弱光对不结球白菜光合特性与叶绿体超微结构的影响

研究了不结球白菜耐弱光品种“矮王”和不耐弱光品种“绿优”经弱光处理后,光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的变化.结果表明:遮荫处理后,“矮王”的总叶绿素和叶绿素b含量大幅度上升;2个品种的净光合速率（P_n）、光补偿点（LCP）、光饱和点（(LSP）、表观量子效率（AQY）、羧化效率（CE）均呈下降趋势;除光补偿点外,“矮王”的下降幅度均小于“绿优”.叶绿素荧光参数分析表明,在弱光条件下,“绿优”的光系统Ⅱ（PSII）受到伤害,F_v/F_m、ETR、Φ_PSⅡ和q_P的下降幅度均大于耐弱光品种“矮王”.电镜超微观察结果显示:“绿优”的叶绿体内部出现裂缝和孔洞,多数基质片层断裂,基粒片层解体,线粒体出现内含物减少、发生空洞的现象;而“矮王”的叶绿体结构良好,线粒体发育正常.表明弱光处理可以影响植物的光合机构,但对不同品种的影响不同.     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对苹果叶片耐弱光能力的影响

为了探讨5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对苹果耐弱光性的影响,以‘润太2号’和‘郑优3号’两个品种苹果为材料,设置露天对照(CK)、轻度遮荫(LS)和重度遮荫(SS)3种光照条件,通过根际浇灌法研究了10mg·L~(-1) ALA处理对弱光条件下苹果叶片活性氧代谢与叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果显示:(1)与CK相比,弱光胁迫显著降低了两品种苹果叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,增大了超氧阴离子(O_2~(-·))产生速率以及过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,且‘郑优3号’的活性氧产生速率及MDA含量在弱光下的升高幅度更大;ALA处理显著提高了弱光胁迫下两品种的保护酶活性,降低了活性氧产生速率和MDA含量,并以耐弱光性较差的‘郑优3号’的变化更显著。(2)在弱光胁迫下,苹果叶片的叶绿素含量和叶绿素b/a升高,而ALA处理使二者进一步显著升高。(3)弱光胁迫下,苹果叶片的叶绿素荧光参数V_J、M_o、DI_o/RC显著升高,而ψ_o、ψE_o、ψR_o、PI_(ABS)、PI_(CS)和PI_(total)显著降低;ALA处理抑制了叶绿素荧光参数在弱光胁迫下的变化,甚至使其达到优于对照的水平。研究表明,弱光条件下苹果的抗氧化能力较差,受到明显的氧化伤害,且‘郑优3号’的耐弱光能力比‘润太2号’差;ALA处理提高了苹果在弱光下的抗氧化能力,降低了弱光对苹果叶片的氧化伤害,同时还提高了弱光条件下苹果叶片捕捉、传递和转化光能的效率,改善了光合电子传递情况,增大了苹果叶片在弱光胁迫下的光能利用效率,改善了光合性能;根灌ALA可以明显提高苹果的耐弱光性。     

低温弱光下辣椒3种渗透调节物质含量变化及其与品种耐性的关系

以12个耐低温弱光的辣椒品种为试验材料,模拟日光温室低温弱光逆境,研究了辣椒叶片中脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性搪、可溶性蛋白含量的变化及其与耐低温弱光性之间的相关性.结果表明,15℃/5℃(昼/夜)、100μmol·m-2·s-1光照处理使辣椒叶片的Pro含量、可溶性糖含量升高,可溶性蛋白含量于处理前期升高,后期浇档?低温弱光处理10 d的可溶性蛋白含量和处理20 d的可溶性糖含量与辣椒耐低温弱光性呈显著正相关;10个品种的Pro含量与品种的耐低温弱光性呈极显著正相关,Pro的累积表现为保护作用;耐低温弱光性较强的品种'湘研1号'和较弱的品种'湘研16号'中Pro含量与耐性呈负相关,Pro的累积表现为伤害性反应.     

