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Differential synthesis in vitro of barley aleurone and starchy endosperm proteins 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
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To widen the selection of proteins for gene expression studies in barley seeds, experiments were performed to identify proteins whose synthesis is differentially regulated in developing and germinating seed tissues. The in vitro synthesis of nine distinct barley proteins was compared using mRNAs from isolated endosperm and aleurone tissues (developing and mature grain) and from cultured (germinating) aleurone layers treated with abscisic acid (ABA) and GA3. B and C hordein polypeptides and the salt-soluble proteins β-amylase, protein Z, protein C, the chymotrypsin inhibitors (CI-1 and 2), the α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (ASI) and the inhibitor of animal cell-free protein synthesis systems (PSI) were synthesized with mRNA from developing starchy endosperm tissue. Of these proteins, β-amylase, protein Z, and CI- 1 and 2 were also synthesized with mRNA from developing aleurone cells, but ASI, PSI, and protein C were not. CI-1 and also a probable amylase/protease inhibitor (PAPI) were synthesized at high levels with mRNAs from late developing and mature aleurone. These results show that mRNAs encoding PAPI and CI-1 survive seed dessication and are long-lived in aleurone cells. Thus, expression of genes encoding ASI, PSI, protein C, and PAPI is tissue and stage-specific during seed development. Only ASI, CI-1, and PAPI were synthesized in significant amounts with mRNA from cultured aleurone layers. The levels of synthesis of PAPI and CI-1 were independent of hormone treatment. In contrast, synthesis of α-amylase (included as control) and of ASI showed antagonistic hormonal control: while GA promotes and ABA reduces accumulation of mRNA for α-amylase, these hormones have the opposite effect on ASI mRNA levels. 相似文献
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Acidic and basic lysophospholipase activities (LPL) have been separated by ion-exchange chromatography of barley extracts. The basic activity predominates in the starchy endosperm of germinating barley and in the medium of hormone-stimulated half-seeds; the acidic activity is the predominant form in the medium of hormone-stimulated aleurone layers. Addition of either starchy endosperm or EDTA to the acidic activity produces the basic activity. The two activities display the same pH optimum and have similar Km values. Inactivation profiles of LPLs with immunoglobulin G (IgG) prepared against the purified basic LPL are the same. The acidic LPL obtained from the incubation medium from stimulated aleurone layers appears in the void volume on gel filtration with Bio-Gel P100. Acid phosphatase and alpha-amylase in the same incubation medium appear at their expected elution volumes on this column. Gel filtration in the presence of EDTA results in the acidic activity eluting in a volume characteristic of the basic LPL (Mr, 40,000). On Bio-Gel P300 the acidic activity peak is centered at Mr, 160,000. SDS-gel electrophoresis of fractions across this peak shows a simple distribution of proteins eluting with Mr greater than or equal to 160,000. The potential role of an aggregate in the secretion of lipolytic proteins is discussed. 相似文献
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Takafuji Yoshinori Shimizu-Sato Sae Ta Kim Nhung Suzuki Toshiya Nosaka-Takahashi Misuzu Oiwa Tetsuro Kimura Wakana Katoh Hirokazu Fukai Mao Takeda Shin Sato Yutaka Hattori Tsukaho 《Journal of plant research》2021,134(5):1061-1081
Journal of Plant Research - The major tissues of the cereal endosperm are the starchy endosperm (SE) in the inner and the aleurone layer (AL) at the outer periphery. The fates of the cells that... 相似文献
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Occurrence of some enzymes in starchy endosperm and hormonal regulation of isoperoxidase in aleurone of wheat
