HIF-1α的泛素化和SUMO化修饰

低氧诱导因子-1（hypoxia-inducible factor-1,HIF-1）是异二聚体的转录因子,由氧敏感的α亚基和在细胞内稳定表达的β亚基组成,在细胞低氧应答反应中起核心作用,能调节100多种涉及低氧应激下细胞适应和存活的靶基因.泛素是一种由76个氨基酸残基组成的保守性多肽,广泛存在真核生物中.SUMO是泛素样蛋白家族成员,分子量约为12 kD的小蛋白,从拟南芥到人类普遍存在.泛素和SUMO可共价结合许多靶底物蛋白,对其进行翻译后修饰,该过程分别称为泛素化与SUMO化.近来研究显示,HIF-1α的翻译后修饰如泛素化、SUMO化可调节其的稳定性,从而改变HIF 1α的转录激活活性.本文主要就HIF-1α泛素化及SUMO化修饰等问题作一综述.     

蛋白质SUMO化和泛素化修饰的关系

泛素化和SUMO化是蛋白质翻译后修饰的重要方式,广泛参与调节蛋白质功能和细胞生命活动各个环节。多聚泛素化降解蛋白质,而SUMO化主要调节蛋白质的相互作用和定位等。在不同情况下,SUMO化和泛素化既可协同调节蛋白质功能,也可相互拮抗。最近研究发现,某些底物的SUMO化能够激活体内一类新发现的SUMO依赖的泛素连接酶,启动泛素-蛋白酶体途径降解底物,导致蛋白质SUMO化和汔素化的关系进一步精细化和复杂化。     

蛋白质SUMO化修饰与肿瘤调控

SUMO化修饰是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,在细胞周期调控、细胞代谢、基因转录、DNA损伤和修复等众多细胞生物学过程中,对底物蛋白质的表达、定位和活性进行调控。蛋白质SUMO化修饰是动态可逆的过程,去SUMO化修饰由SUMO特异性蛋白酶(SENPs)家族成员所催化。由于受到SUMO化修饰的底物蛋白种类众多、功能多样,SUMO化修饰能够在整体和特定蛋白质修饰层面,参与调控肿瘤的发生发展,并且这种调控机制非常复杂,比如调控细胞周期的进程、DNA损伤和基因组不稳定性、肿瘤代谢与生长、抗肿瘤免疫等。SENPs家族成员是底物蛋白质SUMO化修饰程度的决定者,该研究团队对SENPs家族成员在肿瘤中的作用开展了系列研究,因此该文也将以SENP1和SENP3为例,对SENPs在肿瘤进程中的作用及其作用机制展开介绍。     

蛋白质多聚SUMO化修饰及其功能

泛素（ubiquitin, Ub）是一类高度保守的小蛋白, 可与靶蛋白的赖氨酸残基共价连接, 形成多聚泛素链行使功能. 类似于泛素化修饰过程, 小泛素相关修饰物(small ubiquitin related modifier, SUMO）也可以共价修饰靶蛋白的赖氨酸残基, 从而影响靶蛋白的定位、稳定性以及蛋白间的相互作用, 发挥重要的生理功能. 尽管在多数情况下, 靶蛋白发生的是单SUMO化修饰, 但最近研究发现,SUMO依赖自身的赖氨酸也可以形成多聚链. 与单SUMO化修饰不同的是, 多聚SUMO化修饰的靶蛋白可以进一步被泛素化修饰, 进而诱导靶蛋白的降解. 这是一种新的、特殊的化学修饰形式, 弄清它的生理功能,对于了解细胞的生长、分化以及凋亡等生理过程将具有重要的意义. 本文将就此方面的最新研究进展做一综述.     

SUMO化修饰与DNA损伤修复

蛋白质的翻译后修饰在很大程度上决定了蛋白质的活性、细胞定位、稳定性及蛋白质之间的相互作用.而在DNA损伤修复过程中,通过调控不同修复蛋白的翻译后修饰来影响他们的活性及细胞定位,进而导致DNA损伤修复途径的不同和修复结果的差异.新近研究表明,蛋白质的SUMO化修饰在DNA损伤修复和基因组稳定性的维护方面发挥重要作用.本文将对SUMO化修饰对DNA损伤修复的调控的最新研究进展做一综述.     

