinensis). Although collected from the same host, the two species did not show the same morphological variance: it was higher in the B. tau A species, which currently infests a wide range of different fruit species, than in the B. tau C species, which is specific to only one fruit (M. cochinchinensis). Moreover, the two species showed a different population structure. An isolation by distance model was apparent in both sexes of species C, while it was not detected in species A. Thus, the metric differences were in apparent accordance with the known behavior of these species, either as a generalist (species A) or as a specialist (species C), and for each species our data suggested different sources of shape diversity: genetic drift for species C, variety of host plants (and probably also pest–host-relationship) for species A. In addition to these distinctions, the larger species, B. tau C, showed less sexual size and shape dimorphism. The data presented here confirm the previously established wing shape differences between the two cryptic species. Character displacement has been discussed as a possible origin of this interspecific variation. The addition of previously published data on species A from other hosts allowed the testing of the character displacement hypothesis. The hypothesis was rejected for interspecific shape differences, but was maintained for size differences.     

Mating activity of Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on its larval host plant Solanum mauritianum Scopoli in southeast Queensland

A detailed study was conducted on the mating behaviour of Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in nature. Plant tissues from Solanum mauritianum Scopoli, the primary larval host for B. cacuminata, were also analysed for methyl eugenol content. In the field, over a 15 month period, 44,171 observations of adult B. cacuminata individuals were made including 1109 mating pairs on S. mauritianum. Calling behaviour consisting of wing fanning and anus beating by males was also consistently observed on the underside of leaves of S. mauritianum after sunset. Female flies that arrived into these groups of 10-15 calling males were mated and often remained coupled until dawn. No methyl eugenol was detected from the analysis of leaves, flowers and fruits of S. mauritianum. Thus, B. cacuminata does not need to aggregate at sites where methyl eugenol is present and the hypothesis that this chemical plays a role in the selection of mating sites by B. cacuminata is not supported by the current study. It is concluded that S. mauritianum is the primary site of mating for B. cacuminata in nature and that the concept that the larval host plant is the centre of activity for dacine fruit flies remains robust, being fully supported by the results of this study.     

The geometric approach to explore the Bactrocera tau complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand

Specimens of the genus Bactrocera were collected from several host plants in northern and western Thailand. They were morphologically recognized as Bactrocera tau and were subdivided into eleven samples according to host plant, geographic origin and time of collection. Twelve landmarks of the right wing were described in a total of 264 males and 276 females. An exploratory analysis using kernel density estimates was performed on the multivariate morphometric space. Non-parametric classification highlighted the existence of two non-overlapping clusters within both males and females. The clusters were not congruent with geography. One cluster (cluster I) contained only one plant, Momordica cochinchinensis, the other one (cluster II) contained five different plants including M. cochinchinensis. Further morphometric analyses on selected samples indicated that the influence of the plants on the shape of the wing could not explain satisfactorily the presence of two clusters. Genetic techniques identified the presence of B. tau cryptic species C in M. cochinchinensis from cluster I, and of B. tau cryptic species A in Coccinia grandis from cluster II. Our working hypothesis is that the two clusters identified by geometric morphometrics were species A and C, respectively.     

The response of two Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) to fruit volatiles

Bactrocera dorsalis and B. correcta are serious pests of agricultural fruit crops. Both species are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries, especially in Asia. For integrated management of both Bactrocera species, understanding their olfactory behavior is vital for designing reliable control strategies. In this study, the response of female B. dorsalis and B. correcta adults to three main volatile components of fruits was evaluated using the Y-tube olfactometer. Our results showed that at higher concentrations all volatile components, except α-humulene and its combination with β-caryophyllene, attracted significantly more B. dorsalis than the untreated arm. For B. correcta, all the volatile components attracted significantly more females in the treated arm than the untreated arm. However, at 5% and 1% concentration, all the volatile components had similar attraction for B. dorsalis females. In the case of female B. correcta, the percentage of attraction was similar for all the individual volatile chemicals and their respective mixtures at 10% concentration. While, at 5% and 1% concentrations, the percentage of attraction was significantly higher for a mixture of β-caryophyllene and α-humulene than that of individual volatile components and all possible mixture of two and three volatile components. Based on the olfactometer results, this study concluded that 3-carene and the mixture of β-caryophyllene and α-humulene are strong attractants for female flies of B. dorsalis and B. correcta, respectively. This study might be helpful for the bait application against the female adults of B. dorsalis and B. correcta in farms and orchards.     