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Peroxidase, indoleacetic acid-oxidase, alkaline, and acid phosphatases were detected in dry starchy endosperm (minus aleurone) of wheat grain. The isoperoxidase pattern differed in different parts of the dry grain. Several new isoperoxidases were found in embryos after soaking. The intensity of isoperoxidases in aleurones was enhanced in the presence of embryo or 2 μM GA3 after 24 hours of soaking, but decreased after 72 hours. Indoleacetic acid and kinetin had no effect on isoperoxidase of aleurone. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide had no effect on isoperoxidases of aleurones from embryonectomized or naturally occurring embryoless grains. However, these two inhibitors increased the intensity of isoperoxidases in aleurones of intact embryonated grains after soaking. 相似文献
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Diverse mechanisms contribute to the evolution of reproductive barriers, a process that is critical in speciation. Amongst these are alterations in gene products and in gene dosage that affect development and reproductive success in hybrid offspring. Because of its strict parent-of-origin dependence, genomic imprinting is thought to contribute to the aberrant phenotypes observed in interspecies hybrids in mammals and flowering plants, when the abnormalities depend on the directionality of the cross. In different groups of mammals, hybrid incompatibility has indeed been linked to loss of imprinting. Aberrant expression levels have been reported as well, including imprinted genes involved in development and growth. Recent studies in humans emphasize that genetic diversity within a species can readily perturb imprinted gene expression and phenotype as well. Despite novel insights into the underlying mechanisms, the full extent of imprinted gene perturbation still remains to be determined in the different hybrid systems. Here we review imprinted gene expression in intra- and interspecies hybrids and examine the evolutionary scenarios under which imprinting could contribute to hybrid incompatibilities. We discuss effects on development and reproduction and possible evolutionary implications.In many plants and animals, interspecific hybridization events yield offspring that are phenotypically different from either of the parent species. Such hybrids typically display developmental abnormalities and, in animals, often have reduced fertility or complete sterility, particularly in males. Hybrid incompatibilities arise because, although the parental species may be genetically similar, the genomes are still too divergent to sustain normal development, physiology and reproduction when mixed in the hybrid offspring (Wu and Ting, 2004). Extensive research has been performed on genetic incompatibilities in plant and animal hybrids (Ishikawa and Kinoshita, 2009; Johnson, 2010). Key loci have been mapped and characterized in experimental model species, providing important insights into the aberrant phenotypes such as male hybrid sterility (Maheshwari and Barbash, 2011).Phenotypic abnormalities in interspecies hybrids often differ greatly between the reciprocal crosses. The classic example of such an asymmetry is seen in reciprocal crosses between donkeys and horses, where both directions of the cross produce sterile offspring, but the gross phenotype of the progeny (that is, ‘mule'' versus ‘hinny'') depends on the direction of the cross. Horses and donkeys have a different chromosome number, but this cannot explain the differential hybrid phenotypes that depend on the direction of the cross (as the reciprocal crosses have the same autosomal karyotype). More than 50 years ago serum concentrations of a placental hormone were reported to be markedly higher in mule than in hinny conceptuses, suggestive of parental genome-specific gene expression (Allen, 1969).The North-American genus Peromyscus (‘deer mice'') has been studied extensively to explore hybrid incompatibilities in mammals (see Vrana et al., 1998). Also in interspecies hybrids in Mus (house mouse), between the sympatric species M. musculus and M. spretus, morphological differences are apparent between reciprocal hybrids (Zechner et al., 2004). These hybrid effects were observed in crosses between a mixed M. musculus domesticus strain and lab stocks of M. spretus. To be definitive about where the incompatibilities lie between M. musculus and M. spretus (or M. m. castaneus, see below), reciprocal crosses between several different wild-derived stocks (or wild caught animals) of M. musculus and M. spretus populations would be needed.