不结球白菜抽薹性状的配合力及遗传效应研究

目前育种者对不结球白菜育种的研究主要集中在夏季及秋冬季弱冬性品种上,对适宜春季栽培的不结球白菜耐抽薹性的育种研究鲜有报道,然而市场对不结球白菜的周年生产要求迫切。本研究通过对不同抽薹期基因型的不结球白菜的配合力及遗传力进行分析,为不结球白菜耐抽薹时期的筛选及新品种的选育提供理论依据。本研究采用Griffing完全双列杂交方法 I对4个不结球白菜自交系抽薹性状的配合力进行分析,并对其抽薹性状的遗传参数进行估算。结果表明:自交系M11-1-2和M11-1-4的一般配合力均较好,具有作为耐抽薹亲本材料的潜力;抽薹期性状的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力分别为97.42%和91.41%,抽薹性状主要受加性效应基因控制,因此,在早世代对不结球白菜抽薹性状的选择是有效的途径。     

水稻耐光氧化和耐荫特性的生理基础

用简易、有效的人工光氧化和遮荫技术对30个水稻(Oryza sativa L.)种质进行筛选,鉴定出既耐光氧化又耐荫、耐光氧化不耐荫、耐荫不耐光氧化、既不耐荫又不耐光氧化等4种品种类型,并用既耐光氧化又耐荫的品种"武育粳3号"和对光氧化和遮荫均敏感的品种"香籼"进行光合特性研究.结果表明:在遮荫条件下,与对光氧化和遮荫敏感的品种"香籼"比较,"武育粳3号"的PSⅡ活性差异不大,RuBisCO活性降低较少,光合能力、光合生产力较高.在光抑制条件下,"武育粳3号"的PSⅡ活性,PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm),PSⅡ-D1蛋白含量降低较少,光合作用光抑制较轻.在光氧化条件下,内源活性氧清除剂SOD诱导活性高,清除O-能力强,因而叶绿素衰减较慢.上述研究为水稻育种提供了配套的优良生理特性的鉴定技术和生理依据.     

6个不结球白菜品种光合作用特性的研究

对6个不结球白菜品种的光合作用特性进行了研究。结果表明,在800μmol·m-2·s-1的光强下,不结球白菜的净光合速率以‘正大抗热青3号’最高,达16.37μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,其光合作用表观量子效率、羧化效率和水分利用效率也最高,分别为0.0442、0.0854mol·m-2·s-1和6.20μmol CO2·mmol-1H2O;暗呼吸速率以‘绿星’最低,为2.24μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;Pn-PFD响应曲线显示,在光强300μmol·m-2·s-1以下,各品种的净光合速率差异较小,在光强为300~1000μmol·m-2·s-1区段时,净光合速率随着光照强度增加而迅速增加。‘正大抗热青3号’光饱和点最高,达1910.3μmol·m-2·s-1,其光饱和点的净光合速率也最高,达20.2μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;不结球白菜不同品种净光合速率日变化进程相似,不论数值高低均呈双峰曲线型,有明显的“午休”现象。     