Competitive Interactions between Immature Stages of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) and Bactrocera tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory Conditions

The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), and the pumpkin fly, Bactrocera tau (Walker), are economically important pests that attack mainly cucurbitacean fruits. The two fruit fly species have similar natural distributions, host ranges, and population growth capacities. This study was designed to assess the asymmetrical competitions through resource exploitation between the larvae of B. cucurbitae and B. tau at different density levels and temperatures, and on different hosts by comparing the relative effects of interspecific and intraspecific interactions on four life history parameters: survival rate, puparial mass, puparial duration, and developmental duration. Our results showed that intraspecific and interspecific competitions occurred under some laboratory conditions, and B. cucurbitae took advantage over B. tau at the high-density level and at low and high temperatures on pumpkin, bitter gourd, and bottle gourd when interspecific competition took place. Intraspecific and interspecific competitions mainly affected the puparial mass and the survival rate of the two fruit fly species but had no marked effect on the puparial duration or development duration.     

南亚果实蝇多酚氧化酶的性质研究(英文)

【目的】为揭示南亚果实蝇Bactrocera tau (Walker)不同发育阶段体内多酚氧化酶的活性与性质。【方法】以邻苯二酚为底物, 在415 nm波长下测定了南亚果实蝇1, 2和3龄幼虫、 蛹以及成虫多酚氧化酶的活性和动力学参数。【结果】南亚果实蝇在不同发育阶段, 多酚氧化酶的活性存在明显差异, 通常3龄幼虫中活性最高, 为434.42 U/mg; 蛹中最低, 为231.05 U/mg。在pH 6.5时, 南亚果实蝇不同发育阶段多酚氧化酶的活性分别为265.42, 358.34, 444.42, 210.02和373.99 U/mg, 但当pH值高于7.0或低于5.0时, 多酚氧化酶的活性则明显下降。在温度为34℃和37℃时, 南亚果实蝇各发育阶段多酚氧化酶的活性均较高, 当温度高于40℃或低于27℃时, 活性则明显下降。以邻苯二酚为底物, 2龄幼虫中多酚氧化酶的K_m值（3.10 mmol/min）和V_max（476.19 mmol/L）较大, 说明多酚氧化酶对底物邻苯二酚催化能力强; 蛹中多酚氧化酶的K_m（0.63 mmol/min）和V_max（50.25 mmol/L）较小, 说明多酚氧化酶对底物的亲和力和催化能力弱。当以L-DOPA为底物时, 3龄幼虫中多酚氧化酶的K_m值和V_max较大, 分别为0.49 mmol/min和188.68 mmol/L; 蛹中多酚氧化酶的K_m值和V_max较小, 分别为0.25 mmol/min和21.79 mmol/L。【结论】南亚果实蝇体内多酚氧化酶在不同温度和pH值下的活性和动力学参数与虫体发育阶段密切相关。     

温度对桔小实蝇种群发育的影响

采用室内人工饲养,研究了温度对外来入侵无锡地区的桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)发育的影响。结果表明：17℃～33℃桔小实蝇各虫态发育速率逐渐增加;通过直线回归模型与直接最优法,得出桔小实蝇从卵期到成虫期的发育起点温度为9.9 ℃,卵、幼虫和蛹发育所需温度分别为10.5 ℃、9.6 ℃和10.3 ℃;卵期发育到成虫期的有效积温为381.0 d·℃,卵期、幼虫期和蛹期分别为24.1、178.6和176.7 d·℃。此外,温度影响桔小实蝇各虫态的存活率;25 ℃下卵期的存活率最高,而17 ℃下蛹期的存活率最低。温度对桔小实蝇雌雄性比也有一定影响,以25 ℃下雌虫比率最高。     

