AtEXP2 Is Involved in Seed Germination and Abiotic Stress Response in Arabidopsis

Expansins are cell wall proteins that promote cell wall loosening by inducing pH-dependent cell wall extension and stress relaxation. Expansins are required in a series of physiological developmental processes in higher plants such as seed germination. Here we identified an Arabidopsis expansin gene AtEXPA2 that is exclusively expressed in germinating seeds and the mutant shows delayed germination, suggesting that AtEXP2 is involved in controlling seed germination. Exogenous GA application increased the expression level of AtEXP2 during seed germination, while ABA application had no effect on AtEXP2 expression. Furthermore, the analysis of DELLA mutants show that RGL1, RGL2, RGA, GAI are all involved in repressing AtEXP2 expression, and RGL1 plays the most dominant role in controlling AtEXP2 expression. In stress response, exp2 mutant shows higher sensitivity than wild type in seed germination, while overexpression lines of AtEXP2 are less sensitive to salt stress and osmotic stress, exhibiting enhanced tolerance to stress treatment. Collectively, our results suggest that AtEXP2 is involved in the GA-mediated seed germination and confers salt stress and osmotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.     

Arabidopsis EIN2 modulates stress response through abscisic acid response pathway

The nuclear protein ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) is a central component of the ethylene signal transduction pathway in plants, and plays an important role in mediating cross-links between several hormone response pathways, including abscisic acid (ABA). ABA mediates stress responses in plants, but there is no report on the role of EIN2 on plant response to salt and osmotic stresses. Here, we show that EIN2 gene regulates plant response to osmotic and salt stress through an ABA-dependent pathway in Arabidopsis. The expression of the EIN2 gene is down-regulated by salt and osmotic stress. An Arabidopsis EIN2 null mutant was supersensitive to both salt and osmotic stress conditions. Disruption of EIN2 specifically altered the expression pattern of stress marker gene RD29B in response to the stresses, but not the stress- or ABA-responsive genes RD29A and RD22, suggesting EIN2 modulates plant stress responses through the RD29B branch of the ABA response. Furthermore, disruption of EIN2 caused substantial increase in ABA. Lastly, our data showed that mutations of other key genes in ethylene pathway also had altered sensitivity to abiotic stresses, indicating that the intact ethylene may involve in the stress response. Taken together, the results identified EIN2 as a cross-link node in ethylene, ABA and stress signaling pathways, and EIN2 is necessary to induce developmental arrest during seed germination, and seedling establishment, as well as subsequent vegetative growth, thereby allowing the survival and growth of plants under the adverse environmental conditions. Youning Wang and Chuang Liu contributed equally to this work.     

转CkLEA4基因拟南芥种子萌发期的抗逆性分析

该研究在实验室前期研究的基础上,将受脱水、盐胁迫和ABA诱导的柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因转入野生型拟南芥,并利用实时荧光定量PCR从8株纯合体中筛选出3个表达量不同的株系,比较野生型和转CkLEA4基因过表达拟南芥种子在不同胁迫处理下的萌发率,以探讨CkLEA4基因在植物抵抗逆境胁迫中的功能。结果发现:(1)在不同浓度NaCl、甘露醇及ABA处理下,转CkLEA4基因过表达拟南芥种子的萌发率均高于野生型,随着NaCl、甘露醇及ABA浓度增加,各株系萌发率均降低,但野生型的萌发率下降幅度均高于3个过表达株系,并且在200mmol/L NaCl和400mmol/L甘露醇处理下,过表达株系子叶绿化率均显著高于野生型。(2)在低浓度ABA处理下,CkLEA4过表达植株子叶的绿化率也高于野生型。研究表明,柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因提高了拟南芥种子萌发阶段对盐、ABA及渗透胁迫的耐受性。     

The pepper late embryogenesis abundant protein CaLEA1 acts in regulating abscisic acid signaling,drought and salt stress response