SUMO化修饰对NF-kB信号通路的调控

小泛素相关修饰物(small ubiquitin-related modifier,SUMO)经由一系列酶介导的生化级联反应共价结合于靶蛋白的赖氨酸残基上,稳定靶蛋白免受降解的过程称为SUMO化修饰(SUMOylation).核转录因子kB(nuclear factors kB,NF-kB)是公认的炎症和免疫反应的重要调节因子,并与糖尿病的发生发展密切相关.近年来研究发现,不仅NF-kB抑制蛋白(inhibitor of NF-kB,IkB)的SUMO化修饰参与NF-kB信号通路的调节,而且SUMO酶可以直接调节NF-kB对靶基因的转录.现就SUMO亚型及结构,SUMO化修饰与去SUMO化修饰过程,SUMO、SUMO酶对NF-kB的转录调控及其与糖尿病相关性的最新研究进展作以综述.     

小泛素相关修饰物SUMO研究进展

蛋白质翻译后修饰对改变蛋白功能、活性或定位都起着非常重要的作用,泛素及其相似蛋白的修饰是其中一种重要形式。与其他诸如磷酸化、乙酰化、糖基化等不同的是,泛素及其相似蛋白的修饰基团本身即是一个小的多肽,通过异肽键与靶蛋白Lys侧链ε-NH2相连,其中小泛素相关修饰物(small ubiquitin—related modifier,SUMO)与蛋白的共价连接是一种新的广泛存在的翻译后修饰形式。SUMO是广泛存在于真核生物中高度保守的蛋白家族,在脊椎动物中有三个SUMO基因,称为SUMO-1,-2,-3,与泛素在二级结构上极其相似,且催化修饰过程的酶体系也具有很高的同源性。然而,与泛素化介导的蛋白酶降解途径不同,SUMO化修饰发挥着更为广泛的功能,如核质转运、细胞周期调控、信号转导、转录活性调控等。     

SUMO对NF-κB信号通路的调控作用

核转录因子NF-κB是一种广泛存在于真核细胞内的,具有多向性、多功能的重要调节蛋白,与机体免疫应答、炎症反应,以及肿瘤的发生发展等多种生理病理过程相关.蛋白质翻译后修饰对NF-κB信号通路能起调控作用,而小泛素相关修饰物(small ubiquitin-related modifier,SUMO)是近年报道的参与调控NF-κB信号通路的一种非常重要的小分子蛋白,本文就SUMO对NF-κB信号通路的调节作用做一介绍.     

SUMO化修饰在核受体功能调控中的作用

小泛素相关修饰蛋白(small ubiquitin related modifier,SUMO)修饰作用是蛋白质翻译后修饰的重要方式。SUMO化修饰与泛素化作用极为相似,并且在某些靶蛋白上可以与泛素竞争结合位点,从而起到稳定靶蛋白的作用,并参与调节靶蛋白的细胞定位、膜离子通道功能、DNA损伤修复以及转录活性等。核受体是一类在生物体内广泛分布的、配体依赖的转录因子超家族,参与机体生长发育、细胞分化,以及体内许多生理、病理过程中的基因表达调控。最近研究发现,核受体的SU-MO修饰可通过影响核受体的稳定性、转录活性、亚细胞定位等多重途径影响核受体的功能,并影响机体炎症反应及相关疾病的发生发展。本文对核受体的SUMO修饰在核受体功能调控中的作用,以及与机体相关疾病之间的关系做一简要综述。     

HIF-1α的可逆性SUMO化修饰

低氧诱导因子1(hypoxia inducible factor-1, HIF-1)是参与调节机体氧平衡的重要转录因子,在细胞低氧应答反应中起核心作用,能调节100多种涉及低氧应激下细胞适应和存活的靶基因．HIF-1由氧敏感的α亚基和在细胞内稳定表达的β亚基组成．其中α亚基可受到多种翻译后化学修饰作用,如在常氧下,HIF-1α通过泛素化蛋白酶修饰并导致其快速降解．最近几年发现的泛素样蛋白家族成员小泛素蛋白样修饰蛋白（SUMO）也能与HIF-1α共价结合．SUMO是一种分子量约为12 kD的小蛋白,从拟南芥到人类普遍存在．SUMO可共价结合许多靶底物蛋白,并对其进行翻译后修饰,该过程称为SUMO化．与泛素化蛋白酶体途径不同的是,SUMO化修饰能在常氧和相对低氧的条件下调节HIF-1α蛋白的稳定性,从而改变其转录活性．SUMO化是一个可逆的动态过程,可被特异性蛋白酶ULP/SENP将其从底物上去除．本文主要就HIF-1α的可逆性SUMO化修饰作一综述．     