Microsatellite markers for the pest fruit fly,Bactrocera papayae (Diptera: Tephritidae) and other Bactrocera species

The dorsalis complex contains some of the most economically important fruit fly pests of the Asia–Pacific regions, including Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera papayae and Bactrocera carambolae. These species are morphologically indistinct and genetically very similar. We describe the development of 12 microsatellite markers isolated from a representative of the dorsalis complex, B. papayae. We show the potential utility of the B. papayae microsatellites and a set of microsatellites isolated from Bactrocera tryoni as population and species markers for the dorsalis complex.     

菲律宾实蝇生物学特性研究

菲律宾实蝇Bactrocera (Bactrocera) philippinensis (Drew & Hancock)是重要的检疫性有害生物, 严重危害芒果Mangifera indica L.、木瓜Carica papaya L.和菠萝蜜Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.等水果。本文在室内实验条件下对菲律宾实蝇生物学特性进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明: 菲律宾实蝇在6~18 h羽化率达93.93%。成虫活动、寿命、交配和产卵与温度、光照密切相关。补充营养能显著延长成虫寿命。菲律宾实蝇生长、发育和繁殖的适宜温度为25~30℃。25℃和30℃时平均产卵量分别为627.35粒和652.57粒。发育起点温度和世代有效积温分别为14.31℃和450.43日·度。温度与发育历期呈显著的负相关（r=-0.9005）。本研究为菲律宾实蝇的检疫处理和田间防治技术研究提供了重要的基础资料。     

Biology of Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae) on four hosts

Bactrocera carambolae is a quarantine pest found in Brazil, restricted to the states of Amapá, Pará and Roraima. This fruit fly can potentially cause extensive socioeconomic and environmental damage in the country, if it disperse into areas where fruit is grown for exporting. The objective of this work was to study the biology of B. carambolae on fruits of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) and Eugenia stipitata McVaugh (Myrtaceae). The following parameters were investigated: duration of egg-larva, pupal, egg-adult, pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods, pupal weight and viability, sex ratio, fecundity, fertility and longevity. All parameters except pupal weight, oviposition and post-oviposition period, egg fertility and sex ratio were influenced by the host plant on which the larvae were reared. The carambola fruit fly completes its development on all those hosts studied here, with the highest fecundities on A. carambola and P. guajava.     

柑橘大实蝇对不同柑橘品种的产卵偏好和幼虫取食选择

【目的】掌握柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax对不同品种柑橘的产卵偏好,以及与幼虫取食喜嗜性的关系。【方法】我们用五点取样法分别调查了自然条件下不同品种柑橘果园的虫果率,统计了各品种柑橘虫果基半部和端半部产卵痕量和卵量,并在实验室内采用培养皿桔瓣选择法研究了其幼虫对不同柑橘品种果实的取食选择。【结果】在未采取防控措施的情况下,果树面朝杂树林的方位虫果率显著高于其他方位;同一片受害柑橘园内,不同柑橘品种的虫果率为脐橙Citrus sinensis cv. Navel、酸橙C. aurantium＞冰糖橙C. sinensis cv. Bingtang、天草(Amakusa)、蜜橘C. reticulata cv. Satsuma＞沙田柚C. maxima cv. Shatian＞椪柑C. reticulata cv. Ponkan;柑橘大实蝇产卵痕数和卵量均为橙类（脐橙、酸橙和冰糖橙）大于橘类（天草、蜜橘和椪柑）和沙田柚（P＜0.05）;除蜜橘外,所调查的其他柑橘品种端半部的产卵痕数显著多于基半部（P＜0.05）;幼虫对不同品种柑橘橘瓣肉的取食选择顺序依次为：脐橙、酸橙＞冰糖橙＞天草、南橘C. reticulata cv. Nanju＞蜜橘＞椪柑＞沙田柚。【结论】结果提示,柑橘大实蝇成虫偏向于选择幼虫所喜嗜的橙类品种产卵,且产卵量更多。     