As sessile organisms, plants are constantly challenged by environmental stresses, including drought and high salinity. Among the various abiotic stresses, osmotic stress is one of the most important factors for growth and significantly reduces crop productivity in agriculture. Here, we report a function of the CaLEA1 protein in the defense responses of plants to osmotic stress. Our analyses showed that the CaLEA1 gene was strongly induced in pepper leaves exposed to drought and increased salinity. Furthermore, we determined that the CaLEA1 protein has a late embryogenesis abundant (LEA)_3 homolog domain highly conserved among other known group 5 LEA proteins and is localized in the processing body. We generated CaLEA1‐silenced peppers and CaLEA1‐overexpressing (OX) transgenic Arabidopsis plants to evaluate their responses to dehydration and high salinity. Virus‐induced gene silencing of CaLEA1 in pepper plants conferred enhanced sensitivity to drought and salt stresses, which was accompanied by high levels of lipid peroxidation in dehydrated and NaCl‐treated leaves. CaLEA1‐OX plants exhibited enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during seed germination and in the seedling stage; furthermore, these plants were more tolerant to drought and salt stress than the wild‐type plants because of enhanced stomatal closure and increased expression of stress‐responsive genes. Collectively, our data suggest that CaLEA1 positively regulates drought and salinity tolerance through ABA‐mediated cell signaling.     

Genetic analysis of involvement of ETR1 in plant response to salt and osmotic stress

The involvement of ethylene and ethylene receptor Ethylene Response 1 (ETR1) in plant stress responses has been highlighted. However, the physiological processes involved remain unclear. In this study, we have investigated the physiological response of two alleles etr1-1 and etr1-7 mutants during germination and post-germination seedling development in response to salt and osmotic stress. The etr1-1 mutants showed increased sensitivity to osmotic (200 mM or higher mannitol) and salt stress (50 mM NaCl or higher) during germination and seedling development, whereas the etr1-7 mutants displayed enhanced tolerance to the severe stresses (500 mM mannitol or 200 mM NaCl). These results provide physiological and genetic evidence that ethylene receptor ETR1 modulates plant response to abiotic stress. Furthermore, the etr1-1 and etr1-7 mutants showed different responses to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) inhibition. The etr1-1 mutants were more sensitive to ABA than the wild type during germination, and young seedling development. In sharp contrast, the etr1-7 mutants showed enhanced insensitivity to ABA treatment (>1 μM ABA) in post-germination development including root elongation and greening of cotyledons of the treated seedlings, although the germination was not greatly altered at the tested doses of ABA. The results suggest that ETR1-modulated stress response may mediate ABA. Youning Wang and Tao Wang contributed equally to this report.     

Functional roles of the pepper antimicrobial protein gene, <Emphasis Type="Italic">CaAMP1</Emphasis>, in abscisic acid signaling,and salt and drought tolerance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis</Emphasis>

Biotic signaling molecules including abscisic acid (ABA) are involved in signal transduction pathways that mediate the defense response of plants to environmental stresses. The antimicrobial protein gene CaAMP1, previously isolated from pepper (Capsicum annuum), was strongly induced in pepper leaves exposed to ABA, NaCl, drought, or low temperature. Because transformation is very difficult in pepper, we overexpressed CaAMP1 in Arabidopsis. CaAMP1-overexpressing (OX) transgenic plants exhibited reduced sensitivity to ABA during the seed germination and seedling stages. Overexpression of CaAMP1 conferred enhanced tolerance to high salinity and drought, accompanied by altered expression of the AtRD29A gene, which is correlated with ABA levels and environmental stresses. The transgenic plants were also highly tolerant to osmotic stress caused by high concentrations of mannitol. Together, these results suggest that overexpression of the CaAMP1 transgene modulates salt and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis through ABA-mediated cell signaling. The nucleotide sequence data reported here have been deposited in the GenBank database under the accession number AY548741.     

Alteration of starch- sucrose transition in germinating wheat seed under sodium chloride salinity

Alterations in starch-sucrose transition during germination were studied in wheat seeds under saline conditions. NaCI significantly reduced the speed of germination and resultant seedling growth, but delayed the degradation of seed storage components. The endogenous level of ABA increased while osmotic potential decreased. NaCI also inhibited the expression of α-amylase. Increasing the concentration of NaCI induced the expression of sucrose phosphate synthase, and sugars, including sucrose, were accumulated in the seedlings. This accumulation of sugar closely correlated with an increase in ABA. However, sugar accumulation was reversible when the salt stress was removed. Overall our results strongly suggest that the germinating wheat seeds alter the starch-to-sucrose conversion to adapt for salt stress. This is probably mediated by the increase in ABA.