普达措国家公园淡水甲壳动物多样性及区系的初步分析

该研究于2011年8月调查了云南普达措国家公园淡水甲壳动物多样性现状。结果表明,该区域共计淡水甲壳动物11科24属29种,其中,拟卤虫属、密刺低额溞和微齿北镖水蚤为国内新记录;枝角类和桡足类为主要淡水甲壳动物类群,占总物种数的82.8%;淡水甲壳动物区系以广布种和古北区物种为主,分别为48.3%和37.9%,特有种为10.4%,东洋区物种仅为3.5%。在此基础上提出了应借鉴"具特殊科学价值地点"的保护方式,对国家公园甲壳动物栖息的水塘环境进行单独保护。     

The complete larval development of Panopeus lacustris Desbonne 1867 (Brachyura: Panopeidae), from the Amazon region,reared in the laboratory

Larvae of the mud crab Panopeus lacustris were reared in laboratory from ovigerous females collected in the estuarine area of the Caeté River in the Amazonian region. The complete development of this species consisted of four zoeal and one megalopal stages, which were described and illustrated in detail. The results are compared with those of other previous studies on larval development of the species belonging to the genus Panopeus and then briefly discussed.     

The spermatogenesis of crustaceans: The external morphology of the spermatozoa of heterocypris incongruens,ramdohr (Ostracoda)

In various papers on the original spermatozoon of the Ostracoda, its helicoidal disposition has been indicated as the principle characteristic of this gamete, at cell structure level as well as in its external morphology. Through a combined study with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), we have been able to establish the corresponding relationship between the cell architecture and the spermatozoon's external morphology. In the case of Heterocypris incongruens, the helicoidal relief of the gamete's external surface along the greatest part of its length, is the result of the twisting and undulating of a structure derived from the nucleus' external membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, called “feather-like organelle.” In keeping with the shape of this surface relief, the spermatozoon can be divided into three regions: An anterior one with a corkscrew form, a middle one showing a relief in the form of a screw with four threads, and a posterior or tail one without helicoidal relief. Finally, we discuss the different criteria existing on the possible orientation of this spermatozoon when it moves, as well as the functional advantages that the possession of a filiform, helicoidal, and mobile gamete represents.     

Preface: The phylogeny, fossil record and ecological diversity of ostracod crustaceans

After more than two centuries of research, more than 65,000 living and fossil ostracod species have been described and studied, yet much remains to be learned about this ancient, widespread and diverse group of bivalved arthropods. Their higher classification and phylogeny are subjects of vigorous debate, as is their position in the broader picture of crustacean phylogeny. At the same time, major advances in our understanding of ostracod lineages and their relationships are resulting from the application of innovative approaches and techniques. This preface provides a contextual overview of the 15 contributions to this volume, which resulted from the 14th International Symposium on Ostracoda (ISO2001) held in 2001at Shizuoka, Japan. As such it provides a cross-section of topics at the forefront of research on the evolution and diversity of Ostracoda, and indicates directions for future work.     

Alternating immunochemotherapy of advanced gastric carcinoma: A randomized comparison of carbazilquinone and PSK to carbazilquinone in patients with curative gastric resection

A total of 103 patients with advanced gastric carcinoma were randomized after curative surgery to receive an alternate administration of carbazilquinone (CQ and PSK (Krestin) or carbazilquinone alone. Each course of therapies started 1 week after the surgical operation and therapy schedules consisted of 9 courses. In each course of 6 weeks, CQ (2 mg/m²/week) was administered on day 0, 8, and 15. In combined immunochemotherapy group, PSK was given orally in 3-divided doses of 2 g/m²/day from the day of the third CQ administration for consecutive 4 weeks. Estimated survival rate and cumulative survival curve were compared utilizing the data up to 7 years after the operation. There was no overall significant difference in survival rates between the CQ plus PSK group and the CQ alone group, but a group of patients whose disease was classified as S₁ + S₂(N_1–2) survived significantly longer when treated with the combination of CQ and PSK. Neither in more advanced cases (> S₃ or > N₃) nor in cancers of early stages, the addition of PSK provided an additive effect. The favorable result obtained in one subgroup treated with PSK, suggests that the use of this agent in treating gastric cancers should be carefully evaluated in terms of serosal infiltration and nodal metastasis.     

