番茄果实成熟突变体的研究进展

番茄是一类比较重要的经济作物,具有很高的营养价值,长期以来番茄一直是研究肉质果实生长和成熟的模式生物。近年来,许多番茄果实成熟突变体的发现为研究果实成熟机制提供了重要的生物材料,综述了番茄果实成熟的影响因素、番茄果实成熟相关的突变体及基于突变体对果实成熟的相关研究,为今后突变体及果实成熟机制的研究提供参考。     

延缓番茄果实成熟的分子机理

对延缓番茄果实成熟的热处理、反义ＲＮＡ技术及气调技术（高ＣＯ２／低Ｏ２,１００％Ｎ２）等方法进行了阐述,并从分子水平上（包括与乙烯生成有关及无关的蛋白质的合成、基因表达等方面）探讨了这些方法延缓果实成熟的机理。     

不同施肥方式对温室樱桃番茄果实和土壤硝酸盐含量变化的影响

主要研究了不同施肥处理(肥料种类不同和施肥量配比不同)对温室樱桃番茄果实和土壤硝酸盐含量变化的影响.结果表明:不同施肥处理果实中硝酸盐含量随追肥次数的增加,逐渐加大,到采收中期达生育期内最大值,最终略有累积;果实中硝酸盐含量为49.6~273.0 m g.k-g 1,亚硝酸盐含量为0.011~0.054 m g.kg-1.第4次追肥后果实与土壤(0~40 cm土层)中硝酸盐含量在追肥后6~9 d达最大值,以后开始下降.果实内硝酸盐的累积量与土壤硝酸盐含量成显著正相关.合理的氮肥施用量不会造成果实内硝酸盐含量的过量累积;有机肥配施适量化肥对改善果实品质、提高果实产量、调节土壤硝酸盐含量变化有着很好的效果.     

乙烯对番茄成熟过程中果皮细胞核超微结构的影响

应用冰冻蚀刻和透射电镜观察了番茄成熟过程中果皮细胞核染色质的变化。成熟过程开始启动时(发白期),异染色质不断减少、分散,直至转色成熟。果实成熟衰老时细胞核形态畸变,染色质结构瓦解。经外源乙烯处理后果实成熟加速,异染色质减少,核孔数量增加,NBD可消除乙烯的作用。     

胸腺肽基因对樱桃番茄的遗传转化

胸腺肽基因是一343bp的小肽基因,是从动物中克隆得到的。本文以“美味樱桃”番茄为植物材料,用农杆菌侵染法进行了胸腺肽基因的遗传转化。对所得再生植株进行了PCR和Southern blot检测及RT-PCR检测,34棵Kam抗性株通过目的基因PCR检测,4棵为阳性株,阳性株率为11．8%。实验中还对目的基因之后的Nos终止序列区进行了扩增,通过Nos Ter．引物对4株目的基因PCR阳性株作PCR检测．只有1株为阳性株,该植株经Southern blot检测和RT-PCR检测,均为阳性。这些检测结果说明胸腺肽基因成功地整合到番茄基因组中,并在转录水平上得以表达。     

CNR转录因子在番茄果实成熟过程中的功能

SPL转录因子在植物中广泛存在并参与植物生长、发育和成熟过程,CNR是SPL转录因子家族中的一个成员,其作用机制尚不清楚.通过RNA-seq、qRT-PCR和染色质免疫共沉淀技术(ChIP)确定转录因子CNR直接作用的新的靶基因,旨在揭示番茄果实成熟过程中CNR的转录调控网络.通过RNA-seq筛选出野生型AC和突变体...     

