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1.
The carotenoid composition of the astaxanthin-producing green alga Chlorella zofingiensis was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Astaxanthin, adonixanthin, and zeaxanthin are the major carotenoids
in this alga. The pigment pattern was characterized during the accumulation period, and in response to diphenylamine (DPA),
an inhibitor of carotenoid biosynthesis. An increase in zeaxanthin followed by a decrease in xanthophyll was seen after the
induction of astaxanthin biosynthesis by glucose. This biphasic kinetics of zeaxanthin was parallel to the marked increase
in adonixanthin (from 0 mg g−1 to 0.21 mg g−1) and astaxanthin (from 0.05 mg g−1 to 0.35 mg g−1) and decrease of β-carotene (from 0.30 mg g−1 to 0.03 mg g−1). More importantly, unlike the Haematococcus alga, in which there was a high β-carotene accumulation after DPA treatment, C. zofingiensis showed an accumulation of extra zeaxanthin instead of β-carotene after treatment of the cells with DPA. All these results
observed in vivo studies corroborate the observations in vitro studies at the enzyme level that zeaxanthin is a substrate
for the carotenoid oxygenase in C. zofingiensis. It is suggested that zeaxanthin might be an important intermediate and not an end product of the biosynthetic pathway of
astaxanthin. Therefore, a new pathway for astaxanthin formation by C. zofingiensis, which is different from that of the other astaxanthin-producing microorganisms, is proposed. An understanding of the astaxanthin
biosynthetic pathway may yield important information toward the optimization of astaxanthin production, especially for the
improvement of astaxanthin through genetic manipulations. 相似文献
2.
Carotenoids represent a group of valuable molecules for the pharmaceutical, chemical, food and feed industries, not only because
they can act as vitamin A precursors, but also for their coloring, antioxidant and possible tumor-inhibiting activity. Animals
cannot synthesize carotenoids, and these pigments must therefore be added to the feeds of farmed species. The synthesis of
different natural commercially important carotenoids (β-carotene, torulene, torularhodin and astaxanthin) by several yeast
species belonging to the genera Rhodotorula and Phaffia has led to consider these microorganisms as a potential pigment sources. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis, factors
affecting carotenogenesis in Rhodotorula and Phaffia strains, strategies for improving the production properties of the strains and directions for potential utility of carotenoid-synthesizing
yeast as a alternative source of natural carotenoid pigments. 相似文献
3.
Flower color alteration in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lotus japonicus</Emphasis> by modification of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Suzuki S Nishihara M Nakatsuka T Misawa N Ogiwara I Yamamura S 《Plant cell reports》2007,26(7):951-959
To establish a model system for alteration of flower color by carotenoid pigments, we modified the carotenoid biosynthesis
pathway of Lotus japonicus using overexpression of the crtW gene isolated from marine bacteria Agrobacterium aurantiacum and encoding β-carotene ketolase (4,4′-β-oxygenase) for the production of pink to red color ketocarotenoids. The crtW gene with the transit peptide sequence of the pea Rubisco small subunit under the regulation of the CaMV35S promoter was
introduced to L. japonicus. In most of the resulting transgenic plants, the color of flower petals changed from original light yellow to deep yellow
or orange while otherwise exhibiting normal phenotype. HPLC and TLC analyses revealed that leaves and flower petals of these
plants accumulated novel carotenoids, believed to be ketocarotenoids consisting of including astaxanthin, adonixanthin, canthaxanthin
and echinenone. Results indicated that modification of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is a means of altering flower color
in ornamental crops. 相似文献
4.
The pathways from β-carotene to astaxanthin are crucial key steps for producing astaxanthin, one of industrially useful carotenoids,
in heterologous hosts. Two β-carotene ketolases (β-carotene 4,4′-oxygenase), CrtO and CrtW, with different structure are known
up to the present. In this paper, we compared the catalytic functions of a CrtO ketolase that was obtained from a marine bacterium
Rhodococcus erythropolis strain PR4, CrtO derived from cyanobacterium Synechosistis sp. PCC6803, and CrtW derived from a marine bacterium Brevundimonas sp. SD212, by complementation analysis in Escherichia coli expressing the known crt genes. Results strongly suggested that a CrtO-type ketolase was unable to synthesize astaxanthin from zeaxanthin, i.e., only
a CrtW-type ketolase could accept 3-hydroxy-β-ionone ring as the substrate. Their catalytic efficiency for synthesizing canthaxanthin
from β-carotene was also examined. The results obtained up to the present clearly suggest that the bacterial crtW and crtZ genes are a combination of the most promising gene candidates for developing recombinant hosts that produce astaxanthin as
the predominant carotenoid. 相似文献
5.