我国设施黄瓜新育成品种芽期耐盐性评价

用100 mmol/L Mg(NO3)2盐溶液对不同生态类型的143个设施黄瓜新品种进行4 d芽期胁迫处理,调查各种质的发芽势、发芽指数、相对伤害率、发芽率、相对发芽率、第2天和第4天胚根伸长长度、后2 d胚根伸长速度等8个指标,利用各指标隶属函数值对其耐盐性进行聚类分析,并对耐盐强的种质进行恢复出苗初步筛选。研究结果表明,黄瓜萌发期的耐盐性强弱评价结果受多个指标的影响。8个发芽指标的变异系数为10.5%~81.0%,除了发芽率和相对发芽率的变异较小外,其他性状的变异幅度均较大(32.0%~81.0%);各性状指标变异系数在不同生态类型种质中表现不同,华北型和欧洲温室型种质以相对伤害率变异系数为最大,华南型和欧美加工型种质以后2 d胚根伸长速度变异系数最大。从种质总体抗盐结果看,欧美加工型和欧洲温室型>华南型>华北型。各指标隶属函数值聚类分析结果表明,将所有种质划为耐盐强、中、弱3类,其中耐盐强的品种共有54个,占37.8%。54个耐盐品种胁迫后经出苗试验初步筛选出12个恢复能力强的品种,即:J31-1>绿精灵>DRT5>YT24>东农02号>上海农科4号>冬灵102>IVF8>津优35>HGS-2>扬大13>J30-1。     

设施黄瓜新育成品种资源芽期耐盐性评价

用100 mmol/L Mg(NO3)2盐溶液对不同生态类型的143个设施黄瓜新品种进行4天芽期胁迫处理,调查各种质的发芽势、发芽指数、相对伤害率、发芽率、相对发芽率、第2天和第4天胚根伸长长度、后2天胚根伸长速度等8个指标,利用各指标隶属函数值对其耐盐性进行聚类分析,并对耐盐强的种质进行恢复出苗初步筛选。研究结果表明,黄瓜萌发期的耐盐性强弱评价结果受多个指标的影响。8个发芽指标的变异系数为10.5%-81.0%,除了发芽率和相对发芽率的变异较小外,其他性状的变异幅度均较大（32.0-81.0%）;各性状指标变异系数在不同生态类型种质中表现不同,华北型和欧洲温室型种质以盐害指数变异系数为最大,华南型和欧美加工型种质以后2天胚根伸长速度变异系数最大。从种质总体抗盐结果看,欧美加工型和欧洲温室型>华南型>华北型。各指标隶属函数值聚类分析结果表明,将所有种质划为耐盐强、中、弱3类,其中耐盐强的品种共有54个,占37.8%。54个耐盐品种胁迫后经出苗试验初步筛选出12个恢复能力强的品种,即：J31-1＞绿精灵＞DRT5＞YT24＞东农02号＞上海农科4号＞冬灵102＞IVF8＞津优35＞HGS-2＞扬大13＞J30-1。     

沿黄稻区水稻灌浆期遮阴对产量和品质的影响及耐弱光粳稻品种筛选

水稻灌浆期经常遇到阴雨寡照天气,从而导致水稻减产和品质下降。本研究通过分析沿黄稻区近6年水稻灌浆期的气象数据发现,灌浆期日照时数减少是在该时期影响沿黄稻区水稻生产的主要气候因子;以生育期适合沿黄稻区种植的80个粳稻品种为材料,在灌浆期用65%的黑色遮阳网遮阴30 d,检测了水稻冠层顶部晴天、阴天和雨天3种天气下光、温度和湿度等生态环境,分析了灌浆期遮阴对水稻千粒重、加工品质和垩白性状的影响,并进行了耐弱光品种的筛选。结果表明遮阴后水稻冠层顶部阳光在能量和信号两个层面都发生了变化,即辐射量减少和R/FR比值降低;灌浆期遮阴后千粒重降低、糙米率、精米率和整精米率下降、垩白粒率和垩白度增加,其中对千粒重和垩白性状影响最大;以遮阴后千粒重降幅、垩白粒率和垩白度增幅为指标,通过聚类分析从中筛选出了方四落、新丰5号、早香3和小香共4个优质耐弱光品种。     