番茄果实成熟过程中钙调素含量变化及其与乙烯生成的关系

应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill大红品种)果实成熟过程中钙调素(CaM)含量的变化。果实开始成熟(发白期),CaM含量随着呼吸跃变上升,成熟时(粉红期)达到最大,过熟衰老时则下降。果实内部乙烯浓度、ACC含量及其合成酶活性也随跃变而增加,随过熟衰老而降低。GaM含量在果实不同部位中的分布有明显差异,跃变上升期以子房腔组织含量最高,并由中心向外逐渐降低,外周果皮含量最低。此时用外源乙烯催熟处理促进各部位CaM增加。成熟衰老时子房腔组织首先衰老,CaM含量大为降低,但在中柱和果皮中却高于跃变上升期。外源乙烯促进衰老使CaM下降。Ca~(2+)促进番茄圆片CaM含量增高和乙烯产生,CaM抑制剂CPZ,TFP在降低CaM含量的同时也抑制乙烯的产生。     

PG在番茄果实成熟中的作用及二价金属离子与乙烯对PG活性的影响

对采后番茄果实的电镜观察表明:当果实成熟衰老时,叶绿体数量减少,多数基粒结构丧失;成熟果实胞壁中胶层水解成中空的电子透明区,初生壁的纤丝也发生一定程度的水解,相邻细胞分离;外源 PG(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶)提取物处理绿熟期果实组织,也可引起胞壁结构和叶绿体发生与正常衰老相同的变化。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Co~(2+)二价金属离子处理果实,可明显降低番茄红素含量和 PG 活性,延缓果实软化。外源乙烯处理果实,可促进番茄红素的形成,提高 PG活性,并能解除钙对 PG 活性的抑制。本文也对 PG 在乙烯和 Ca~(2+)调节果实成熟中的作用进行了讨论。     

乙酰水杨酸在番茄果实发育期间对蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

研究不同浓度乙酰水杨酸(ASA)对番茄品种‘辽园多丽’果实发育期间蔗糖代谢相关酶影响的结果表明:ASA可抑制果实的维管束和胶质胎座中酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)活性,而提高蔗糖合成酶(SS)与蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性;心室隔壁和中果肉中ASA的作用与此相反。ASA促进果实维管束中可溶性糖积累主要通过调控AI和NI活性实现,而在胶质胎座中主要通过调控SS活性实现;在中果肉和心室隔壁中主要通过调控SS和AI活性实现。     

Ca2+对离体培养的番茄花柄脱落的影响以及脱落过程中离区内钙形态的变化

在自然条件下,Ca~(2 )对离体培养的番茄花柄脱落有抑制作用,而对经乙烯处理的则有显著的促进。无论是在自然还是乙烯条件下,未经任何处理的番茄花柄脱落过程中总钙与果胶酸钙含量下降,而水溶性钙含量升高,Ca~(2 )在不同程度上提高脱落过程中离区总钙、果胶酸钙和水溶性钙含量,尤其是在乙烯下的效果更显著,而经EGTA处理的则相反。     

1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)对油桃果实软化的影响

1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)可延缓油桃果实硬度的下降,阻止引起果实软化的细胞物质(淀粉、纤维素、果胶)的降解,抑制与果实软化相关的酶(淀粉酶、纤维素酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶)活性。     

Changes in Structural Features of Free N-Glycan and Endoglycosidase Activity during Tomato Fruit Ripening

In developing plants, free N-glycans occur ubiquitously at micromolar concentrations. Such oligosaccharides have been proposed to be signaling molecules in plant development. As a part of a study to elucidate the physiological roles of de-N-glycosylation machinery involved in fruit ripening, we analyzed changes in the amounts and structural features of free N-glycans in tomato fruits at four ripening stages. The amount of high-mannose type free N-glycans increased significantly in accordance with fruit ripening, and the relative amounts of high-molecular size N-glycans, such as Man_8-9GlcNAc₁, became predominant. These observations suggest that the de-N-glycosylation machinery, including endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) activity, is stimulated in the later stages of fruit ripening. But contrary to expectation, we found that total ENGase activities in the tomato fruits did not vary significantly with the ripening process, suggesting that ENGase activity must be maintained at a certain level, and that the expression of α-mannosidase involved in the clearance of free N-glycans decreases during tomato fruit ripening.     