RNF4—A Paradigm for SUMOylation‐Mediated Ubiquitination

Covalent modifications by Small Ubiquitin‐like MOdifier (SUMO) and ubiquitin conjugation are now recognized as independent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) employed by cells to reversibly regulate cellular signaling. SUMOylation in particular has emerged as a crucial cellular mechanism involved in multiple pathologies, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, immunological and neurological disorders, as well as aging. Convergence of these two PTMs result in the ubiquitination of SUMOylated proteins, adding complexity in the modulation of protein functions. The SUMO‐Targeted Ubiquitin Ligases (STUbL) mediate this process, and RNF4, the mammalian STUbL, has been at the forefront in the understanding of this phenomenon. It has been shown to play important roles in a variety of cellular events, ranging from the maintenance of genomic integrity and hence, oncogenesis, to a role in development. Recent identification of direct and indirect RNF4 targets has revealed that the SUMOylation machinery is in itself targeted by RNF4, highlighting the complex nature of the signaling circuitry tightly regulating these processes. This review will touch upon both SUMOylation and ubiquitination, and will focus on how RNF4, which is at the heart of both these PTMs, modulates cellular signaling and promotes protein degradation. Moreover, the potential of therapeutically targeting RNF4 to improve cancer treatment is also explored.     

SUMOylation represses SnRK1 signaling in Arabidopsis

The SnRK1 protein kinase balances cellular energy levels in accordance with extracellular conditions and is thereby key for plant stress tolerance. In addition, SnRK1 has been implicated in numerous growth and developmental processes from seed filling and maturation to flowering and senescence. Despite its importance, the mechanisms that regulate SnRK1 activity are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the SnRK1 complex is SUMOylated on multiple subunits and identify SIZ1 as the E3 Small Ubiquitin‐like Modifier (SUMO) ligase responsible for this modification. We further show that SnRK1 is ubiquitinated in a SIZ1‐dependent manner, causing its degradation through the proteasome. In consequence, SnRK1 degradation is deficient in siz1‐2 mutants, leading to its accumulation and hyperactivation of SnRK1 signaling. Finally, SnRK1 degradation is strictly dependent on its activity, as inactive SnRK1 variants are aberrantly stable but recover normal degradation when expressed as SUMO mimetics. Altogether, our data suggest that active SnRK1 triggers its own SUMOylation and degradation, establishing a negative feedback loop that attenuates SnRK1 signaling and prevents detrimental hyperactivation of stress responses.     

DEC1-mRNA在肝癌患者血清中的表达和手术预后的关系

目的:研究DEC1在肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)患者血清中的表达水平及其临床意义。方法:收集60例HCC患者,30例正常人,30例慢性肝炎患者,30例慢性肝硬化患者血清标本。采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR(RT-PCR)检测血清DEC1的表达情况。分析血清DEC1的表达水平与AFP相关性。探讨血清DEC1的表达水平与HCC手术预后的关系。结果:肝癌患者血清DEC1明显高于正常人、慢性肝炎和慢性肝硬化患者(P0.05)。皮尔森相关分析结果显示HCC患者血清DEC1的表达与血清AFP水平是呈正相关的。Kaplan-Meier结果显示血清DEC1低表达组术后的复发转移率显著低于高表达组,其术后生存率也显著高于高表达组(P0.01)。结论:DEC1在肝癌者血清中高表达,不仅可能成为HCC诊断的标记物,且其血清表达水平也有助于HCC临床预后的评估。     

磷酸化与泛素化修饰对雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(TORC1)信号通路的调控

TORC1是一个在真核生物中高度保守的激酶复合物,能通过感应营养物质、生长因子、能量水平等信号调节细胞代谢水平和生长。TORC1信号通路的失调与代谢紊乱、神经病变、癌症和衰老密切相关。本文比较了酵母细胞及哺乳动物细胞中TORC1的结构与功能,并着重综述了磷酸化和泛素化修饰在TORC1信号通路中的作用。由于磷酸化和泛素化在传导外界信号至TORC1以及调节TORC1下游通路中均发挥重要作用,因此深入研究磷酸化和泛素化对TORC1信号通路的影响,将为药物靶点的发现提供新思路。     