Open in a separate windowBesides other candidate mechanisms—such as the maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA and its interactions with the nuclear genome, or possible maternal effects (Turelli and Moyle, 2007; Johnson, 2010)—the epigenetic phenomenon of genomic imprinting is thought to be one of the contributors to the phenotypic differences between reciprocal hybrids. Genomic imprinting evolved convergently in flowering plants and mammals (Feil and Berger, 2007) and mediates mono-allelic expression at selected genes, in a parent-of-origin-dependent manner. Imprinted genes contribute to diverse processes in development and growth, including that of nourishing the extra-embryonic tissues (placenta in mammals/endosperm in plants). In mammals, imprinted genes also have important roles in brain development and function (Wilkinson et al., 2007).In interspecies hybrids, differences between the parental species in the genetic control and patterns of imprinting may have different effects dependent on the orientation of the cross, including epigenetic perturbation of imprinting control leading to ‘loss of imprinting'' (biallelic expression). Studies in mammals have provided clear evidence for perturbed imprinting in inter- and intraspecies hybrids (reviewed below). However, as many imprinted genes have been discovered in these same interspecies hybrids, and polymorphisms are necessary to identify allele-specific expression differences, it is possible that hybridization itself could induce imprinting depending on the location of the polymorphism(s) between strains, for instance in cis-acting elements.Crosses between different Arabidopsis species have provided evidence that perturbed imprinted gene expression occurs also in plant hybrids (Josefsson et al., 2006; Jullien and Berger, 2010). Particularly, the imprinted expression of MEDEA (MEA) and PHERES (PHE) in endosperm is perturbed in hybrids between A. thaliana and A. arenosa and this could contribute to the endosperm overgrowth seen in these hybrids (Josefsson et al., 2006). As ploidy was often altered in these existing studies, the results have been somewhat difficult to interpret considering the mechanisms involved (Walia et al., 2009; Jullien and Berger, 2010).Here we focus on the animal systems, which have provided most insights into imprinting in hybrids. We also discuss the extent to which intraspecies polymorphisms may perturb imprinted gene expression and hence phenotype. 相似文献
Table 1
Terminology and abbreviationsMules | Progeny of a male donkey and a female horse |
Hinnies | Progeny of female donkeys and male horses |
Peromyscus | North-American genus of mice (‘deer mice'') |
P. maniculatis (‘M'') | A species with polygamous mating behaviour |
P. polionotus (‘P'') | Species with apparent monogamous mating behaviour |
P × M | Hybrid produced by a female P. maniculatis paired with male P. polionotus |
M × P | Hybrid produced by a male P. maniculatis paired with female P. polionotus |
Mus musculus (‘MU'') | Widely studied mouse species |
M. spretus (‘S'') | Species related to M. musculus, in the Mediterranean, that diverged over one million years ago |
(MU × S) F1 | Hybrid produced by a male M. musculus paired with a female M. spretus |
(S × MU) F1 | Hybrid produced by a female M. musculus paired with a female M. spretus |
C57Bl/6J (‘B'') | A mixed M. M. domesticus laboratory mouse inbred strain |
CAST/EiJ (‘C'') | M. M. castaneus laboratory mouse strain |
Arabidopsis | Genus of small flowering plants of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) |
A. thaliana, A. arenosa | Related Arabidopsis species used in imprinting studies |
DMR | ‘Differentially methylated region'': here, a sequence element with allele-specific CpG methylation |
ICRs | ‘Imprinting control regions'': essential regulatory DMRs, which have germ line-derived, mono-allelic DNA methylation and mediate imprinted gene expression in cis. |
D–M model | Dobzhansky–Muller model |
AmAp | Alleles derived from the mother and father, respectively |
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maternally expressed gene1 Is a novel maize endosperm transfer cell-specific gene with a maternal parent-of-origin pattern of expression 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Gutiérrez-Marcos JF Costa LM Biderre-Petit C Khbaya B O'Sullivan DM Wormald M Perez P Dickinson HG 《The Plant cell》2004,16(5):1288-1301
Growth of the maize (Zea mays) endosperm is tightly regulated by maternal zygotic and sporophytic genes, some of which are subject to a parent-of-origin effect. We report here a novel gene, maternally expressed gene1 (meg1), which shows a maternal parent-of-origin expression pattern during early stages of endosperm development but biallelic expression at later stages. Interestingly, a stable reporter fusion containing the meg1 promoter exhibits a similar pattern of expression. meg1 is exclusively expressed in the basal transfer region of the endosperm. Further, we show that the putatively processed MEG1 protein is glycosylated and subsequently localized to the labyrinthine ingrowths of the transfer cell walls. Hence, the discovery of a parent-of-origin gene expressed solely in the basal transfer region opens the door to epigenetic mechanisms operating in the endosperm to regulate certain aspects of nutrient trafficking from the maternal tissue into the developing seed. 相似文献