Phylogenetic relationships among Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

Several members of the dipteran family Tephritdae are serious pests because females lay eggs in ripening fruit. The genus Bactrocera is one of the largest within the family with over 500 described species arranged in 28 subgenera. The phylogenetic relationships among the various species and subgenera, and the monophyly of specific groups have not been examined using a rigorous phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, phylogenetic relationships among 24 Bactrocera species belonging to 9 subgenera were inferred from DNA sequence of portions of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase II, tRNA(Lys), and tRNA(Asp) genes. Two morphological characters that traditionally have been used to define the four groups within the subgenus Bactrocera were evaluated in a phylogenetic context by mapping the character states onto the parsimony tree. In addition, the evolutionary trend in male-lure response was evaluated in a phylogenetic context. Maximum parsimony analyses suggested the following relationships: (1) the genus Bactrocera is monophyletic, (2) the subgenus B. (Zeugodacus) is paraphyletic, (3) the subgenus B. (Daculus) is a sister group to subgenus B. (Bactrocera), and (4) the subgenus B. (Bactrocera) is monophyletic. The mapping analyses suggested that the morphological characters exhibit a simple evolutionary transition from one character state to another. Male-lure response was identified as being a labile behavior that has been lost on multiple occasions. Cue-lure response was plesiomorphic to methyl-eugenol response, and the latter has evolved independently within the Bactrocera and Zeugodacus groups of subgenera. The implications of our results for devising a coherent, consolidated classification for Bactrocera is discussed.     

延迟交配对橘小实蝇繁殖适度的影响

橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel是一种世界性的入侵害虫,严重为害多种经济果蔬。本文通过响应面分析方法,研究了延迟交配对橘小实蝇交配率、产卵量、孵化率和寿命的影响。结果表明,交配率随雌虫交配日龄的延迟先增后减,雌、雄成虫均为35日龄处理组中的交配率最高,为81.00%±2.00%;而雄虫交配日龄的延迟则对其卵孵化率有明显的负面作用,在56日龄雄虫与35日龄雌虫处理组中,其卵孵化率最低,仅为27.56%±4.55%。雌成虫产卵量和寿命受到雌、雄虫双方交配日龄的的影响,产卵量（y）与雄虫日龄（x1）和雌虫日龄（x2）的回归方程为y=514.36+3.08x1-11.05x2,雌成虫寿命（y）与雄虫日龄（x1）和雌虫日龄（x2）的回归方程为y=35.85+0.23x1+0.40x2。研究结果为田间使用性信息素迷向法防治橘小实蝇提供了理论依据。     

Knockdown of specific cuticular proteins analogous to peritrophin 3 genes disrupt larval and ovarian development in Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Cuticular proteins (CPs) are critical components of the insect cuticle and play important roles in maintaining normal insect development and defense against various environmental stresses. The oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) is one of the most destructive pests worldwide, and its eight CPs analogous to peritrophin 3 (BdCPAP3) family genes have been identified in our previous study. In the present study, we further explored the possible roles of CPAP3 genes in B. dorsalis development. Each sequence of BdCPAP3 genes contained three conserved ChtBD2 (chitin-binding) domains. Spatial and temporal expression patterns revealed that the four BdCPAP3 genes (BdCPAP3-A1, B, E, and E2) might play important roles in larval pupariation of B. dorsalis. Moreover, treatment with a juvenile hormone analog (methoprene) significantly restricted expression of these four CPAP3 genes, whereas treatment with 20-hydroxy-ecdysone induced expression. The RNA interference (RNAi) results revealed that down-regulated CPAP3 genes led to significant delay of pupariation, and injection of dsBdCPAP3-E into 5-d-old B. dorsalis larvae caused approximately 40% mortality. Interestingly, we also confirmed that BdCPAP3-D2 was involved in B. dorsalis ovarian development. This study showed that some specific CPAP3 genes had crucial roles in B. dorsalis development, and these CP genes could be used as potential targets to control this pest via RNAi.