O型谷胱甘肽转移酶1通过抑制泛素化促进MHCII表达

目的 研究谷胱甘肽转移酶omega1 (GSTO1)如何调控骨髓来源的树突状细胞（BMDCs）的功能。方法 利用流式细胞仪和共聚焦显微镜检测GSTO1缺陷及GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs表面MHCII分子的表达。将BMDCs与来自OTII小鼠的CD4 T细胞在OVA存在下共培养，并检测IFN-γ的产生。利用流式细胞仪检测GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs中MHCII分子的循环和内化。实时定量PCR检测GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs中MHCII分子的转录水平。Western blot检测GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs中MHCII分子的总蛋白质水平。免疫共沉淀技术检测GSTO1抑制剂处理后MHCII分子的泛素化水平。结果 GSTO1缺陷或GSTO1抑制剂不影响BMDCs的增殖和凋亡，但会降低细胞膜上抗原递呈分子MHCII分子的表达。GSTO1缺陷或GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs活化CD4 T细胞的能力受损。在GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDCs中，MHCII分子的循环和内化过程正常。GSTO1抑制剂不影响MHCII分子的转录，但会降低其总蛋白质水平。另外，在GSTO1抑制剂处理的BMDC...     

SUMOylation of microtubule-cleaving enzyme KATNA1 promotes microtubule severing and neurite outgrowth

Katanin p60 ATPase-containing subunit A1 (KATNA1) is a microtubule-cleaving enzyme that regulates the development of neural protrusions through cytoskeletal rearrangements. However, the mechanism underlying the linkage of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protein to KATNA1 and how this modification regulates the development of neural protrusions is unclear. Here we discovered, using mass spectrometry analysis, that SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9, an enzyme necessary for the SUMOylation process, was present in the KATNA1 interactome. Moreover, GST-pull down and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that KATNA1 and SUMO interact. We further demonstrated using immunofluorescence experiments that KATNA1 and the SUMO2 isoform colocalized in hippocampal neurites. We also performed a bioinformatics analysis of KATNA1 protein sequences to identify three potentially conserved SUMOylation sites (K77, K157, and K330) among vertebrates. Mutation of K330, but not K77 or K157, abolished KATNA1-induced microtubule severing and decreased the level of binding observed for KATNA1 and SUMO2. Cotransfection of SUMO2 and wildtype KATNA1 in COS7 cells increased microtubule severing, whereas no effect was observed after cotransfection with the K330R KATNA1 mutant. Furthermore, in cultured hippocampal neurons, overexpression of wildtype KATNA1 significantly promoted neurite outgrowth, whereas the K330R mutant eliminated this effect. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the K330 site in KATNA1 is modified by SUMOylation and SUMOylation of KATNA1 promotes microtubule dynamics and hippocampal neurite outgrowth.     

Repo-Man/protein phosphatase 1 SUMOylation mediates binding to lamin A and serine 22 dephosphorylation

Lamin A phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation is an important process during cells division as it allows for nuclear envelope (NE) disassembly at mitotic entry and its re-assembly during mitotic exit. Several kinases have been identified as responsible for these phosphorylations, but no protein phosphatase has been implicated in their reversal. One of the mitotic phosphosites in lamin A responsible for its dynamic behaviour is serine 22 (S22) which is de-phosphorylated during mitotic exit. Recent evidence has also linked the nuclear pool of lamin A S22ph in interphase to gene expression regulation. Previous work suggested that the phosphatase responsible for lamin A S22 de-phosphorylation is chromatin bound and interacts with lamin A via SUMO-SIM motives. We have previously reported that Repo-Man/protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a chromatin-associated phosphatase that regulates NE reformation. Here we propose that Repo-Man/PP1 phosphatase mediates lamin A S22 de-phosphorylation. We indeed show that depletion of Repo-Man leads to NE defects, causes hyperphosphorylation of lamin A S22 that can be rescued by a wild-type but not a SUMOylation-deficient mutant. Lamin A and Repo-Man interact in vivo and in vitro, and the interaction is mediated by SUMOylation. Moreover, the localization of Repo-Man/PP1 to the chromatin is essential for lamin A S22 de-phosphorylation.