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Stable reciprocal hybrids between Flaveria pringlei (C3) and F. brownii (C4-like) have been produced by standard breeding techniques. There are no differences in the isoelectric focusing patterns of the catalytic subunits of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from F. pringlei, F. brownii, or the reciprocal hybrids. The enzyme from both species also contains an identical noncatalytic subunit polypeptide. However, the carboxylase enzyme from F. brownii contains another isomeric form of noncatalytic subunit polypeptide which is resolveable by isoelectric focusing. This isomeric form constitutes about 50% of the total noncatalytic subunits in this species. It comprises only about 10% of the total noncatalytic subunit population in the C3 x C4 plants, but about 42% of the noncatalytic subunits in the reciprocal cross. The concentrations of the holoenzyme in the reciprocal hybrids are comparable to those of the respective maternal parent. We hypothesize that a differential inheritance of parental chloroplasts by the reciprocal hybrids may be associated with this apparent maternal influence on the expression of the noncatalytic polypeptides and the holoenzyme concentration. 相似文献
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Waters AJ Makarevitch I Eichten SR Swanson-Wagner RA Yeh CT Xu W Schnable PS Vaughn MW Gehring M Springer NM 《The Plant cell》2011,23(12):4221-4233
Imprinting describes the differential expression of alleles based on their parent of origin. Deep sequencing of RNAs from maize (Zea mays) endosperm and embryo tissue 14 d after pollination was used to identify imprinted genes among a set of ~12,000 genes that were expressed and contained sequence polymorphisms between the B73 and Mo17 genotypes. The analysis of parent-of-origin patterns of expression resulted in the identification of 100 putative imprinted genes in maize endosperm, including 54 maternally expressed genes (MEGs) and 46 paternally expressed genes (PEGs). Three of these genes have been previously identified as imprinted, while the remaining 97 genes represent novel imprinted maize genes. A genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation identified regions with reduced endosperm DNA methylation in, or near, 19 of the 100 imprinted genes. The reduced levels of DNA methylation in endosperm are caused by hypomethylation of the maternal allele for both MEGs and PEGs in all cases tested. Many of the imprinted genes with reduced DNA methylation levels also show endosperm-specific expression patterns. The imprinted maize genes were compared with imprinted genes identified in genome-wide screens of rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis thaliana, and at least 10 examples of conserved imprinting between maize and each of the other species were identified. 相似文献
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The regulation of gene expression in transformed maize aleurone and endosperm protoplasts. Analysis of promoter activity, intron enhancement, and mRNA untranslated regions on expression. 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
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Gene expression in the aleurone and endosperm is highly regulated during both seed development and germination. Studies of alpha-amylase expression in the aleurone of barley (Hordeum vulgare) have generated the current paradigm for hormonal control of gene expression in germinating cereal grain. Gene expression studies in both the aleurone and endosperm tissues of maize (Zea mays) seed have been hampered because of a lack of an efficient transformation system. We report here the rapid isolation of protoplasts from maize aleurone and endosperm tissue, their transformation using polyethylene glycol or electroporation, and the regulation of gene expression in these cells. Adh1 promoter activity was reduced relative to the 35S promoter in aleurone and endosperm protoplasts compared to Black Mexican Sweet suspension cells in which it was nearly as strong as the 35S promoter. Intron-mediated stimulation of expression was substantially higher in transformed aleurone or endosperm protoplasts than in cell-suspension culture protoplasts, and the data suggest that the effect of an intron may be affected by cell type. To examine cytoplasmic regulation, the 5' and 3' untranslated regions from a barley alpha-amylase were fused to the firefly luciferase-coding region, and their effect on translation and mRNA stability was examined following the delivery of in vitro synthesized mRNA to aleurone and endosperm protoplasts. The alpha-amylase untranslated regions regulated translational efficiency in a tissue-specific manner, increasing translation in aleurone or endosperm protoplasts but not in maize or carrot cell-suspension protoplasts, in animal cells, or in in vitro translation lysates. 相似文献
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Plant Molecular Biology - Developing embryo and endosperm of sorghum show substantial and multifaceted differences in gene expression and alternative splicing, which are potentially relevant to... 相似文献