Changes in polar lipids during ripening and senescence of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum): Relation to climacteric and ethylene increases

The entire senescence period, including ripening, is characterized in cherry tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme Alef.) by two successive changes in overall polar lipid content. The rise in respiration of the fruit in the climacteric phase is accompanied by a large increase in lipids, notably phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid. This suggests the coexistence of anabolic and catabolic processes in this first period. At the degreening stage of the fruit, decreased levels of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and the disappearance of trigalactosyldiacylglycerol may indicate some degradation of the chloroplast compartment. Following a respiratory upsurge, a sudden breakdown of total lipids occurs concomitantly with maximal ethylene production. This breakdown is essentially caused by a parallel decrease in the amounts of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid and also phosphatidylglycerol. However, in the cherry tomato, lipid peroxidation, evaluated by alteration of fatty acid distribution, seems insufficient to account for the ethylene peak.     

昼间亚高温下番茄叶中糖含量与蔗糖代谢相关酶的活性日变化

研究番茄品种‘辽园多丽’幼苗在昼间35℃亚高温条件下叶中糖含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性日变化的结果表明,昼间亚高温处理后的幼苗叶中果糖、葡萄糖和淀粉含量下降,蔗糖含量升高。与蔗糖代谢相关的酶活性有明显的昼夜节律性变化,转化酶、蔗糖合成酶呈现昼间活性低、夜间活性高的节律性,而蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性在进入夜间时立刻升高。35℃昼间亚高温处理后的幼苗叶中,转化酶活性下降,蔗糖合成酶活性明显升高,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性则略有升高。     

Salinity effects on growth and carbon balance in Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennellii

The effects of salinity on growth and carbon balance in the cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill. cv. VF 234 and in a wild, salt-tolerant relative, L. pennellii (Correll) D'Arcy accession Atico, were compared. The level of salinity that significantly reduced growth and affected morphology was lower for the cultivated than for the wild species.
Net CO₂ fixation, stomatal conductance and the specific activity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) were more decreased by salinity in the wild tomato than in the cultivated. In both species, the salinity-associated decrease in assimilation was related to a decrease in net photosynthesis and to carbon reallocation favoring heterotrophic organs.     

1-甲基环丙烯对低温贮藏的香蕉果实后熟的影响

香蕉果实先在6℃下贮藏不同时间后转入常温用1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理或先以1-MCP处理后转入6℃下贮藏不同时间,然后在常温下用乙烯利处理,结果表明, 经1-MCP处理过的果实对乙烯不敏感,后熟过程受抑;而未经1-MCP处理的果实能够后熟,并有明显的呼吸及乙烯峰出现.     

Salinity effects on water relations in Lycopersicon esculentum and its wild salt-tolerant relative species L. pennellii

Cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill. cv. P-73 and its wild salt tolerant relative L. pennellii (Correll) D'Arcy accession PE-47, were grown during spring-summer 1989 under unheated plastic greenhouse conditions. Plants were submitted to two different salt treatments using 0 and 140 mM NaCI irrigation water. In both tomato species, salinity caused a proportionally larger reduction in leaf area than in leaf weight and, in L. esculentum , a proportionally larger decrease in stem weight than in leaf weight. Daily variations in leaf water potential (Ψ₁) were fundamentally due to changes in the evaporative demand of the atmosphere. Reductions in Ψ₁ due to salinity were consistent only in L. esculentum . In all the conditions studied, leaf turgor was maintained. Leaf conductance (g₁)was higher in L. esculentum than in L. pennellii .Salinity induced a clear reduction in g₁ levels in L. esculentum whereas, in L. pennellii , this reduction was noted only in May. In both species the Ψ^o_s (leaf osmotic potential at full turgor) levels were reduced by salinity. The bulk modulus of elasticity (E) and relative water content at turgor loss point (RWC_tlp) were not affected by salinity. The RWC_tlp values in L. pennellii seem to be controlled by E values.     

串番茄果实货架期间与耐贮性有关的生理特性的变化

串番茄品种随着货架期延长,果实硬度、果肉硬度、原果胶含量逐渐下降;可溶性果胶含量逐渐上升;多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性呈峰值变化,变化幅度小于普通番茄.