The Recent species of Adeonella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) including descriptions of fifteen new species

The genus Adeonella Busk (1884) comprises 41 species, 15 of which are considered to be new to science. Adeonella lichenoides (Lamarck) is regarded as the senior synonym of A. platalea (Busk) (= A. polymorpha Busk), the type species of the genus. Adeonella is distributed throughout the Indo-West Pacific realm, the Mediterranean, and the South Atlantic Ocean. Its highest diversity is found off the east coasts of southern Africa. Thirty-one species (15 new to science) are described and illustrated, morphology and geographical distribution are discussed and a key is provided to all recognized species.     

Olive mill wastes: Biochemical characterizations and valorization strategies

The olive mill waste generated from olive oil extraction is a major environmental issue, particularly in Mediterranean areas. The extraction of olive oil is achieved through discontinuous or continuous processes. The two processes yield three fractions: a solid residue and two liquid phases (oil and olive mill wastewater). The characterization of these two by-products showed that they are mainly composed of phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, organic acids and mineral nutrients variably distributed depending on the process employed and the agronomic practices. Untreated olive by-products discharged between November and March into the environment are a major ecological issue for olive oil-producing countries due to their high toxic organic loads, low pH, and high chemical and biological demands. In this context, recent research studies highlight on the treatment approaches and valorization options for dealing with olive mill waste residues, predominantly those allowing for the recovery of valuable natural components such as phenolic compounds, dietary fibers, animal feed, biofuel, biogaz, enzymes, polymers and other. The impact of the chemical heterogeneity and water content of olive mill by-products about these processes of valorization and bioconversion is discussed.     

The ascorbic acid content of eleven species of microalgae used in mariculture

The ascorbic acid (vitamin C) concentrations in 11 species of microalgae commonly used in mariculture were determined. The species examined were 4 diatoms (Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) Takano,Chaetoceros gracilis Schütt,Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve,Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt, clone 3H) Hasle and Heimdal); 2 prymnesiophytes (Isochrysis sp. (clone T.ISO) Parke,Pavlova lutheri (Droop) Green); 1 prasinophyte (Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butcher); 2 chlorophytes (Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher,Nannochloris atomus Butcher); 1 eustigmatophyte (Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Green); and 1 cryptophyte (Chroomonas salina (Wislouch) Butcher). Duplicate cultures of each species were grown under defined conditions and analysed during both logarithmic and stationary phase of growth.Average values for ascorbic acid ranged from 9.4 fg cell^–1 (N. oculata, stationary phase) to 700 fg cell^–1 (S. costatum, stationary phase). This value was generally related to cell size. Levels of ascorbic acid cell^–1 increased during the stationary growth phase forS. costatum andD. tertiolecta and decreased forC. gracilis, T. pseudonana, C. salina andN. oculata. Levels did not change significantly for the remaining species.Average values for per cent ascorbic acid ranged from 0.11% (T. pseudonana, stationary phase) to 1.62% of dry weight (C. gracilis, logarithmic phase). The per cent ascorbic acid was not related to algal class. Also, the percentage between logarithmic and stationary phase cultures differed for many of the species, but differences were unrelated to algal class.Chaetoceros gracilis, T. pseudonana, N. oculata andIsochrysis sp. (T.ISO) had higher per cent ascorbic acid during the logarithmic phase, whereasD. tertiolecta andN. atomus contained more per cent ascorbic acid during the stationary phase.Despite the differences in the composition of the different microalgae (0.11–1.62% ascorbic acid), all species would provide a rich source of ascorbic acid for maricultured animals, which can require 0.003–0.02% of the vitamin in their diet.     

The ontogeny of the cypridid ostracod Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820) (Crustacea,Ostracoda)

The chaetotaxy (shape, structure and distribution of setae) of appendages and valve allometry during the post embryonic ontogeny of the cyprididine ostracod Eucypris virens are described. It is shown that the basic ontogenetic development of E. virens is very similar to that of other species of the family Cyprididae. During ontogeny, the chaetotaxy shows continual development on all podomeres of the limbs with the exception of the last podomere on the antennulae. The long setae on the exopodite and protopodite of the antennae have a natatory function until the actual natatory setae develop in later instars. Aesthetascs (presumed chemoreceptors) ya and y3 are the first to develop and may have an important function in the first instars. Cyprididae require a pediform limb in the posterior of the body presumably to help them to attach to substrates and this is reflected by the pediform nature of one limb at all times throughout all instars. This study has also shown that the fifth limb is most probably of thoracic origin and hence ostracods have only one pair of maxillae.     