Cong-Ping Tan Fang-Qing Zhao Zhong-Liang Su Cheng-Wei Liang Song Qin 《Journal of applied phycology》2007,19(4):347-355
A carotenoid gene (crtR-B) from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, encoding β-carotene hydroxylase that was able to catalyze the conversion of β-carotene to zeaxanthin and canthaxanthin to
astaxanthin, was cloned into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast expression vector p64D to yield plasmid p64DcrtR-B. The vector p64DcrtR-B was transferred to the chloroplast
genome of C. reinhardtii using micro-particle bombardment. PCR and Southern blot analyses indicated that crtR-B was integrated into the chloroplast genome of the transformants. RT-PCR assays showed that the H. pluvialis
crt R-B gene was expressed in C. reinhardtii transformants. The transformants rapidly synthesized carotenoids in larger quantities than the wild-type upon being transferred
from moderate to high-intensity white light. This research provides a foundation for further study to elucidate the possible
mechanism of photo-protection by xanthophylls and other carotenoids in high light conditions or through exposure to UV radiation. 相似文献
6.
Sperstad S Lutnaes BF Stormo SK Liaaen-Jensen S Landfald B 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2006,33(4):269-273
A carotenoid-producing yeast strain, isolated from the sub-arctic, marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus, was identified as Rhodosporidium babjevae (Golubev) according to morphological and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic inference from the small-subunit ribosomal
RNA gene sequence. The total carotenoids content varied with cultivation conditions in the range 66–117 μg per g dry weight.
The carotenoid pool, here determined for the first time, was dominated by torularhodin and torulene, which collectively constituted
75–91% of total carotenoids under various regimes of growth. β-Carotene varied in the range 5–23%. A high-peptone/low-yeast
extract (weight ratio 38:1) marine growth medium favoured the production of torularhodin, the carotenoid at highest oxidation
level, with an average of 63% of total carotenoids. In standard yeast medium (YM; ratio 1.7:1), torularhodin averaged 44%,
with increased proportions of the carotenes, torulene and β-carotene. The anticipated metabolic precursor γ-carotene (β,ψ-carotene)
constituted a minor fraction (≤8%) under all conditions of growth. 相似文献
7.
Carotenoids are indispensable pigments of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria and are produced,
as well, by many bacteria and fungi. Elucidation of biochemical pathways leading to the carotenoids that function in the photosynthetic
membranes of land plants has been greatly aided by the use of carotenoid-accumulating strains of Escherichia coli as heterologous hosts for functional assays, in vivo, of the otherwise difficult to study membrane-associated pathway enzymes.
This same experimental approach is uniquely well-suited to the discovery and characterization of yet-to-be identified enzymes
that lead to carotenoids of the photosynthetic membranes in algal cells, to the multitude of carotenoids found in nongreen
plant tissues, and to the myriad flavor and aroma compounds that are derived from carotenoids in plant tissues. A portfolio
of plasmids suitable for the production in E. coli of a variety of carotenoids is presented herein. The use of these carotenoid-producing E. coli for the identification of cDNAs encoding enzymes of carotenoid and isoprenoid biosynthesis, for characterization of the enzymes
these cDNAs encode, and for the production of specific carotenoids for use as enzyme substrates and reference standards, is
described using the flowering plant Adonis aestivalis to provide examples. cDNAs encoding nine different A. aestivalis enzymes of carotenoid and isoprenoid synthesis were identified and the enzymatic activity of their products verified. Those
cDNAs newly described include ones that encode phytoene synthase, β-carotene hydroxylase, deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase,
isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. 相似文献
8.