遮光对小麦植株氮素转运及品质的影响

以耐弱光性不同的冬小麦品种扬麦158(耐弱光品种)和扬麦11(不耐弱光品种)为材料,研究了拔节至成熟期遮光对小麦籽粒产量、植株氮素代谢及籽粒和面团品质的影响.结果表明:拔节至成熟期遮光22%和33%时,扬麦158和扬麦11籽粒产量分别比对照下降4.1%～9.9%和15.3%～25.8%;而小麦籽粒蛋白质产量分别下降3.0%～8.3%和10.4%～14.1%,且随着遮光程度的加重,小麦籽粒氮素积累对花后氮素积累的依赖性增强.遮光条件下各营养器官中花前贮存氮素转运量均下降,但叶片氮素转运效率(RENP)上升,从而补偿了茎鞘、穗壳中RENP的下降,因此营养器官总RENP未受遮光条件的显著影响.拔节至成熟期遮光提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量,这与弱光下籽粒蛋白质积累量下降幅度小于产量下降幅度所形成的"浓缩效应"有关.弱光对成熟期小麦籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量无显著影响,但显著提高了醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量,导致小麦湿面筋含量、面团形成时间和稳定时间提高,面团弱化度降低.     

Genotypic differences in salt tolerance from germination to seedling stage in peanut

采用盆栽试验, 设置0、0.15%、0.30%和0.45%等4个浓度的盐胁迫, 通过出苗速度、植株形态和生物量等指标研究不同基因型花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种(系)萌发至幼苗期的耐盐性差异。结果表明, 各浓度盐胁迫下, 相对出苗时间、相对株高、相对主茎高、相对主根长、相对地上部鲜质量、相对地下部鲜质量、相对植株鲜质量、相对地上部干质量、相对地下部干质量和相对植株干质量等10个指标耐盐指数品种间呈正态分布, 变异较大。主成分分析将10个指标归结为不相关的独立因子, 采用综合得分将107个品种(系)聚类为高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和高度盐敏感型4组, 0.15%浓度下4个类型品种数分别占供试材料的45.79%、39.25%、7.48%和7.48%; 0.30%浓度下4个类型品种(系)数分别占供试材料的11.21%、47.66%、22.43%和18.69%; 0.45%浓度下4个类型品种(系)数分别占供试材料的6.54%、23.36%、50.47%和19.63%。部分品种(系)在各强度盐胁迫下均表现为耐盐或盐敏感, 部分品种(系)在低强度胁迫下表现为耐盐, 而在高强度胁迫下表现为盐敏感。3个浓度盐胁迫下高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和盐高度敏感型分组一致的品种(系)分别有1个(‘阜花11’)、7个(‘花育28’、‘Z11’、‘花育39’、‘花育32’、‘HLN2’、‘粤油26’、‘XE019’)、0个和1个(‘D1035’)。盐胁迫下, 不同耐盐类型花生品种(系)出苗时间、植株形态和生物量等10个指标间差异达显著或极显著水平, 盐敏感类型比耐盐类型品种(系)出苗时间延长, 植株形态建成抑制加重, 物质积累减少。     

Effect of drought on proteins and isoenzymes in rice during germination

Two drought tolerant varieties TKM-1 and TKM-2 and two drought susceptible varieties Jaya and Improved Sabarmati of rice were studied for soluble protein pattern and isoenzymes of malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, esterase and peroxidase during germination at different water stress. MDH, GDH and esterase patterns were not affected, but the soluble proteins were changed. Peroxidase isoenzyme pattern from drought tolerant and susceptible varieties showed characteristic differences. The intensity of bands with higher electrophoretic mobility decreased in Jaya and Improved Sabarmati while in TKM-1 and TKM-2 the intensity of these bands did not change much after 72 hr water stress. In shoots of Jaya and Improved Sabarmati, the activity of the peroxidase isoenzymes decreased more than in TKM-1 and TKM-2 shoots with increase in water stress.     