Optimization of the operating conditions of a lab scale Aljet mill using lactose and sucrose: A technical note

Conclusion  The results of the experiments have revealed that the optimal operating conditions for a lab scale Aljet mill are at the high level (110 psi) of the pushing nozzle and the low level (65 psi) of both grinding nozzles, or vice versa. Operating the Aljet mill at high pushing and grinding pressures also produces small particle size; however, the high pressures require more gaseous fluid making the process less efficient. At a very low pushing nozzle pressure as compared with the grinding nozzle pressure, the material kicks back from the mill, reducing the yield. Optimization of the lab scale Aljet mill operating conditions will be very useful in particle size reduction of poorly water-soluble compounds and is particularly beneficial at early stages of drug development when the drug quantity is very limited.     

Composting of olive leaves and pomace from a three-phase olive mill plant

The composting of olive leaves and olive pomace from a three-phase olive mill was tested as a method for solid waste reuse. The process was carried out using a compost windrow and mixing olive leaves and pomace at a ratio of 1:2. Compost was retained in the windrow for 60 days during which thermophilic temperatures developed for the first 40 days. The compost was then placed into a closed area to mature for another 60 days. The final product proved to be high quality amendment with C/N 27.1 and high nutrient concentrations (N, 1.79%; P, 0.17%; K, 4.97%; Na, 2.8%). Mature compost presented the highest germination index (198%) reported to date, as the germination index in the majority of previous studies is under 80%. Furthermore, tests revealed that addition of 31.5 tons of compost per ha, could increase lettuce yield by 145%.     

Experiences with a 20 litre industrial bead mill for the disruption of microorganisms

Suspensions of several yeast strains and bacterial species were disrupted in a continuously operating industrial agitator mill of 22.7 litre internal working volume. The influence of agitator speed, flow rate, concentration of microorganisms in the slurry, packing density of glass beads and bead diameter on the disruption process was studied using baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Cell disintegration was followed by assaying the appearance of protein and the activities of d-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [d-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP⁺ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49] and α-d-glucosidase [α-d-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.20] in the soluble fraction. The best operating conditions for the disintegration of baker's yeast with respect to activity yield appeared to be at a rotational speed of 1100 rev/min, a flow rate of 100 litre h^?1 and a cell concentration of 40% (w/v). The location of the desired enzyme in the cell is of importance for the choice of bead diameter and packing density of the glass beads. Temperature increase and power consumption during disintegration are also strongly influenced by the bead loading in the mill. With optimized parameters, 200 kg baker's yeast can be processed per hour with a degree of disintegration >85%. The disruption process in the mill was found to be very effective for several yeast species tested, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, and Candida boidinii. The usefulness of the Netzsch LME 20-mill for the disruption of bacteria species was demonstrated with Escherichia coli, Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, Bacillus sphaericus and Lactobacillus confusus. As expected, the mill capacity for bacterial disruption was significantly smaller than for the yeast. Between 10 and 20 kg per h bacteria may be processed, depending on the organism.     

Association of p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism with gastric cancer: a meta-analysis

Background: p53 tumor suppressor gene Arg72Pro polymorphism has been associated with gastric cancer. However, results were inconsistent. We performed this meta-analysis to estimate the association between p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and gastric cancer.

Methods: An electronic search of PubMed was conducted to select studies. Studies containing available genotype frequencies of Arg72Pro were chosen, and the association was assess by pooled odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs).

Results: The meta-analysis suggested that the p53 Arg72Pro was associated with the gastric cancer risk (Additive model: OR = 1.149, 95% CI = 1.045–1.263, p = 0.004; Dominant model: OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.049–1.328, p = 0.006; Recessive model: OR = 1.202, 95% CI = 1.013–1.427, p = 0.035) in Asian subgroup.

Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism is associated with increased risk of gastric cancer in Asians.     

MicroRNAs expression profiles as diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer: a systematic literature review

Objective: The early identification of gastric cancer (GC) represents a major clinical challenge. We conducted a systematic review of studies evaluating the miRNA expression profiling as a diagnostic tool in GC.