Nanjundaswamy Ananda Praveen V. Vadlani 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2010,37(11):1183-1192
Whole stillage—a co-product of grain-based ethanol—is used as an animal feed in the form of dried distiller’s grain with solubles
(DDGS). Since animals cannot synthesize carotenoids and animal feed is generally poor in carotenoids, about 30–120 ppm of
total carotenoids are added to animal feed to improve animal health, enhance meat color and quality, and increase vitamin
A levels in milk and meat. The main objective of this study was to produce carotenoid (astaxanthin and β-carotene)-enriched
DDGS by submerged fermentation of whole stillage. Mono- and mixed cultures of red yeasts, Phaffia rhodozyma (ATCC 24202) and Sporobolomyces roseus (ATCC 28988), were used to produce astaxanthin and β-carotene. Media optimization was carried out in shake flasks using response
surface methodology (RSM). Macro ingredients, namely whole stillage, corn steep liquor and glycerol, were fitted to a second-degree
polynomial in RSM. Under optimized conditions, astaxanthin and β-carotene yields in mixed culture and P. rhodozyma monoculture were 5 and 278, 97, and 275 μg/g, respectively, while S. roseus produced 278 μg/g of β-carotene. Since the carotenoid yields are almost twice the quantity used in animal feed, the carotenoid-enriched
DDGS has potential application as “value-added animal feed or feed blends.” 相似文献
9.
Deog Hee Cho Yu Jin Jung Chang-Sun Choi Ho-Jae Lee Jin-Heui Pairk Fenny Dane Kwon-Kyoo Kang 《Journal of Plant Biology》2008,51(1):58-63
Oxycarotenoids, produced through the oxidation of carotenoids, play critical roles in plants. This reaction is mediated by
a specific enzyme, β;-carotene hydroxylase, which adds hydroxyl groups to the β;-rings of carotenes. To investigate the effect
of the β;-carotene hydroxylase gene (Chyb) on oxycarotenoid biosynthesis, we generated transgenicArabidopsis plants that over-expressedChyb under the control of a 35S promoter. Their levels of zeaxanthin and neoxanthin were two- to three-fold greater relative to
the WT, while that of violaxanthin, a final product in the xanlthophyll pathway, was 1.3-fold higher than the control. In
contrast, the amount of β;-carotene declined as much as 2.4-fold, depending on the particular transgenic line. Interestingly,
astaxanthin was produced in the transgenics, but not in the WT. These data suggest that, with the aid of unknown factors in
the host, carotenoids could be converted into metabolites in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway. Microarray analysis was
used lo identify several genes that were consistently up-or down-regulated in transgenic chyB leaves compared with the controls.
Here, we also discuss possible modifications in leaf carotenoids, and the importance of these data from a nutritional standpoint.
These authors contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
10.
The leaves of the common box,Buxus sempervirens (Buxaceae), become red as the level of a red carotenoid,anhydroeschscholtzxanthin, increases 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kazuko Ida Kazumori Masamoto Takashi Maoka Yasuhiro Fujiwara Satomi Takeda Emiko Hasegawa 《Journal of plant research》1995,108(3):369-376
Carotenoids from the leaves of the common box,Buxus sempervirens (Buxaceae), which turn red in late autumn to winter, were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC. A novel carotenoid, monoanhydroeschscholtzxanthin
(3), was isolated from the red-colored leaves. UV-VIS, MS,1H-NMR and CD spectral data showed that the structure of 3 was (3S)-2′, 3′, 4′, 5′-tetradehydro-4, 5′-retro-β, β-caroten-3-ol.
As well as anhydroeschscholtzxanthin (2), the major red carotenoid in the leaves, eschscholtzxanthin (4) was identified. Very
small amounts of yellow carotenoids (neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein and β-carotene), which are major components of green
leaves, were present in the red-colored leaves. The amounts of chlorophylla andb in the leaves decreased markedly during coloration, even at the early stages, whereas those of the yellow carotenoids decreased
gradually. In contrast, the content of 2, a red carotenoid, increased steadily during coloration. The biosynthetic pathway
of 2 inB. sempervirens was deduced tentatively on the basis of the individual carotenoid contents during autumnal coloration. 相似文献
11.