水稻品种对白背飞虱的耐虫性反应及稻株营养成分的变化

测定了不同水稻品种对白背飞虱的耐虫性反应及稻株营养成分的变化。结果表明,中抗品种N22、绿源占1号、Mudgo、K89—B5和94D—22具有较高的耐虫性,抗虫品种Ptb33和中组74以抗生性为主,感虫品种秀水11、汕优63和感虫对照品种TN1不具有耐虫性,在白背飞虱为害后,耐虫品种稻株中全N量和可溶性总糖量增加,N／糖比变化率明显下降;而感虫品种的全N量和可溶性总糖量下降,N／糖比变化率明显增加,不同品种受害后体内大多数氨基酸含量均有不同程度的增加,但品种间氨基酸含量减少的种类不同,TN1品种只有丙氨酸含量减少,N22品种除丙氨酸外蛋氨酸和苏氨酸含量也明显减少,Ptb33品种仅精氨酸略有减少。     

Water stress mediated root trait dynamics and identification of microsatellite markers associated with root traits in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

To identify microsatellite markers associated with root traits for drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) a study was conducted at Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Trivandrum, Kerala Agricultural University. A set of thirty-five rice genotypes were exposed to water stress and evaluated for physio-morphological components as indices of water stress tolerance. Observations were made on leaf rolling score and root traits, especially the root length, root dry weight, root volume and root shoot ratio at booting stage. As of the data obtained, ten tolerant and ten susceptible varieties were selected for bulk line analysis to identify the DNA markers linked with target gene conferring drought tolerance. Out of 150 SSR primers screened, RM474 showed polymorphism between the tolerant and susceptible bulks. Individual genotypes of the bulks also showed the same product size of the respective tolerant and susceptible bulks.     

花生品种耐盐性指标筛选与综合评价

采用盆栽试验,设置不同盐胁迫浓度,通过萌发至幼苗期的出苗速度、植株形态和生物量等指标对200个花生品种(系)进行耐盐性评价.结果表明: 随盐胁迫浓度的增加,花生出苗时间延长,对植株形态建成抑制加重,物质积累减少.鉴定花生品种耐盐性强弱的适宜盐胁迫浓度为0.30%~0.45%.采用隶属函数值法将10个指标归结为平均隶属函数值,根据不同胁迫浓度下各指标与平均隶属函数值之间的相关性大小,植株鲜质量、地上部鲜质量、地下部鲜质量、地下部干质量、株高和主茎高均较大,可作为首选指标,植株干质量、地上部干质量、主根长和出苗速率均较小,可作为辅助指标综合判断品种的耐盐能力.200个品种(系)在不同盐胁迫浓度下均可分成高度耐盐型、耐盐型、盐敏感型和高度盐敏感型4组.随盐胁迫强度加大,耐盐品种数量下降,而盐敏感品种数量上升.部分品种在低、中、高盐胁迫强度下表现出统一性(均耐盐或均敏感);部分品种存在差异性,即低胁迫强度下表现耐盐性而在高胁迫强度下表现盐敏感性.     

Susceptibility of the legume flower thrips to Metarhizium anisopliae on different varieties of cowpea

The susceptibility of Megalurothrips sjostedtito Metarhizium anisopliae when reared on susceptible, tolerant, and moderately resistant varieties of cowpea at different constant temperatures was evaluated in the laboratory. Insects were exposed either to direct spray of the conidia or to fungus-treated floral tissues. Mortality was significantly higher on the moderately resistant variety at all temperatures compared to the susceptible and tolerant varieties. Correspondingly, lethal time and lethal concentration values were significantly shorter and lower, respectively, on the moderately resistant variety compared to the other varieties, thus indicating that the two control methods are compatible as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Thrips raised on the tolerant variety incurred an exceptionally low level of mortality when the inoculum was sprayed directly on the insects or when the insects were exposed tofungus-treated floral tissues. Observations on the effects of airborne volatiles and crude extracts of this variety revealed an inhibitory effect on fungal germination, colony forming units and growth. This suggests the existence of anti-fungal substances in the tolerant variety. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Assessment of salinity indices to identify Iranian wheat varieties using an artificial neural network