Methods: We performed a search of PubMed, ISI Web of Science and SCOPUS databases for studies on diagnostic miRNAs and GC, published in English up to October 2017. Eligibility criteria included case-control studies evaluating blood or tissue-based miRNA expression profiles, and incorporating at least two detection phases (screening and validation).

Results: We included 27 eligible studies, that reported on 97 deregulated miRNAs either in blood or tissue, out of which 30 were reported in at least two studies. Among 22 studies on tissue-diagnostic miRNAs, 13 consistently upregulated miRNAs (miR-214, miR-21, miR-103, miR-107, miR-196a, miR-196b, miR-7, miR-135b, miR-222, miR-23b, miR-25, miR-92 and miR-93), and six consistently downregulated miRNAs (miR-148a, miR-375, miR-133b, miR-30a, miR-193a and miR-204) were reported. Ten miRNAs with inconsistent direction of expression in tissues were identified. Among the five studies performed on blood samples, only one miRNA was consistently upregulated (miR-20a).

Conclusions: This review shows that some tissue or blood miRNAs may be considered as potential biomarkers for GC diagnosis, that urgently needs to be confirmed from large prospective studies.     

The presence of a common antigen between human gastric cancer cells and OK-432

Twenty two surgical specimens of gastric cancer resected after administration of OK-432 for the skin reaction test were examined to determine whether the cancer cells had the same antigens as OK-432, a product of hemolytic streptococcus cells. When the tissues were stained by the PAP method with anti-Su streptococcus antibody used as the primary antibodies, the common antigens were demonstrated in 10 (45.5%) of the 22. The presence or absence of the common antigens was independent of the degree of skin reaction to OK-432, and the relations of the common antigens to other host responses were not clear in this study. This is the first report for the presence of such common antigens between human gastric cancer and OK-432.Abbreviations PAP peroxidase anti-peroxidase - anti-Su anti-Su Streptococcus, Su-strain - TIL tumor infiltration of lymphocytes     

Evolution,actuality and species concept: a need for a palaeontological tool

Species concept was developed to fit neontological necessities in ordering biological variability. Transversal (horizontal, synchronic) taxonomy shows hierarchical requirements quite different from those involved in longitudinal (vertical, diachronic) classifications. Furthermore, limitations within the species concept itself make it scarcely available in many paleontological contexts. Classical species definitions are often limited by theoretic and logic constraints, that are seldom available to describe practical situations. Morphology is an uncertain source of phylogenetic information, but it is still the main ground of biological comparison for extinct populations. Therefore, efforts in species recognition should be devoted to making taxonomy a useful tool for communication. First, inferences in systematics have to be led upon the available information about characters and processes. If this information is missing or not developed, no detailed conclusions can be supported. Secondly, definitions should be sufficiently elastic and generalised to allow an adaptation to each different case-study. The final target is to synthesise actual evolutionary histories, and not biological potentialities.     

Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in gastric brush and biopsy specimens stained by Rowmanowsky and immunocytochemical methods: comparison with the CLOtest

Helicobacter pylori has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, and possibly gastric carcinoma. The organism may be detected by invasive or non‐invasive methods with variable sensitivity. Paired gastric biopsy and gastric brush specimens were collected from 83 patients presenting with non‐ulcer dyspepsia. One biopsy was tested for urease using the CLOtest, the other was processed to paraffin and consecutive sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, modified Giemsa and anti‐ H. pylori antisera. The brush specimens were stained with a rapid Romanowsky stain (Hema‐Gurr) and anti‐ H. pylori . The CLOtest was positive in 31 cases, the Giemsa biopsy in 25, the anti‐ H. pylori biopsy in 27, the Hema‐Gurr smear in 27 and the anti‐ H. pylori smear in 19. The sensitivities of the methods after omitting one inadequate biopsy were 96%, 93%, 100%, 96% and 78%, respectively. The specificities were 93% for the CLOtest and 100% for the other methods. While immunocytochemical staining of gastric biopsies may be the most sensitive method for H. pylori identification, the cost and turn around time of the technique may preclude its routine use. Gastric brush cytology is a highly sensitive and specific method for H. pylori detection that is quick and simple to perform. Its application is recommended for the routine diagnosis of H. pylori infection.