Tissue-specific accumulation of carotenoids in carrot roots 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Raman spectroscopy can be used for sensitive detection of carotenoids in living tissue and Raman mapping provides further information about their spatial distribution in the measured plant sample. In this work, the relative content and distribution of the main carrot (Daucus carota L.) root carotenoids, α-, β-carotene, lutein and lycopene were assessed using near-infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The pigments were measured simultaneously in situ in root sections without any preliminary sample preparation. The Raman spectra obtained from carrots of different origin and root colour had intensive bands of carotenoids that could be assigned to β-carotene (1,520 cm−1), lycopene (1,510 cm−1) and α-carotene/lutein (1,527 cm−1). The Raman mapping technique revealed detailed information regarding the relative content and distribution of these carotenoids. The level of β-carotene was heterogeneous across root sections of orange, yellow, red and purple roots, and in the secondary phloem increased gradually from periderm towards the core, but declined fast in cells close to the vascular cambium. α-carotene/lutein were deposited in younger cells with a higher rate than β-carotene while lycopene in red carrots accumulated throughout the whole secondary phloem at the same level. The results indicate developmental regulation of carotenoid genes in carrot root and that Raman spectroscopy can supply essential information on carotenogenesis useful for molecular investigations on gene expression and regulation. 相似文献
12.
Merete Grung Frances M. L. D'Souza Michael Borowitzka Synnøve Liaaen-Jensen 《Journal of applied phycology》1992,4(2):165-171
Aplanospores ofHaematococcus pluvialis MUR 145 contained 0.7% carotenoids (dry wt. basis) consisting of β,β-carotene (5% of total carotenoid), echinenone (4%),
canthaxanthin (4%), (3S,3′S)-astaxanthin diester (34%), (3S,3′S)-astaxanthin monoester (46%), (3S,3′S)-astaxanthin (1%) and (3R,3′R,6′R)-lutein (6%).
The astaxanthin esters were examined by TLC and HPLC and VIS,1H NMR and mass spectra recorded. Their chirality was determined by the camphanate method (Vecchi & Müller, 1979) after anaerobic
hydrolysis.
The tough cell wall of the aplanospores required enzymatic treatment prior to pigment extraction. The potential use of this
microalga as a feed ingredient in aquaculture is discussed briefly. 相似文献
13.
Fungi produce and accumulate various carotenoids. Mycelia of the ZygomyceteBlakeslea trispora contained β-carotene and its precursors γ-carotene and lycopene. When strains of opposite sex grew together, the β-carotene
concentration increased fourfold, that of γ-carotene remained unchanged, and other intermediates practically disappeared.
The inhibitors nicotine, 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine, α-picoline, and imidazole increased the concentrations of lycopene
and γ-carotene and decreased those of β-carotene. From our quantitative results, we conclude thatBlakeslea has two pathways for lycopene metabolism, of which other fungi have only one or the other. The main one, two cyclizations
from lycopene to β-carotene, is carried out by an enzyme dimer, is stimulated by sexual interaction, and is sensitive to the
inhibitors. The other pathway, a cyclization to γ-carotene is not affected by mating or the inhibitors. 相似文献
14.
Outdoor cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production: current state and perspectives 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Del Campo JA García-González M Guerrero MG 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2007,74(6):1163-1174
Microalgae are a major natural source for a vast array of valuable compounds, including a diversity of pigments, for which
these photosynthetic microorganisms represent an almost exclusive biological resource. Yellow, orange, and red carotenoids
have an industrial use in food products and cosmetics as vitamin supplements and health food products and as feed additives
for poultry, livestock, fish, and crustaceans. The growing worldwide market value of carotenoids is projected to reach over
US$1,000 million by the end of the decade. The nutraceutical boom has also integrated carotenoids mainly on the claim of their
proven antioxidant properties. Recently established benefits in human health open new uses for some carotenoids, especially
lutein, an effective agent for the prevention and treatment of a variety of degenerative diseases. Consumers’ demand for natural
products favors development of pigments from biological sources, thus increasing opportunities for microalgae. The biotechnology
of microalgae has gained considerable progress and relevance in recent decades, with carotenoid production representing one
of its most successful domains. In this paper, we review the most relevant features of microalgal biotechnology related to
the production of different carotenoids outdoors, with a main focus on β-carotene from Dunaliella, astaxanthin from Haematococcus, and lutein from chlorophycean strains. We compare the current state of the corresponding production technologies, based
on either open-pond systems or closed photobioreactors. The potential of scientific and technological advances for improvements
in yield and reduction in production costs for carotenoids from microalgae is also discussed. 相似文献
15.