In arid and semi‐arid regions of the world, including Iran, soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses. One of the ways to achieve high performance in these areas is to use salt‐tolerant varieties of wheat. Iran is known as one of the places where the D‐genome originated and evolved. In order to evaluate the salt tolerance of Iranian genotypes based on the eight indices using analysis of variance, regression and an artificial neural network (ANN), 41 Iranian wheat varieties (Trticum aestivum L.) were planted in a randomised complete block design with three replications under two saline irrigation conditions, 0.631 and 11.8 dS m^?1, in Kerman, Iran. Significant differences between the varieties were observed, and the significant two‐way interaction of environment × varieties in combined analysis and non‐significant correlation, 0.07, between the yield in two environments (yield in non‐stress conditions, Yp, and yield in stress conditions, Ys) indicates the existence of genetic variation among varieties and the different responses of the varieties in both the environments. The indices of tolerance, geometric mean product (GMP), mean product (MP), harmonic mean (HM) and stress tolerance index (STI) were calculated based on grain yield evidence of positive significant correlation with Yp and Ys. Based on the ANN results, yield stability index (YSI), MP, GMP and STI were the best indices to predict salinity‐tolerant varieties. The varieties selected based on these indices, such as Bolani, Sistan, Ofogh, Pishtaz, Karchia and Arg, produced high yield in both the environments. These results show that bread wheat originating from Iran has salt tolerance potential and can also be used in studies related to salinity tolerance mechanisms.     

有棱丝瓜苗期耐热性及其对热胁迫的生理响应

为鉴定有棱丝瓜(Luffa acutangula)的耐热性,对32个品种进行了耐热性筛选,并对不同耐热性品种在热胁迫下的生理响应进行了研究。结果表明,这些品种中有耐热品种3个,热敏品种4个,居中的25个。对耐热品种WB121,较耐热品种YL8和热敏品种WB105进行高温处理,结果表明,随着高温胁迫时间的延长,3个品种叶片的丙二醛含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖含量均逐渐增加。3种保护酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性未表现出与耐热性一致的变化。3个品种的叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Yeild和ETR随着高温胁迫时间的延长均下降,以热敏品种下降幅度最大。Pearson相关分析表明,热害指数与相对电导率呈显著正相关(r=0.693*),与丙二醛和可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.814,0.899**),与叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm,Yield,ETR)呈极显著负相关(r=-0.892,-0.896,-0.897**),与3种保护酶活性的相关性不显著。由此可见,叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm,Yield,ETR)可以快速、准确地反映植物热害,建议将其作为有棱丝瓜耐热性鉴定的重要生理指标。     

22Na influx is significantly lower in salt tolerant groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) varieties

Distinct varieties differing in salt tolerance were initially identified from two separate green house experiments using two systems; solution as well as soil culture. The first screening involved a diverse group of 27 cultivars. Several physiological traits; Chlorophyll Stability Index (CSI), Salt Tolerance Index (STI) and ion content were determined to screen the cultivars for differences in salt tolerance using solution culture in the first experiment. A set of six varieties (three tolerant and three susceptible) were selected from this experiment and then subjected again to salt stress adopting a natural soil system in the second experiment which involved a screening approach essentially similar to that of the first experiment. In the third experiment using two distinct cultivars differing in salt tolerance selected from experiment II, ²²Na influx rate was determined in the root and shoot at the end of a 24 h salt imposition in Hoagland’s nutrient system containing 180 KBq of ²²Na. The results suggested that there were distinct differences in ²²Na influx rate into root and concurrently in the shoot. The salt tolerant Spanish improved and one of the moderately tolerant Trombay variety TAG 24, showed good regulation of ²²Na influx resulting in low ²²Na concentration. The salt susceptible variety JSP39 had nearly 7–8 fold higher root ²²Na content as compared to the tolerant and moderately tolerant cultivars. The results have highlighted the importance of Na exclusion as an important determinant of salt tolerance in groundnut.