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1.
Yukimaru Sugiyama Takao Fushimi Osamu Sakura Tetsuro Matsuzawa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(2):151-159
The hand preference of chimpanzees in their natural habitat was studied at Bossou, Republic of Guinea, West Africa. The quantitative
difference in left/right hand use was small in food picking and carrying. In contrast, the chimpanzees employed either the
right or left hand in nutcracking behavior using a pair of stones. All adults and many adolescents and juveniles utilized
one hand exclusively for holding a hammer stone. Left hand preference was more prevalent among adults. However, when adolescents
and juveniles were included, there was no significant bias in the ratio of left/right handers. Nut-cracking behavior requires
long-term learning of the fine manipulation of stones and nuts by both hands. Each hand has a separate role, and the hands
work together in nut cracking. The differential and complementary use of both hands may be a prime factor promoting exclusive
hand preference in chimpanzees comparable to that of humans. 相似文献
2.
W. C. McGrew 《Journal of human evolution》1974,3(6):501-508
The use of stick tools by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to feed upon driver ants (Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans) is described. Observations of this ant dipping were made over five years in the Gombe National Park in western Tanzania. Chimpanzees find the nomadic ant colonies visually, often re-visiting the subterranean nest sites until the ants move on. The nest is opened manually and tools are made from green woody vegetation. The ant dipping sequence is intricate and efficient. The chimpanzee predator uses several positioning strategies to minimise the ants' massed defensive tactics. Average intakes of 17–20 g/feeding session are estimated. It is concluded that ants may constitute a significant chimpanzee dietary component and that the dipping tools and techniques are relatively stereotyped in form. 相似文献
3.
Handedness in wild chimpanzees 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christophe Boesch 《International journal of primatology》1991,12(6):541-558
The debate over nonhuman primate precursors to human handedness is unsettled mainly due to lack of data, particularly on apes. Handedness in wild chimpanzees at the Taï National Park Côte d'Ivoire, has been monitored in four tasks. For the simple unimanual ones, reaching and grooming, adults use both hands equally (ambidextrous), while for the more complex unimanual wadge-dipping and the complex bimanual nut-cracking, adults are highly lateralized. These results support the hypothesis that lateralization increases with the complexity of the task. The lateralization is constant for years for each task but may vary in an individual with respect to different tasks. For nutcracking females are more lateralized than males. The ontogeny of handedness for nut-cracking shows many variations in the tendency to use one hand and in the side preferred, until at about 10 years of age, the individual achieves her adult handedness. No population bias toward one side exists in Taï chimpanzees. No heritability of handedness between mother and offspring was observed. Human and chimpanzees handedness are compared. 相似文献
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Victoria J. Nash 《Zoo biology》1982,1(3):211-221
This study examines tool use by a colony of captive chimpanzees at an artificial termite mound. The mound, constructed of concrete, simulates the termite mounds which are used as food sources by wild chimpanzees who extract the termites using grass or twig-type tools. In the present study, tool availability was manipulated, specifically the type of tool, and the distance of tool material from the mound. The type of food available in the mound was also varied. Tool-making and tool-using behavior was examined in relation to individual, age, and sex differences. The artificial mound proved to be a viable simulation of the naturally occurring mounds, with most of the chimpanzees exploiting the food in the mound by using tools over the period of study. Interesting individual differences emerged in the way that the chimpanzees selected and used tools, some preferring to move some distance from the mound to collect “off-the-peg” tools, others preferring to sit and fashion a tool from material available nearer the mound. Also, some chimpanzees used both ends of a tool, while others used only one end. There were significant age differences in activity at the mound, the younger chimpanzees spending more time at the mound, using tools previously used by others, and manipulating the mound holes manually. Sex differences, although not significant, were apparent. The artificial mound provides the chimpanzees with a stimulating and rewarding activity, interest and enjoyment for the public, and an opportunity for researchers to study tool use under more controlled conditions than are possible in the field. 相似文献
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Many vertebrate species exhibit sensory and motor asymmetries. Laterality studies of tool use have focused on primates, where hemispheric asymmetries, manifested behaviourally in hand preferences, are thought to be associated with complex motor tasks. Here we report strong individual lateralization for tool use in birds. New Caledonian crows, Corvus moneduloides, hold stick tools with their bills while foraging, often with the nonworking end laterally positioned on one side of the head and the working end possibly positioned in the binocular field. We observed four wild crows to determine whether tools were consistently held on one side. All crows showed a significant preference (two right, two left). This preference was independent of any asymmetry in tool manufacture and held for artificial holes similarly accessible for tools held on either side. This is the first demonstration of lateralized tool use in a nonprimate. In addition, all 173 tools used unilaterally were held only on a crow's preferred side. Such pronounced individual laterality for tool use in natural conditions has previously been reported only in humans and chimpanzees. 相似文献
8.
The aim of this study was to see if behavioral lateralization in hand use benefits a lateralized organism in nature. We recorded wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Gombe, Tanzania, fishing for termites (Macrotermes spp.), an extractive foraging task using elementary technology. We compared individual apes who were completely lateralized, using only one hand or the other for the task, versus those who were incompletely lateralized, using either hand. Exclusively lateralized individuals were more efficient, that is, gathered more prey per unit effort, but were no different in success or error rate from incompletely lateralized apes. This is the first demonstration of a payoff to laterality of behavioral function in primates in conditions of ecological validity. 相似文献
9.
Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) used probes made of vegetation to fish for termites (Macrotermes herus) in the Mahale Mountains of western Tanzania. Data on both the artefacts and behavior associated with their use were recorded over a 5-month period. The chimpanzees of one unit group, B Group, were seen four times to use the tools to extract the insects from their mounds. A sample of 290 tools was collected and analyzed in terms of age, seasonality, length, width, class of raw materials, species, methods of making, extent of use, and damage incurred through use. There were differences across groups in tool use in feeding on termites; some could be related to biotic factors, but others appeared to be cultural differences. 相似文献
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Mortality of wild and captive chimpanzees 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J Courtenay G Santow 《Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology》1989,52(3-4):167-177
Mortality of chimpanzees in the wild (Gombe National Park) and in captivity (Taronga Zoo, Sydney and Melbourne Zoo) was compared using standard cohort life table techniques. Overall mortality probabilities up to age 30 were compared using a logrank test. No significant difference in overall mortality was revealed, and the mortality curves did appear to be surprisingly similar, but there were nevertheless some differences in the distribution of mortality. Perinatal mortality was higher in the zoo, while post-perinatal and infant mortality were higher in the wild. Survivorship in the older zoo animals (over age 27) was better than the wild. These differences were attributed to the more sheltered zoo environment, including the availability of veterinary care, which could be expected to improve survival in infants and older adults. The higher perinatal mortality experienced by zoo infants could be reflecting higher levels of inbreeding among the zoo animals. 相似文献
14.
Mortality rates among wild chimpanzees 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Hill K Boesch C Goodall J Pusey A Williams J Wrangham R 《Journal of human evolution》2001,40(5):437-450
In order to compare evolved human and chimpanzees' life histories we present a synthetic life table for free-living chimpanzees, derived from data collected in five study populations (Gombe, Ta?, Kibale, Mahale, Bossou). The combined data from all populations represent 3711 chimpanzee years at risk and 278 deaths. Males show higher mortality than females and data suggest some inter-site variation in mortality. Despite this variation, however, wild chimpanzees generally have a life expectancy at birth of less than 15 years and mean adult lifespan (after sexual maturity) is only about 15 years. This is considerably lower survival than that reported for chimpanzees in zoos or captive breeding colonies, or that measured among modern human hunter-gatherers. The low mortality rate of human foragers relative to chimpanzees in the early adult years may partially explain why humans have evolved to senesce later than chimpanzees, and have a longer juvenile period. 相似文献
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Two high-ranking adult male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of M group in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, tried to get a newborn female infant of an adult female who
was born in M group. The mother was not seen to mate with these adult males during the probable conception cycle of the infant,
but she disappeared from the group during the later cycle, when she may have been inseminated by a male of one of the neighboring
unit groups. The adult males failed to get the infant because the grandmother of the newborn and her female friend cooperated
to protect the mother and infant from attacks by the males. The sexual selection hypothesis for infanticide by adult male
chimpanzees holds for this observed case. The sudden disappearance of another infant, a healthy female, strongly suggests
the killing of female infants too. Therefore, the asserted male-biased infanticide in chimpanzees appears to be less tenable. 相似文献
17.
The skeletal remains of a wild juvenile chimpanzee,Pan troglodytes verus, of known chronological age are measured and found to be smaller than laboratory born and fed juveniles of the same age.
Other wild born immature skeletal materials of all the three subspecies ofPan troglodytes, including both known and estimated chronological ages, are also smaller than laboratory born chimpanzees when comparisons
are made on corresponding age groups. Differences between wild and laboratory born chimpanzees are larger in the limb bones
than in the cranium. Limb bones of laboratory individuals grow earlier than those of wild ones regardless of subspecies. Small
limb bone size of wild chimpanzees is discussed in terms of life processes. 相似文献
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Snare injuries to chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have been reported at many study sites across Africa, and in some cases cause the death of the ensnared animal. However,
very few snare injuries have been reported concerning the chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea. The rarity of snare injuries in this
study group warrants further consideration, given the exceptionally close proximity of the Bossou chimpanzees to human settlements
and the widespread practice of snare hunting in the area. Herein we report a total of six observations of chimpanzees attempting
to break and deactivate snares, successfully doing so on two of these occasions. We observed the behavior in 5 males, ranging
in age from juveniles to adults. We argue that such active responses to snares must be contributing to the rarity of injuries
in this group. Based on our observations, we suggest that the behavior has transmitted down the group. Our research team at
Bossou continues to remove snares from the forest, but the threat of ensnarement still remains. We discuss potential ways
to achieve a good balance between human subsistence activities and the conservation of chimpanzees at Bossou, which will increasingly
be an area of great concern in the future. 相似文献
20.
We have found evidence that wild chimpanzees used stout sticks to dig into one end of a decayed fallen trunk from the side
and a long stick with a frayed end to dig into or brush its stump, in the Moukalaba Reserve, Gabon. This type of stick use
by wild chimpanzees has not been recorded in any habitat. This finding should contribute to future studies and discussions
of variations in tool use and cultural processes among wild chimpanzees.
Electronic Publication 相似文献