16.
Emmanouil H. Papaioannou Nikolaos G. Stoforos Maria Liakopoulou-Kyriakides 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2011,27(4):851-858
Blakeslea trispora produces carotenoids mixtures consisting mainly of lycopene, γ-carotene and β-carotene, together with trace amounts of other
carotenoid precursors. The yield of these carotenoids and their composition are greatly affected by culture substrate. The
scavenging capacity of carotenoids extract from cultures of B. trispora growing in various substrates was estimated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Fractions enriched in β-carotene,
γ-carotene and lycopene, obtained after column chromatography in alumina basic II, were also examined. Substrates containing
starch and oils mixture, Ni2+, and that with pantothenic acid presented higher antioxidant activity. An increase in the antioxidant activity of the crude
carotenoid extract compared to that of the isolated fractions enriched in β-carotene, γ-carotene and lycopene respectively,
observed in most samples, indicated a possible synergistic effect. The results are of interest and by expanding this study
to more substrates and other microorganisms- producing antioxidants, a formulation of extract with high free radical scavenging
potential could be produced. 相似文献
17.
M Vázquez V Santos J C Parajó 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1997,19(4):263-268
Phaffia rhodozyma strains ATCC 24202, ATCC 24203, ATCC 24228, ATCC 24229, ATCC 24261, NRRL Y-10921, NRRL Y-10922 and NRRL Y-17268 were grown
on culture media containing glucose, sucrose or xylose as carbon sources. Carotenoids were extracted from biomass and analyzed
by HPLC with diode-array detection. The carotenoid profiles depended on both the strain considered and the carbon source
employed. Astaxanthin, the main pigment found in P. rhodozyma, accounted for 42–91% of total carotenoids. Other carotenoids such as canthaxanthin, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, lycopene,
4-hydroxy-3′, 4′-didehydro-β-ψ-carotene and phoenicoxanthin were detected. The highest volumetric carotenoid concentration (3.60 mg L−1) was obtained with strain NRRL Y-17268 growing on xylose. In this case, astaxanthin accounted for 82% of total carotenoids.
Received 29 May 1997/ Accepted in revised form 08 August 1997 相似文献
18.
Halotolerant microalga Dunaliella, which is exploited for the production of dried biomass or cell extract, is used as a medicinal food. With the advancement
in this field in recent years, the production of bio-organic compounds such as β-carotene is established in many countries.
Large-scale production of β-carotene is controlled by numerous stress factors like high light intensity, high salinity, temperature
and availability of nutrients. The state-of-the-art strategies in industries in closed systems under new set of inductive
factors will additionally promote the ease of commercial production of β-carotene. This review mainly focuses on the different
methodologies employed recently for the optimum production of β-carotene from Dunaliella species. 相似文献
19.
20.
Rumila Mukherjee Shailen P. Borah Bhabesh C. Goswami 《Journal of applied phycology》2010,22(5):569-571
Two species of Trentepohlia, i.e., Trentepohlia aurea and Trentepohlia cucullata were collected from walls and tree bark, respectively, at two different seasons in a year. The total carotenoid content in
both the species is very high during winter but decreases significantly during summer. By spectroscopic analysis, it was found
that. T. aurea and T. cucullata growing in natural habitats are rich sources of carotenoids. The individual carotenoids were separated, identified, and estimated
by HPLC, and identified as β-carotene along with some other carotenoids, i.e., neoxanthin, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, β,γ-carotene,
β,ε-carotene (absent during summer). 相似文献